Projeções de crescimento populacional, do aumento do consumo de alimentos e da escassez de terras agricultáveis apontam para a necessidade de intensificar a produção agrícola, a fim de suprir a demanda mundial. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, sendo o estado de São Paulo responsável por 56% da produção nacional. Nos mais de 4,5 milhões de hectares no estado, a cultura apresenta período de latência do crescimento. Nesse momento de crescimento lento da cana-de-açúcar a introdução de uma cultura de ciclo anual curto faz-se possível. Com base nessa hipótese, a presente dissertação de mestrado se propôs avaliar o desempenho fitotécnico da consorciação de cana-de-açúcar e canola e, particularmente analisar a capacidade produtiva da oleaginosa em ambiente de clima tropical, quantificar a interação com a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa desses cultivos e avançar no estudo de modelagem da cultura da canola. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos a campo, durante três anos agrícolas, delineado em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições e 5 tratamentos: cana-de-açúcar + canola Hyola 61; cana-de-açúcar + canola Hyola 401 ou Hyola 571; cana-de-açúcar monocultivo; canola Hyola 61 monocultivo; canola Hyola 401 ou Hyola 571 monocultivo. Além disso, foi conduzido um experimento adicional de produção de canola irrigada delineado no esquema de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições para a calibração do modelo APSIM-Canola. Medidas meteorológicas, de solo e biométricas foram realizadas para caracterizar os sistemas de produção. Os principais resultados evidenciaram que o sistema de consorciação de cana-de-açúcar e canola foi capaz de intensificar o uso da terra, com produtividade das culturas consorciadas similar às obtidas em monocultivo. O aumento da produção do sistema consorciado ocorreu devido a utilização mais eficiente dos recursos ambientais, principalmente da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. O modelo APSIM-Canola calibrado demonstrou potencialidade de uso para projetar a expansão agrícola da canola, podendo contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do zoneamento agroclimático da cultura no Brasil. / Projections of population growth, increased food consumption and scarce agricultural land indicate the need to intensify agricultural production in order to meet the world demand. Brazil is the world\'s largest producer of sugarcane, with São Paulo state accounting for 56% of national production. In the more than 4.5 million hectares in the State, the crop has a latency period of growth. At this time of slow growth of sugarcane, the introduction of a short-season crop is possible. Based on this hypothesis, the present Master\'s thesis aimed to evaluate the phytotechnical performance of sugarcane and canola intercropping and, in particular, to analyze the productive capacity of the oilseed in a tropical climate environment, to quantify the interaction with the photosynthetically active radiation of these crops and to advance in the modeling study of canola. For this, field experiments were conducted during three agricultural years, delineated in randomized complete block with 4 replicates and 5 treatments: sugarcane + Hyola canola 61; canola + canola Hyola 401 or Hyola 571; cane sugar monoculture; canola Hyola 61 monoculture; canola Hyola 401 or Hyola 571 monoculture. In addition to that, it was conducted an experiment of irrigated canola production outlined in randomized complete block design with 4 replications for the calibration of APSIM-Canola model. Meteorological, soil and biometric measurements were performed to characterize the production systems. The main results showed that the sugarcane and canola intercropping system was able to intensify land use, with yields of intercropped crops similar to those obtained in monoculture. The increase in the production of the intercropping system occurs due to the more efficient use of the environmental resources, mainly of photosynthetically active radiation. The calibrated APSIM-Canola model showed potential use to project the agricultural expansion of canola, and can contribute to the improvement of the crop\'s agroclimatic zoning in Brazil.

Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos sistemas microfluídicos para aplicações na produção de micro e nanopartículas. Os dispositivos microfluídicos foram microfabricados em vidros do tipo borosilicato e em cerâmica verde LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic). Para os dispositivos em vidro foram utilizadas técnicas de fotolitografia, corrosão úmida e soldagem por cola UV. Com estas técnicas foram produzidos sistemas planares com diversas geometrias, sistemas com dispositivos em paralelo com duas e três camadas de vidros. Além disso, dois polímeros o Benzociclobuteno (BCB) e o Parylene-C foram apresentados como ferramenta para a modificação da superfície do vidro de hidrofílica para hidrofóbica. A cerâmica LTCC foi utilizada para a produção de um sistema microfluídico para focalização hidrodinâmica em 3 dimensões. Os dispositivos microfabricados foram utilizados para estudos sobre a produção de emulsões simples e duplas, observando a influência de parâmetros como taxa de fluxo, razão entre fluxos e diferentes tipos de emulsificantes no tamanho das gotas e no tipo de corte obtido em cada situação. Observou-se que o tamanho máximo das gotas obtidas fica restringido ao tamanho do canal microfabricado, cerca de 50m e o tamanho mínimo obtido foi de 15m. Além da produção de emulsões, foi estudada a produção de nanosuspensões pela técnica de nanoprecipitação anti-solvente. Para este estudo, além das geometrias planares, foram testadas as geometrias 3D e também sistemas para o aumento de escala de produção, onde o sistema integrado possuía 4 dispositivos para nanoprecipitação. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os sistemas microfluídicos permitem a produção de nanopartículas amorfas, na faixa de 100 a 1000 nm, com baixa polidispersão, sendo ainda reprodutíveis em sistema de maior escala. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho mostrou que a microfluídica oferece ferramentas importantes na obtenção de micro e nanopartículas. / In this work microfluidic systems were developed for applications in micro and nanoparticles production. Microfluidic devices were microfabricated in borosilicate glasses substrates and LTCC ceramic (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic). For glass devices were used techniques such as photolithography, wet etching and UV glue for sealing glass wafers. With these techniques were manufactured planar systems with various geometries, systems with devices in parallel with two and three glass layers. In addition, two polymers, BCB and Parylene-C, were presented as a tool for glass surface modification, from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The ceramic LTCC was used for the production of a microfluidic system for hydrodynamic focusing in three dimensions. The devices were used for studies on the single and double emulsions production, observing the influence of parameters such as flow rate, ratio between flows and different types of surfactants at the droplet size and droplet cut type obtained in each situation. It was observed that the maximum size of the droplets obtained is restricted by the channel size, the maximum was about 50m and the minimum size of 15m. Besides, the devices were used to produce nanoparticles using anti-solvent nanoprecipitation technique. For these studies, besides the planar geometries, 3D geometries were tested and also systems for increasing scale production, where 4 devices were integrated in one system for nanoprecipitation. The results indicated that the microfluidic systems allow the production of amorphous nanoparticles in the range of 100 to 1000 nm with low polydispersity, being also reproducible in a larger scale system. The development of this work has shown that microfluidics offers valuable tools in obtaining micro-and nanoparticles.

A comprehensive process intensification analysis was performed for the integration of the Pd-based membrane reactor technology into IGCC power plants by designing effective process control strategies as well as identifying and optimally characterizing inherently safe operational conditions to achieve the most favorable economic outcomes. Experimental results indicated that Pd-based composite membranes supported on porous stainless steel tubes, fabricated with H2 permeance values as high as ~50 m3/[m2.h.atm0.5] at 450°C were capable of extra purity H2 production (≥99.99%). Two illustrative process control and performance monitoring cases namely, process regulation and servo mechanism, were considered and quite satisfactory process control was attained by maintaining CO conversion at levels higher than 95% so that the retentate stream could become suitable for high pressure CO2 sequestration. From a process safety standpoint, process parameters and operating conditions were identified and optimized to achieve the target performance level of 98% CO conversion and 95% H2 recovery and at the same time to prevent conditions which could potentially induce hazards and thus compromise process system safety. Furthermore, the average total product cost of a water-gas shift membrane reactor module including manufacturing costs and general expenses was carefully estimated by taking into account the full cost structure and found to be 1464 $/ft2. Moreover, a comprehensive economic assessment was performed for composite Pd/Alloy membrane reactor technology options integrated into IGCC power plants in the presence of market and regulatory uncertainty (possible regulatory action on CO2 emissions) as well as technology risks with the aid of Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. Within such a context, it was demonstrated that an IGCC plant with embedded Pd-based membrane reactors and a stream of revenues coming from electricity and H2 selling (IGCC co-production mode), represented an economically attractive and advantageous option when comparatively assessed against its main competitors namely, an IGCC plant with shift reactors and double stage Selexol units as well as the more traditional supercritical pulverized coal power plant option with an Econamine unit installed for CO2 capture purposes.

