Syfte: De immateriella tillgångarna är svårvärderade och diffusa tillgångar. Det har länge pågått en diskussion angående huruvida hantering av de immateriella tillgångarna påverkar värderelevansen och användbarheten av de finansiella rapporterna. Syftet med studien är att undersöka värderelevansen av de redovisade immateriella tillgångarna för kapitalmarknaden utifrån ett redovisningsperspektiv. Metod: Metoden grundas i Ohlson-modellen. Data från årsredovisningar har samlats in och sedan analyserats genom flera multipla regressioner och en korrelationsanalys.  Resultat & Slutsats:Resultatet av studien visar att det finns ett positivt signifikant samband mellan de totala immateriella tillgångarna och aktiepriset. Resultatet av denna studie visar således att de redovisade totala immateriella tillgångarna ger värderelevant information till kapitalmarknaden. Dock visar sig endast posterna FoU och patent vara värderelevanta för kapitalmarknaden när värderelevansen av de immateriella tillgångarna uppdelat i specifika poster undersöks. Förslag till fortsatt forskning:  Ett fåtal tidigare studier undersöker tillförlitligheten av de redovisade immateriella tillgångarna. Då tillförlitlighet precis som värderelevans är en av de fundamentala egenskaper redovisningsinformation bör besitta är det intressant att även undersöka hur tillförlitlig kapitalmarknaden anser att de redovisade immateriella tillgångarna är. Då tidigare forskning hävdar att det är svårt att mäta de immateriella tillgångarna på ett tillförlitligt sätt vore det relevant att undersöka om detta stämmer. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien ger bevis för att de totala redovisade immateriella tillgångarna är värderelevanta. Det huvudsakliga praktiska bidraget med studien är att den kan ge intressenter en bättre förståelse för hur redovisningsinformation om de immateriella tillgångarna påverkar aktiepriset.

Human resource accounting has grown in importance over the past few years as organizations that heavily rely on their labour force and their skills seek to account for them as assets to reflect their output. Football clubs fall into that category as players are vital for the success of the team. Accounting regulations such as the UEFA financial fair play exist in order to help football clubs account for their players as intangible assets on their balance sheets. However, there are uncertainties over the effectiveness of existing regulations as youth players and Bosman players for example are exempted and there are difficulties in specifying what it is that players account for. The authors study 4 clubs that compete in Allsvenskan as well as UEFA competitions in order to determine if Swedish teams present a fair and true value of their human resources. The authors find that despite the fact that balance sheets show a great degree of consistency between clubs and all meet minimum requirements set by ruling bodies, financial reporting in football still has some way to go in order to fully reflect the true value of players.

This thesis investigates the management of social capital processes as they are accomplished-understood, experienced and shaped-by owner-managers. The aim of the thesis is to develop a deeper understanding of the management of social capital processes, to achieve a greater congruence between real-life perspectives and experiences and social capital literature. The thesis argues that social capital is situational, and in the economic situation the theory has been bounded by rational choice framing assumptions. The research problem is that claims for the universality of the economic way of looking at life, and for looking at social capital processes are over-stated. Predicated on this insight the research investigates economic notions of rationality, and low and non-rationality, as well as their inter-dependence in the management of social capital processes. The research follows a qualitative approach for data collection, with flexible pre-coding to guide the research where to look, while retaining an inductive openness to emergent data. The research population is drawn from SME owner-managers in the service and retail sectors, who were researched over two years using semi-structured interviews, observation, and by researcher participant observation. The thesis presents a number of contributions to knowledge. First, the thesis offers an in-depth, single source review explicating the meaning of the economic form of social capital, with reference to its intellectual antecedents, conceptual debates and key theoretical authors. The second (emergent research) contribution is to identify the significance of ethics and autodidactic reading for managing social capital processes. The third (theoretical) contribution argues for an expanded social capital perspective, beyond the prevailing and over-confident rational framing assumptions, and also for a new holistic ontological understanding. The fourth contribution is to identify a number of generic processes which can guide the management of social capital processes.

