La notion de liberté de création est difficile à appréhender. L’étendue même de cette liberté ne fait pas l’objet d’un consensus. Elle est le plus souvent considérée comme un sous-ensemble de la liberté d’expression - restreinte alors à la liberté de création artistique, voire comme un aspect de la liberté d’entreprendre. La liberté de création présente néanmoins des spécificités et est autonome. Elle peut dès lors être protégée en tant que telle par les juges, en amont de la création, comme c’est le cas pour les contrats de commande entre peintres et marchands de tableaux. Dans ce cas, elle est envisagée préalablement à l’octroi de droits. La liberté de création ne peut cependant être considérée sous ce seul angle. En effet, la liberté de création doit être protégée aux différents stades de la création et ses contours sont alors dessinés par la protection accordée à la création elle-même et aux acteurs de la création. Dès lors, la liberté de création est liée aux droits de propriété intellectuelle si l’on considère que ces droits protègent la création. La liberté de création est garantie par l’équilibre entre protection et liberté au sein de ces droits. Au-delà de cet équilibre, la liberté de création peut être confrontée à d’autres libertés et droits fondamentaux. L’ordre public et les bonnes mœurs, la liberté de religion, la vie privée peuvent ainsi limiter la liberté de création. Recourir à la notion de liberté de création peut alors permettre de faire prévaloir l’intérêt du créateur. / The freedom of creation concept is difficult to understand. There is no consensus on the scope of this freedom. It is widely considered as a freedom of expression subset - restricted to the freedom of artistic creation, or even for one of the aspects of freedom of trade and industry. Freedom of creation possesses specific features and is autonomous. Therefore it can be protected, as such, by the judges, before the creation, this is the case for the contracts concluded between painters and art dealers. In this case, this is considered prior to the grant of rights. The freedom of creation cannot be considered only from this perspective. Indeed, freedom of creation needs to be protected at the different stages of creation and the delineation of such freedom are sought in the protection given to the creation and the stakeholders. Therefore, freedom of creation is closely related to intellectual property rights, if one considers that this rights protect creation. Freedom of creation is guaranteed by balance between protection and freedom in this rights. Beyond this balance, freedom of creation may have to be confronted with other fundamental rights and freedoms. Public policy or morality, freedom of religion, right to privacy may thereby limit the freedom of creation. Using the freedom of creation concept can contribute to give precedence to interest of the creator.

O trabalho objetivou identificar o papel do Estado no melhoramento de plantas cultivadas, diante de uma nova era tecnológica e institucional, caracterizada pelos avanços da biotecnologia e pelos rearranjos das relações entre as organizações públicas e privadas e pela construção de uma nova moldura legal no campo da propriedade intelectual. Apoiando-se na teoria institucional, buscou-se lançar um olhar sobre o setor de melhoramento de plantas, analisando-se dados sobre a pesquisa e a comercialização de cultivares por instituições públicas e privadas, identificando o comportamento de cada instituição, relativo à adoção de práticas e mecanismos do campo do direito de propriedade intelectual e a respectiva participação no desenvolvimento dos cultivares preponderantes na agricultura brasileira. Verificou-se que, em contraste com o que aparentemente ocorre em algumas nações desenvolvidas, onde predomina um processo de privatização do setor, no Brasil segue firme a importância das instituições públicas. Um dos fatores limitantes ao crescimento da participação das instituições privadas no desenvolvimento e comercialização de novos cultivares no Brasil pode ser encontrado na dificuldade de assegurar aos obtentores os direitos previstos nas leis vigentes, relativas aos novos cultivares. / The work objectified to identify the role of the public institutions in the improvement of farming plants, ahead of a new technological and institutional era, characterized for the advances of the biotechnology and the rearrangements of the relations between the public and private organizations and for the construction of a new legal frame in the field of the intellectual property. Supporting itself in the institutional theory, one searched to launch a look on the sector of plant breeding, analyzing themselves given on the research and the commercialization to cultivate for public and private institutions, identifying to the behavior of each institution, relative to the adoption of practical and mechanisms of the field of the intellectual property and the respective participation in the development of cultivar them preponderant in Brazilian agriculture. It was verified that, in contrast with what apparently it occurs in some developed nations, where predominates a process of privatization of the sector, in Brazil it follows firm the importance of the public institutions. One of the restrictive factors to the growth of the participation of the private institutions in the development and commercialization of new cultivars in Brazil it can be found in the difficulty to assure to the owner the rights foreseen in the law to the news cultivars.