No presente estudo foram conduzidos dois experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar doses e fontes de suplementos múltiplos para bovinos de corte recriados em pastagens durante o período das águas. Adicionalmente, estudou-se o impacto dessa tecnologia sobre a terminação desses animais em confinamento, bem como a rentabilidade dos tratamentos. No experimento 1, foi testado o efeito de 4 doses diárias de suplementos em função do peso vivo (PV) dos animais: T0 (0% do PV), T0,3 (0,3% do PV), T0,6 (0,6% do PV) e T0,9 (0,9% do PV). O suplemento utilizado continha 20% de proteína bruta na matéria natural. Foram utilizados 72 bovinos machos inteiros, cruzados, com aproximadamente 222 kg de PV inicial, distribuídos em blocos casualizados (2 blocos, 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos). Foi observado aumento linear (P<0,05) no ganho de peso diário (0,595; 0,673; 0,810; 0,968 kg dia-1), na taxa de lotação da pastagem (4,50; 5,33; 5,58; 6,12 UA ha-1) e na produção total de arrobas na fase de pasto (16,34; 22,78; 25,86; 33,82 @ ha-1) com doses crescentes do suplemento. Na fase de confinamento não foram observados efeitos (P<0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, ganho de PV e peso da carcaça quente. Os animais do T0,9 apresentaram maior (P<0,01) acabamento de gordura (6,07 e 3,93 mm) e menor tempo de confinamento (143,1 e 169,3 dias) que os do T0,0. O rendimento de carcaça foi maior (58,1; 58,0) (P<0,01) para os animais do T0,6 e T0,9 que para os do T0 (55,6%). De acordo com a avaliação econômica, a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) foi maior para o T0,6 que para os demais tratamentos. No experimento 2, foram utilizados 80 bovinos machos inteiros, cruzados, com aproximadamente 244 kg de PV inicial. Foram comparados 4 suplementos diferentes, fornecidos na dose de 0,6% do PV: TSE (suplemento energético, rico em subprodutos, com 11,32% de PB); TSFA (suplemento protéico rico em subprodutos e farelo de algodão, com 20,35% de PB); TSU (suplemento protéico rico em subprodutos e uréia protegida, com 20,51% de PB); TAFA (suplemento protéico, rico em amido e farelo de algodão, com 20,96% de PB na MS). Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no ganho de peso diário (kg cab-1) na taxa de lotação (UA ha-1) e produtividade (kg PV ha-1) entre os tratamentos na fase de pasto. Na segunda etapa deste experimento, os animais foram confinados. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos aplicados na fase de pasto sobre o consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar durante o confinamento, porém houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto ao ganho de PV diário (1,67 e 1,42 kg dia-1), PV final (547,75 e 509,23 kg) e peso da carcaça quente (294,55 e 270,60 kg) entre o TSU, quando comparado ao TAFA respectivamente. O TSU apresentou a maior taxa interna de retorno (TIR). / Two trials were conducted to evaluate supplement sources and doses for growing cattle maintained on tropical pastures during the rainy season and finished in feedlot. In trial 1, four supplement doses were compared: T0 (0% of LBW), T0.3 (0.3% of LBW), T0.6 (0.6% of LBW) and T0.9 (0.9% of LBW). The supplement had 20% crude protein (CP) (AF basis). Seventy two crossbred yearling bulls (222 kg average initial LBW) were used in a randomized block design. Animals were kept in pasture for 109 days. Thereafter they were finished in feedlot for 184 days, fed a single ration. There were linear increases (P<0,05) with increasing supplement dose on ADG (0.595; 0.673; 0.810; 0.968 kg day-1), pasture stocking rate (4.50; 5.33; 5.58; 6.12 AU ha-1) and total weight gain on pasture (490.20; 683,50; 775.80 and 1014.60 kg LBW ha-1). During feedlot no treatment effects were observed on dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ADG and hot carcass weight. Animals on T0.9 showed greater (P<0.01) subcutaneous fat thickness (6.07 and 3.93 mm) and shorter feedlot period (143.1 and 169.3 days) compared to T0. Animals on T0.3 and T0.9 showed greater (P<0.01) dressing percentage (58.1; 58.0) than animals on T0 (55.6%). Economic evaluation showed greatest internal tax return (ITR) for T0.6.In trial 2, with similar design eighty crossbred bull calves (244 kg initial LBW) were kept in pasture for 149 days and finished in feedlot during 91 days. Four supplemets were fed at 0.6% of LBW (AF basis): TSE (energy supplement, high in fibrous by-products, 11.32% CP); TSFA (protein supplement, high in fibrous by-products and cottonseed meal, 20.35% CP); TSU (protein supplement, high in fibrous by-products and encapsulated urea, 20.51% CP); TAFA (protein supplement, high in starch and cottonseed meal, 20.96% CP). There were no differences (P>0.05) on ADG (0.903; 0.909; 0.868 and 0.826 kg BW animal-1), pasture stocking rate (9.40; 9.58; 9.09 and 9.21 AU ha-1) and productivity (1772.30; 1846.50; 1631.80 and 1629.80 kg LBW ha-1) among treatments during the grazing period. During the finishing period there were no treatment effects (P>0.05) on dry matter intake and feed efficiency; ADG (P<0.05) (1.67 and 1.42 kg day-1), final BW (547.75 and 509.23 kg) and hot carcass weight (294.55 and 270.60 kg) were higher for TSU compared to TAFA. TSU showed the highest ITR.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T18:49:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laísse Silva Lemos Sobral - 2015.pdf: 3882719 bytes, checksum: 36a3f864006bb7fd9985db81e4ba4172 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T11:47:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laísse Silva Lemos Sobral - 2015.pdf: 3882719 bytes, checksum: 36a3f864006bb7fd9985db81e4ba4172 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T11:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laísse Silva Lemos Sobral - 2015.pdf: 3882719 bytes, checksum: 36a3f864006bb7fd9985db81e4ba4172 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / The purpose of this research was to know the working conditions of the sociologist who joined the state schools in Goiânia between 2009 and 2010, and especially the waivers / outputs of these graduates in social sciences class. We conducted an analysis of the conditions under which occurs the work of teachers (with a degree in social sciences and / or sociology) who teach sociology classes, mapping the causes of the output of this class of work. To achieve the objective, the approach used in this research was the qualitative research method with face-to-face interviews recorded with the consent of respondents. In light of contemporary scholars that address the issue of the working world, as Antunes (2001; 2008), Harvey (2002), Dejours (1992; 2004; 2009), we sought to understand the changes occurring worldwide in the workplace and in particular on the restructuring process that caused numerous consequences for the working process in general. Among these consequences realized the precarious process of the working conditions of workers in general and in specific teachers, subject matter of this work. With the sociology of teaching obligation in high schools from 2008, some graduates in education saw a chance to exercise their profession in teaching. But despite its entry happen via tender - which gives them stability, salary, career plan, among other benefits - these teachers did not stay in the