Frågeställning: Vilken är den procentuella förändringen av goodwill och lönsamhet sedan införandet av IFRS 3 i de båda branscherna? Finns det ett samband mellan andelen goodwill och lönsamhet i de båda branscherna? Ökar eller minskar lönsamheten av goodwillnedskrivningar? Syfte: Syftet med vår studie är att med hjälp av analyser undersöka sambanden mellan goodwill och företagens lönsamhet samt få en ökad insikt i hur goodwillen och dess nedskrivning hanteras i de valda branscherna. Detta anser vi intressant då IFRS 3 har i syfte att ge internationella riktlinjer hur goodwillen ska redovisas, men på grund av subjektiva bedömningar uppstår skillnader som påverkar företagens lönsamhet. Studiens utfall kan vara av intresse för intressenter inom branscherna. Metod: Studien är genomförd med en kvantitativ metod. En statistisk analys genomförts där vi testat signifikanta samband mellan variabler. Materialet till detta är sammanställt från nio företags årsredovisningar, under en tio års period. Resultatet studerades genom sammanställningar i diagram och med regressionsanalyser. Slutsats: Studien visade att i byggnationsbranschen har räntabiliteten minskat samtidigt som goodwillen har ökat. I telekommunikationsbranschen har räntabiliteten ökat samtidigt som goodwillen minskat. Detta sedan införandet av IFRS 3. Studien visade att det finns ett samband mellan lönsamhet och goodwill i de studerade branscherna. Inget signifikant värde uppnås på nedskrivningarnas påverkan på lönsamheten vilket gör att vi inte kan uttala oss om det finns ett samband mellan dessa. / Research questions:  What is the percentage change in goodwill and profitability since the introduction of IFRS 3 in the two sectors? Is there a relationship between the proportion of goodwill and profitability in both sectors? Increases or decreases the profitability of the goodwill impairment?  Purpose: The purpose of our study is that with help of analyzes examining the relationship between goodwill and business profitability and gain a greater understanding of how the goodwill and its impairment are being handled in the selected sectors. We consider this interesting since IFRS 3 has the purpose of providing international guidelines how goodwill should be reported, but because of subjective assessments arises differences that affect corporate profitability. The study's results may be of interest to stakeholders in the sectors. Method: This study was conducted by a quantitative method. A statistical analysis has been carried out where we test the significant relationships between different variables. The material for this essay is compiled from nine companies’ annual reports, between 2005 and 2014. The results were studied by summaries of graphs and regression analysis. Conclusion: The study shows that in the construction industry has the profitability fallen while the share of goodwill has increased. The telecommunications industry has increased the return on equity while the share of goodwill has decreased. The study showed that there is a correlation between profitability and goodwill in the industries studied. No significant value was achieved in impairments impact on profitability, which means that we can not express an opinion whether there is a connection between them.

This thesis provides an overview of accounting and tax implications of long-term intangible assets from the perspective of the Czech legislation and in terms of International Accounting Standards. The text is divided into theoretical and practical. The first part describes the intangible assets in five chapters. The first of these intangible assets is generally defined in terms of Czech and international law. Other chapters deal with valuation, depreciation and decommissioning of intangible assets. The last chapter deals with the deferred taxes that are due different concepts of accounting and tax regulations in the costs and revenues. Current legislation of intangible assets described in this work is compared with the previously applicable law. The practical part consists of a number of exercises that reflect the real situation of intangible assets in a Prague company.

In the theoretical part of thesis: "Trademark as an intangible asset of a company", the theoretical aspects of brand management and methods of valuation of brands as intangible assets are explained. In the practical part of thesis a company analysis is undertaken and brand value is calculated by using adequate methods. Final suggestion and recommendation for trademark registration in the Register of Trade Marks are mentioned in the conclusion of thesis.

The thesis deals with a trademark as an intangible property of the company and it is divided into two parts. The theoretical part attends to an intangible property classification and a usage of a trademark. Further there are presented theoretical aspects of brand management and possible methods of trademark evaluation as an intangible property of the company. The practical part introduces the selected company where a brand research and an analysis of an internal and external environment of a company were conducted. After finishing a financial analysis follows an evaluation of a marketing communication mix and particular brand elements. The second half of the practical part focuses on the alternative trademark evaluation with adequate methods and a proposal of the trademark inscription to the Register of trademarks.

Capital improvement from the income tax viewpoint This work focuses on the analysis of the current legislation of capital improvement and it's interpretation by the professional public is presented, from both the view of the tax advisers and financial management. The legislation and its interpretation are evaluated and, if necessary, revisions are proposed. To attain this goal I had chosen the linguistic, historically teleological and comparative interpretation methods. At first, I focused on the definition of capital improvement and individual terms connected with it and their historical evolution. Also mentioned is the legislation tied to the accounting and here can be found the pitfalls, which the legal differences with the tax legislation can bring. Furthermore I examined depreciation of capital improvement using both linear and accelerated methods and I compared the processes with the situation without the capital improvement. Another field closely connected with depreciation and which I focused on next, was the capital improvement of foreign property. Here I outlined the latest progress by novelization of the legislation and by use of Coordination committees with the Chamber of tax Advisers. Using the comparative interpretation method I compared the Czech and Slovak legislation of the...