p. 1 - 221 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-16T19:25:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FFFFFF.pdf: 1512749 bytes, checksum: e6c1cee0e02c08e81ce30ecceaf54cf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-16T19:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FFFFFF.pdf: 1512749 bytes, checksum: e6c1cee0e02c08e81ce30ecceaf54cf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A propriedade intelectual (PI) é um importante instrumento para apropriação do desenvolvimento tecnológico e para o estabelecimento de vantagens competitivas, notadamente para as empresas que empreendem inovações tecnológicas, na economia do conhecimento e da intangibilidade. Neste contexto de acirrada competitividade, emerge a necessidade da gestão estratégica dos ativos intangíveis, que perpassa pelos direitos de PI, mas não se encerra na obtenção de proteção legal a tais direitos. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é identificar, por meio de estudo multicaso junto às empresas Braskem S.A. e Plásticos Novel do Nordeste S.A., selecionadas pela sua representatividade no uso do sistema de propriedade industrial, o alinhamento entre as práticas de gestão adotadas e o postulado pela literatura em termos de orientação estratégica para a gestão de propriedade intelectual. Para o alcance de tal objetivo, são revisadas as produções científicas sobre economia do conhecimento e suas influências no mundo corporativo; sobre inovação, seus impactos na competitividade das firmas e seu relacionamento com a temática principal (PI). Em seguida, discute-se propriedade intelectual, contemplando seus aspectos jurídicos e gerencias. A parte empírica do estudo evidencia o perfil das empresas pesquisadas, bem como análises individuais e comparativas com relação às práticas de gestão de PI encontradas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que a condução da gestão pelas empresas e as práticas verificadas são dependentes da estratégia empresarial, principalmente em sua vertente tecnológica e/ou de inovação e mercadológica, resguardadas suas características em termos de estruturas de mercado (porte, área de atuação, tipo de produto, mercados, estrutura industrial, estratégias) e outras especificidades. / Salvador

This paper has been produced as part of the examination in order to obtain a Master degree in Law (LLM), in Intellectual Property, at Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London. / Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2009-09-17T18:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami(pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2009-09-17T18:43:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-09-17T18:43:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 The_Development_Agenda_for_WIPO_A_Battle_Between_Access_to_Knowledge_and_Enclosure.pdf: 512224 bytes, checksum: 6f7f71a4d7fbe4ea7027244068663639 (MD5) / The private sector has played and continues to play a decisive role in the shaping of policy-making concerning knowledge-based goods. The result is an unequal battle between access to knowledge and enclosure favouring the latter over the former. Such an unbalanced scenario chiefly affects the South, but has implications for the public everywhere. The Development Agenda being proposed for adoption by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and which has been advocated for and designed by developing countries governments in collaboration with a coalition of governments, academics, civil society and public interest NGOs from both North and South, is the latest attempt to bring a balance to this scenario. However, the Development Agenda is encountering opposition and despite the unique nature of the coalition backing it, the outcome is uncertain.