classroom, on the contrary, in a short time there was a large number requests for dismissal or adaptation to other positions and sectors of the public administration of the State of Goiás, indicating the need for further study of this phenomenon. It was found that the new settings in the social world, especially through the so-called neoliberal economic policies imposed on the educational system intensification and precariousness of teaching, based on a business management model that required of teachers on the grounds of meritocracy, efficiency and efficiency. Nevertheless, physical and mental illness, poor infrastructure conditions, lack of social recognition were some of the factors that pushed the output of these classroom professionals. We believe that given the imminent reform of secondary education is increasingly necessary to meet the teacher, their work environment and the defense of an educational policy that actually prioritizes the quality of teaching and working conditions of those who teach / O objetivo desta investigação foi conhecer as condições de trabalho do cientista social licenciado que ingressou na rede estadual de ensino em Goiânia entre 2009 e 2010, e principalmente as renúncias/saídas desses licenciados em ciências sociais da sala de aula. Realizou-se uma análise das condições em que ocorre o trabalho dos docentes (com licenciatura em ciências sociais e/ou sociologia) que ministram aulas de Sociologia, mapeando as causas da saída desse profissional da sala de aula. Para alcançar o objetivo, a abordagem usada nessa pesquisa foi o método de investigação qualitativo, com entrevistas face-a-face, gravadas com o consentimento dos entrevistados. À luz de estudiosos contemporâneos que abordam a questão do mundo do trabalho, como Antunes (2001; 2008), Harvey (2002), Dejours (1992; 2004; 2009), buscou-se compreender as mudanças ocorridas em nível mundial no mundo do trabalho, e em especial sobre o processo de reestruturação produtiva que ocasionou inúmeras consequências para o processo de trabalho em geral. Entre estas consequências percebeu-se o processo de precarização das condições de trabalho dos trabalhadores em geral e dos professores em especifico, objeto de estudo deste trabalho. Com a obrigação do ensino de Sociologia nas escolas de ensino médio a partir de 2008, alguns licenciados viram na educação uma possibilidade de exercer sua profissão no magistério. Porém, apesar de sua entrada acontecer via concurso –, o que lhes garante estabilidade, salário, plano de carreira, entre outros benefícios –, esses docentes não permaneceram em sala de aula, ao contrário, em um curto espaço de tempo houve um grande número de pedidos de exoneração ou adaptação para outros cargos e setores da administração pública do Estado de Goiás, indicando a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados deste fenômeno. Constatou-se que as novas configurações no mundo social, principalmente por meio das políticas econômicas denominadas neoliberais, impuseram ao sistema educacional intensificação e precarização do trabalho docente, fundamentado em um modelo de gestão empresarial que exigiu dos professores, sob o argumento da meritocracia, eficácia e eficiência. Não obstante, doenças físicas e psíquicas, precárias condições de infraestrutura, falta de reconhecimento social foram alguns dos fatores que pressionaram a saída desses profissionais da sala de aula. Consideramos que diante da eminente reforma do ensino médio é cada vez mais necessário conhecer o professor, seu ambiente de trabalho e a defesa de uma política educacional que realmente priorize a qualidade do ensino e das condições de trabalho daqueles que ensinam.