As reflexões em torno do Patrimônio Imaterial são decorrentes de uma mudança na compreensão dos conceitos de patrimônio e cultura. As narrativas patrimoniais, a partir de então, voltam-se à valorização da diversidade cultural, e a compreensão de cultura passa a ser entendido como o campo de elaboração de signos e sentidos por uma comunidade ou um grupo. Nesse contexto, a Salvaguarda dos bens de natureza imaterial, frequentemente, se dá por meio do processo de Musealização desses bens, sendo possível observar que, na América Latina, existem similitudes na maneira de se trabalhar a Musealização dos bens imateriais. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como o processo de Musealização é apropriado como estratégia de Salvaguarda do Patrimônio Imaterial, visando verificar as associações e divergências na articulação dos processos de Patrimonialização e Musealização dos bens de natureza imaterial. Para tanto, foram analisadas as experiências do Museu de Folclore Edison Carneiro, no Brasil, e do Museu Nacional de Culturas Populares, no México. O trabalho parte, ainda, de uma compreensão da Musealização enquanto cadeia de processos de caráter infocomunicacional; de uma compreensão de Cultura enquanto campo em que os sujeitos elaboram os signos e símbolos, bem como a significação das estruturas sociais. Compreendendo a ideia de Patrimônio Imaterial como conjunto de expressões, tradições e saberes, que estão na base das identidades das comunidades, e que são transmitidos de geração em geração, o presente trabalho se caracteriza enquanto pesquisa básica, uma vez que busca preencher uma lacuna no conhecimento, e se estrutura enquanto pesquisa bibliográfica. / The reflections related to the Intangible Heritage arise from a change in the comprehension of the concepts of heritage and culture. The heritage narratives turn to a cultural diversity\'s appreciation, and the culture\'s comprehension starts to be understood as a field of elaboration of signs and meanings by a community or a group. In this context, the Safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage often happens through a Musealization process, and it is possible to observe that in Latin America there are similarities in the way they usually tackle this issue. Therefore, this research intends to analyze how the Musealization process is appropriate as a strategy of the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage, aiming to verify the associations and deviations in the processes of Patrimonialization and Musealization of intangible assets. Thus, we analyze the experiences of the Museum of Folklore Edison Carneiro, in Brazil, and the National Museum of Popular Cultures, in Mexico. Furthermore, this study sets out to an understanding of Musealization as a chain of infocommunicational processes, as well as a comprehension of Culture as a field in which the subjects elaborate not only the signs and symbols, but also the meaning of the social structures. We understand the Intangible Heritage as a set of expressions, traditions, and knowledge that are the foundation of the communities\' identities, and that are transmitted from generation to generation. This work is characterized as basic research since it aims to fulfill a gap knowledge and it structures itself as a bibliographical research.

[pt] Esta tese busca explorar a dinâmica do processo de aprendizado organizacional e melhorar o entendimento sobre o desempenho da organização, identificando os alicerces que suportam a construção e o desenvolvimento dos ativos intangíveis e considerando o crescimento do capital social, além de propor um arranjo teórico que permita uma melhor abordagem para a perspectiva de aprendizado e crescimento do Balanced Scorecard - BSC. Com a atual dinâmica, extremamente mutável e surpreendente, dos ambientes de negócios, o entendimento e a implementação de uma organização de aprendizado são condições essenciais para que elevados níveis competitivos sejam alcançados, devido à sua maior habilidade em criar ou explorar ativos intangíveis, sustentando a capacidade de sobrevivência por longo prazo com patamares excelentes de desempenho. Assim, os mecanismos de avaliação, conjugados com o conseqüente aprimoramento ou inovação dos produtos, processos, padrões e práticas de gestão, tornam-se essenciais. Muito embora a metodologia BSC venha sendo adotada por diversas organizações como solução para a realização de uma avaliação integrada do desempenho, buscando a medição da transformação dos ativos intangíveis nos resultados, ela apresenta lacunas em relação às teorias de aprendizagem organizacional aceitas e não se aprofunda em direção às raízes desses aspectos, notadamente humanos. Mediante o estudo de organizações referenciadas como excelentes para se trabalhar e organizações praticantes de BSC, pôde-se verificar a existência de correlação positiva do nível de confiança e de aprendizado com resultados excepcionais, demandando nova revisão dessa metodologia de avaliação do desempenho, a fim de adequá-la às questões essenciais para a gestão comprometida com resultados sustentáveis na nova Era do Conhecimento. Com base na análise realizada é proposta uma nova abordagem para o modelo BSC que permita explicitar essa essência, intrinsecamente humana, que serve de alicerce para a cadeia de geração de valor que culmina nos resultados organizacionais. / [en] This doctoral dissertation explores the organizational learning process dynamics in order to improve the understanding of the organizational performance formation, identifying the foundations that would support building and developing the intangible assets, considering the growth of the social capital, but also considering a theoretical concept to a better approach of the learning and growth perspective of the Balanced Scorecard - BSC. With the current dynamics of business-oriented environments, which seems changeable and extremely surprising, the understanding and the implementation of a learning organization are key factors to achieve high competitive levels, due to the greater ability in creating or exploring intangible assets that supports the organizational surviving for a long time with excellent performance levels. Thus, the appraisal mechanisms, associated with the consequent improvement or innovation of the products, processes, standards and management practices, have become essential. Although, the Balanced Scorecard - BSC methodology has been adopted for many organizations as a solution for the accomplishment of an integrated performance evaluation, including the measurement of intangible assets´ transformation into results, the BSC still presents gaps as it is related to the notorious accepted theories of organizational learning and, besides it, the BSC does not go beyond deeper inside the mainly human roots of those aspects. It was possible to verify the positive correlation of the trust level and the learning level with exceptional results, by the study of organizations known as excellent to work and others known as practitioners of BSC. These findings are claiming for a new revision into this performance evaluation methodology in order to adjust it to those essential questions for the management´s commitment with sustainable results in the new Knowledge Age. Finally, a new approach for the BSC model is proposed, as a way to explicit the human essence which serves as foundations of the value chain that ends into organizational results.