Analyse der Entwicklung des Urheberrechts, Übersicht der einzelnen Rechtsvorschriften im Gebiet des Urheberrechts und der zusammenhängenden Gesetze einschließlich des Kommentars zu diesen Vorschriften, Entwurf des Lizenzvertrags.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND FOLKLORE Abstract This thesis focuses on folklore within intellectual property law and examines current and suggested means of its protection. Although the notion of traditional cultural expressions is relatively new for jurisprudence, it quickly becomes significant, partly due to its political connotations. The first part introduces four essential terms: intellectual property, folklore, indigenous peoples and public domain. Furthermore, it describes notions of indigenous customary law and domaine public payant. The second part focuses on the relation between intellectual property and folkore. It discusses its nature and various interests that are linked to it. The same part looks at folklore as a cultural heritage of humankind. It also outlines main problematic uses of fokloric works and illustrates them with numerous examples. In the end it mentions so called WIPO Fact-Finding Missions. The third part looks at foklore in the framework of standard intellectual property law. It is divided into three chapters, namely Copyright, Industrial Property Rights and Other means of protection. The fourth part is dedicated to sui generis law. It provides an overview of attempts to amend conventional system of intellectual property law in order to better suit the needs of folkore. It presents...

1 Intellectual property objects created in labour-law relationships in the Czech Republic and selected countries of the European Union Abstract The contemporary modern period of 21st century is characterised by a constantly developing progress, new information technologies as well as innovative tendencies in all spheres of human life, allowing individuals their own self-fulfilment through their own intellectual activity. It is not unusual for an intangible property to be created as a result of human intellectual activity carried out during a labour-law relationship. As a result thereof, a legal regulation of the mutual relationships of the contractual parties, i.e. the employee and the employer, with respect to the result of such a human intellectual activity, is necessary. The submitted dissertation thesis deals with a legal regulation of the intellectual property objects created by employees in the course of labour-law relationships de lege lata in the Czech Republic and in the selected countries of the European Union, i.e. the France and the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The dissertation thesis is composed of five coherent chapters, whereby the third chapter dealing with the legal regulation de lege lata of selected intellectual property objects created by employees in the...

Many people might think that downloading music without paying for it is not a big issue. Copyright owners disagree with this kind of reasoning because to them, music is intellectual property with substantial commercial value. Copyright law is the primary form of protection for intellectual property and is based on the fundamental principle that copyright works cannot be reproduced without the express consent of the copyright owner. During the late 90’s however, new technology made it possible for millions of people to download music from the Internet without the express consent of copyright owners. The mere act of downloading songs illegally violates the exclusive right of the copyright owner to reproduce the work. It has also created problems within copyright law that was not foreseeable in the 17th century when the Statute of Anne was enacted. In law, there is always an exception to the rule and it is no different with copyright law. Although copyright owners have the exclusive right to reproduce their work, the general public has been granted exceptions to make fair dealing of copyright works for private or personal use, purposes of research, private study, criticism, review or for reporting current events in a magazine, newspaper or periodical, broadcasting or by using the work in a cinematograph film by virtue of s12 of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. However, the list of exceptions supra may be changed and/or extended, provided that it remains in line with the international conventions and agreements that South Africa is a member to. The three-step test is inter alia provided for in Art. 9(2) of the Berne Convention1 (Paris Text of 1971) and permit exceptions to the reproduction right of the copyright owner: 1) in certain special cases; 2) that do not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and; 3) that does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author/rights holder. S17 provides that certain subsections of s12 shall apply mutatis mutandis with reference to sound recordings. However, s12(1)(a) is not one of the subsections mentioned in s17 which means that fair dealing in sound recordings for purposes of research or private study, or for personal or private use is NOT permitted. Fair dealing however, is not absolute nor is it an easy doctrine to interpret. The legal interpretation and application of fair dealing has been fraught with complexity since the English courts first dealt with fair abridgement of literary works between the 17th and 18th century but this complexity has been compounded even more by new technology, especially in relation to music works. The legal uncertainty of fair dealing with regard to music works is the reason why this comparative research has been undertaken in the jurisdictions of South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Hopefully it will shed more light on the doctrine and lift the veil of confusion. / Jurisprudence / LLM