Computermodelle stellen heute ein Standardwerkzeug in vielen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen dar. Einer ihrer Hauptzwecke ist die Verknüpfung von Prozessen verschiedener Skalen. Verzichtet man auf diese Verknüpfung im Modell, sind realistische Prognosen meist ausgeschlossen, bildet man die Realität 1:1 nach, wird das Modell unlösbar. Wichtig ist daher eine gute Balance zwischen Genauigkeit und Abstraktion. Ich untersuche Möglichkeiten, skalenübergreifende Interaktionen in der Landnutzungsmodellierung effizient zu implementieren. Fokus liegt dabei auf zwei Prozessen: 1.Der Nutzung hochaufgelöster Daten im Modell. 2.Dem technologischer Wandel als landwirtschaftlichem Treiber. Häufig können hochaufgelöste Daten augrund limitierter Modellkomplexität nicht direkt verwendet werden. Meist wird dieses Problem gelöst, indem die Daten nach einem statischen Aggregationsschema hochskaliert werden. Als Alternative diskutiere ich den Einsatz von Clusteralgorithmen. Meine Untersuchungen zeigen, dass der entstehende Informationsverlust bei Verwendung von Clusteralgorithmen signifikant geringer ist als bei der Verwendung statischer Aggregationsvorschriften. Ein weiterer in der Landwirtschaft wichtiger Prozess ist technologischer Wandel. Während in der Vergangenheit Steigerungen in der Produktion meist durch Landexpansion erreicht wurden, so geschieht dies heute häufig durch Intensivierung. Ich präsentiere eine Modellimplementierung dieses Prozesses mitsamt der Rückkopplung der Landnutzungsintensität auf die Effektivität zugehöriger Investitionen. Grundlage dafür ist ein neuentwickeltes Maß für landwirtschaftliche Landnutungsintensität. Damit zeige ich, dass die Effektivität von Investitionen mit steigender Landnutzungsintensität sinkt. Meine Arbeit zeigt, dass außer dem Detailgrad eines Modells auch die Struktur der verwendeten Implementierungen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die generelle Qualität der Simulation hat und insgesamt mehr Beachtung in der Modellierung finden sollte. / Computer models have become a common tool in various disciplines. A major challenge in modeling is the linking of processes on different scales. Neglecting cross-scale interactions leads to biases in model projections while a 1:1 representation is computational infeasible. Therefore, a good balance between accuracy and abstraction is essential. I investigate efficient implementations of cross-scale interactions in agricultural land-use models. I focus on two dominant aspects: First, the inclusion of spatially explicit data in a global optimization model; second, the proper representation of technological change as a driver for land use change. As a consequence of limitations in complexity of global optimization models the problem arises that high-resolution data cannot be used directly as model input. Typically, the spatially explicit data is upscaled by using a static upscaling rule. As an alternative I discuss the use of clustering methods for upscaling. I provide a general framework including the creation of clusters, the upscaling of inputs, and the downscaling of outputs. My investigations show that the information loss due to upscaling decreases significantly with cluster methods compared to static grids. Another important process in agriculture is technological change. Whereas in the past increases in agricultural production were mainly achieved by agricultural land expansion, nowadays most increases in total production are outcome of intensification due to technological change. To model this feedback I introduce a measure for agricultural land-use intensity. Based on this measure I show that the effectiveness of investments in technological change decreases with the agricultural land-use intensity. My findings imply that apart from detailedness especially the implementation has a significant impact on general model quality. Therefore, in model development the framework used for implementation should be emphasized to a greater extent.

Soil organic matter is important as storage for carbon and nutrients, supporting soil structure, and as a filter for pollutants entering the soil ecosystem. The recovery of soil organic matter in depleted soils can take decades, or even hundreds of years. It has been assumed that in non-eroding pasture, soil carbon levels either increase or not change over time. However, some recent studies have suggested that fertiliser addition to pasture soils may contribute to decreases in soil carbon content. My hypotheses were: 1. As P fertiliser loadings increase the soil carbon content and C:N ratio will decrease. 2. Changes in C pools will be greater in the more active pool (readily available carbon, and microbial biomass carbon) within the soil total carbon The study was undertaken at a long term fertiliser trial, established in 1980, at the Whatawhata Hill Country Research Station west of Hamilton, New Zealand. The fertiliser trial has P fertiliser application rates maintained since 1984. Olsen P, total C, total N, labile carbon, respirable carbon, specific respiration rate, microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, mineralised N, microbial biomass N, microbial N quotient, and mineralised N per microbial biomass nitrogen, C:N ratio, and soil pH were measured on soil samples collected from 12 paddocks with six P fertiliser loading (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 kg P ha-1 yr-1). As expected, the available P (Olsen P) increased significantly (P less than 0.001) with increasing P fertiliser application rate. Total carbon, labile carbon, and total nitrogen all decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) with increasing P fertiliser application. No significant relationships were found between P fertiliser and respirable carbon, microbial carbon, microbial (C) quotient, microbial specific respiration, microbial nitrogen, microbial (N) quotient, mineralised N, or C:N ratio. The first hypothesis was rejected as the C:N ratio did not change with increased P fertiliser application. However, both C and N decreased with increased P fertiliser application. The second hypothesis was, therefore, accepted in part because there was a decrease in labile carbon (readily available carbon) and total carbon, with P fertiliser application, but no relationship was evident for the respirable carbon and microbial biomass.

Depuis une dizaine d'années les interrogations sur le changement institutionnel sont au cœur des débats portant sur le développement de l'agriculture familiale. La question n'est plus seulement de savoir si les exploitations paysannes peuvent se " moderniser " mais si les institutions traditionnelles sont capables de donner naissance à des organisations modernes aptes à assumer des fonctions jusque-là assurées par l'Etat. Cette thèse montre la nécessité de ne pas privilégier un processus d'innovation aux dépens de l'autre. Le développement de l'agriculture familiale repose sur un double changement : technique et institutionnel, l'un et l'autre se conditionnant mutuellement. La théorie des coûts de transaction est mise en œuvre pour interpréter le développement agricole d'une région du Centre-Ouest brésilien où changements techniques et institutionnels ont été particulièrement marqués au cours de la dernière décennie. Dans un premier temps on recherche les antécédents du processus. Une analyse historique met ainsi en évidence la grande diversité d'origines des exploitations familiales et la succession d'institutions ayant conditionnées les transformations récentes. Ensuite, ce sont les modes de fonctionnement actuels des unités de production et des organisations locales qui sont abordés. Les changements dans le prix relatif des facteurs incitent les producteurs à intensifier leurs systèmes de production mais ceci n'est possible qu'avec des transformations institutionnelles permettant de réduire les coûts de transaction qu'ils affrontent avec les marchés amonts. A l'inverse les changements techniques se traduisent par une augmentation des coûts de transaction avec le secteur aval et conduisent à de nouveaux changements institutionnels. De nouvelles organisations se mettent ainsi en place mais leur action est limitée par la diversité du public auquel elles s'adressent : si elles réduisent les coûts de transaction externes, elles doivent assumer des coûts de coordination croissants.

The proceedings included herein are the papers presented in the Seventh ICCAE Open Forum held in October 20th, 2006 at Nagoya University, Japan.

The main aim of this dissertation is to evaluate Turkish science and technology policy documents, namely &ldquo / Turkish Science Policy: 1983-2003&rdquo / , &ldquo / Turkish Science and Technology Policy: 1993-2003&rdquo / , &ldquo / National Science and Technology Policy: 2003-2023 Strategy Document&rdquo / , and Turkish ever-first foresight study &ldquo / Vision 2023&rdquo / to discuss the impacts of those documents to Turkish science and technology and make some further policy recommendations for the future. For this reason, first, the history of Turkish science and technology policy making processes is summarized and the targets of the documents are examined. Second, the outcomes and the realization of the goals are discussed in terms of science and technology indicators and R&amp / D intensification among some leading industrial sectors of the country such as automotive, textile, clothing and information and communication technologies. In addition, the R&amp / D intensification of Turkish total manufacturing is analyzed via using Sanjaya Lall&rsquo / s industry categorization method. Turkey intensely exports resource based and low technology goods while importing medium and high technology ones. The scarce of demand for technology and R&amp / D which is the main reason behind the malfunction of technology policies, is basically depended on the mentioned structure of Turkish industry. Finally, it is concluded that in spite of some achievements, the implementation of Turkish science and technology policy documents are of insufficieny depended on the lack of political authority and responsibility and of the coordination among industry, institutions and society as a whole.