As terapias celulares que envolvem o uso de células-tronco são vislumbradas como um dos grandes avanços científicos no século XX uma vez que são as esperanças para o futuro da medicina. Na perspectiva das pesquisas com células-tronco humanas, as questões ligadas ao Direito, à Medicina, à Economia e à Ética estão todas entrelaçadas. Assim, a partir do Modelo de Bioética Complexa, sob uma perspectiva interdisciplinar entre o Direito e a Bioética, abordamos a questão da adequação ou não da patente ser o instrumento jurídico para incentivar as pesquisas com células-tronco humanas e atender ao interesse público, ou seja, promover a saúde pública e oportunizar a democratização do conhecimento adquirido por meio dessas pesquisas. Com base nesta reflexão complexa e interdisciplinar foi possível verificar que as patentes geradas a partir de pesquisas envolvendo células-tronco humanas desrespeitam os Direitos Humanos, pois, recorrentemente, não atendem às diretrizes internacionais relacionadas ao consentimento informado e ao compartilhamento de conhecimentos como, também, não preenchem os requisitos do conceito de unidade inventiva. / The cell therapies that involve the use of stem cells are regarded as one of the greatest scientific achievements of the last decade and as the hope for the future of medicine. Taking into perspective human stem cell research Law, Medicine, Economy, and Ethics have linked questions. By the Model of Complex Bioethics approach, through an interdisciplinary method, and based on Law and Bioethics, we have considered the adequacy or not of patenting human stem cells to ensure scientific research, public health and access to scientific knowledge acquir ed in this area. In conclusion, it was possible to verify that patents generated from human stem cell research do not fulfill the requisites of inventive unit concept as well as they are against the public interest and do not respect Human Rights – recurrently, these patents do not observe international guidelines related to informed consent.

científico e tecnológico de uma nação pode ser mensurado através da análise da capacidade de sua sociedade de gerar conhecimento e transformá-lo em um produto aplicável à realidade da sua população, sendo certo que a eficácia desta dinâmica depende da existência de políticas públicas de proteção à propriedade intelectual (PI), que garantam ao titular da criação segurança e o retorno do investimento realizado. Uma das áreas em que esse processo é mais evidente é a saúde, já que é responsável por atrair volumosos investimentos financeiros tanto do setor público como do privado. O Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) está amplamente inserido no contexto da pesquisa em saúde porque possui como objetivo institucional, além da assistência e do ensino, promover a realização de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas e de inovação, sendo reconhecido pela excelência nesse campo. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma política institucional para normatizar a proteção e a exploração dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que decorrem das pesquisas em saúde realizadas pela comunidade científica do HCPA. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa de dados a partir de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, bem como utilizada a técnica de investigação de estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a existência de uma vasta gama de possibilidades de pesquisas a serem realizadas na Instituição, as quais podem gerar diversas formas de proteção e exploração da propriedade intelectual, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da proposta de redação da política institucional de propriedade intelectual para o HCPA. Conclui-se que há forte cultura sobre pesquisa e desenvolvimento em toda a instituição, mas que a propriedade intelectual ainda é uma matéria que merece maior atenção, a fim de que todo o seu potencial e benefícios possam ser alcançados. / A nation’s scientific and technological development can be measured by its society capacity to generate knowledge and turn it into an useful product for its population. There’s no doubt that the effectiveness of this dynamic depends on the existence of public policies of intellectual property protection, which guarantee to the author security and return of the investment he’s done. Health is one of the areas where this process is most evident, since it is responsible for attracting massive financial investments from both public and private sectors. The Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) is deeply inserted in the context of health research because, besides medical assistance and teaching, it has as an institutional objective to promote scientific and technological research and innovation, being recognized for its excellence in this field. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to compose an institutional policy to regulate the protection and the profiteering of the intellectual property rights that derive from the research in the health area carried out by the HCPA’s scientific community. To achieve it, a qualitative data research was implemented based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis, as well as case study investigation technique. The results obtained pointed out the existence of a wide range of research possibilities to be carried out in the Institution, which enables several forms of protection and profiteering of the intellectual property and made possible to write the proposal of an institutional property policy for the HCPA. It is concluded that there is a strong culture of research and development throughout the institution, but that intellectual property is still a subject that deserves more attention so that its full potential and benefits can be achieved.