Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T11:48:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 956876 bytes, checksum: fec89c5b7f1e1fa0b426c113c6a50f8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:57:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 956876 bytes, checksum: fec89c5b7f1e1fa0b426c113c6a50f8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 956876 bytes, checksum: fec89c5b7f1e1fa0b426c113c6a50f8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho descreve os usos sincrônicos do verbo “esperar” na língua portuguesa, partindo da hipótese de que os novos usos gramaticalizados revelariam um caminho de crescente (inter)subjetivização (FINEGAN, 1995; TRAUGOTT, 1995; TRAUGOTT & DASHER 2005; DAVIDSE, VANDELANOTTE & CUYCKENS, 2010). E que esse processo estaria vinculado à emergência de possíveis padrões construcionais (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008, 2009). A fim de comprovar tais hipóteses, realizamos também um levantamento diacrônico, o qual buscou comprovar, com maior propriedade, quais usos seriam anteriores e [- (inter)subjetivos]. Os dados sincrônicos recobrem tanto a modalidade oral quanto a modalidade escrita da língua. Os dados orais foram coletados em três corpora distintos, a saber: o corpus do “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, o corpus do projeto “PEUL - Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” e o corpus do projeto “NURC/RJ - Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”. Já os corpora sincrônicos escritos foram compostos por textos disponíveis na Internet, retirados de blogs e de revistas de grande circulação nacional (“Revista Veja”, “Revista Isto é”, “Revista Época”, “Revista Caras”, “Revista Cláudia” e “Revista Ana Maria”). Os dados diacrônicos, por sua vez, foram selecionados do corpus do projeto “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” – e do corpus do projeto “Tycho Brahe”. Na análise dos dados, descrevemos pontualmente os diferentes usos do verbo “esperar”, bem como seus possíveis padrões construcionais. Além disso, consideramos a distribuição e a frequência de uso do verbo “esperar”, uma vez que assumimos que o levantamento da frequência pode atuar como um subsídio relevante na definição de processos de gramaticalização (BYBEE, 2003). Os resultados apontam que o verbo “esperar”, na língua portuguesa, partiu da acepção inicial e [- subjetiva] de “aguardar do tempo” e desenvolveu os usos [+subjetivos] de “volição” e “ter expectativa/contraexpectativa”. Nesse processo, o verbo “esperar” deixa de atualizar a noção aspectual de duratividade, que caracteriza sua acepção inicial. Atuando como volitivo, “esperar” se configura como um verbo modal, passando a projetar o futuro e, por sua vez, ao manifestar as expectativas (ou não) do falante, passa a indicar suas crenças no campo da hipótese. O verbo “esperar”, conforme verificamos, também figura em outras construções, como a construção “espera aí/peraí”, a qual, dentre as diferentes funções que pode exercer, se apresenta como marcador discursivo, revelando um uso [+ intersubjetivo] do verbo. / The present work describes the synchronic and diachronic uses of the verb “esperar” in the Portuguese language, by assuming the hypothesis that the new grammaticalized uses would reveal an increasing way of (inter)subjectification (FINEGAN, 1995; TRAUGOTT, 1995; TRAUGOTT & DASHER 2005; DAVIDSE, VANDELANOTTE & CUYCKENS, 2010). And it also assumes that this process would be related to the emergence of possible constructional patterns (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008, 2009). In order to prove these hypotheses, we also accomplished a diachronic survey that tried to demonstrate, more appropriately, which uses would be earlier and [- (inter)subjective]. The synchronic data cover both the oral and written modalities. The oral data have been collected in three different corpora: the corpus of the “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, the corpus of “PEUL - Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” and the corpus of “NURC/RJ - Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”. The diachronic corpora were composed of written texts available on Internet, taken from blogs and magazines of wide national circulation (“Veja”, “Isto É”, “Época”, “Caras”, “Cláudia” e “Ana Maria”). The diachronic data, in its turn, were selected from the corpus of “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” and the corpus of “Tycho Brahe” project. In data analysis, we described the different uses of the verb “esperar”, as well as its possible constructional patterns. Moreover, we considered the distribution and use frequency of the verb “esperar”, since we assume that frequency can be an important tool to define processes of grammaticalization (BYBEE, 2003).The results indicate that the verb “esperar”, in the Portuguese language, came from the earlier and [- subjective] meaning of "waiting time" and developed the [+ subjective] uses of "volition" and "have expectations/counterexpectations”. In this process, the verb “esperar” restricts the durative aspect, which characterizes its original meaning. As a volitive verb, “esperar” acts as a modal verb, expressing an idea of future and, in its turn, when it presents the notion of expectation/counterexpectation, it indicates speaker’s hypothetical beliefs. As we could verify, the verb “esperar” can also appear in other constructions, such as the construction “espera aí/peraí”, which, among different functions, is presented as a discourse marker, revealing an [+ intersubjective] use of the verb.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-24T17:59:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-25T12:03:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T12:03:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomarquescremonezi.pdf: 4447666 bytes, checksum: aa9f96e265197cfc5a70f8dfc8ad53ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O aumento do uso de redes sem fios e a constante miniaturização dos dispositivos permitiram o desenvolvimento das redes de sensores corporais sem fio (do inglês, wireless body area networks — WBANs). Nessas redes, diversos sensores são posicionados sobre ou sob a pele do usuário. Os sensores de uma WBAN coletam dados sobre batimentos cardíacos, temperatura corporal ou até mesmo um prolongado cardiograma. Através do uso de WBAN, os usuários terão um monitoramento não invasivo e que pouco afeta a sua mobilidade. Essas características, no entanto, abrem portas para diversos problemas. Por transmitir informações críticas, a comunicação é sensível à latência e à perda de pacotes. De fato, alta latência e perda de dados vitais podem acarretar em sérias consequências na vida dos pacientes e, em casos extremos, levando ao óbito. As características inerentes em uma comunicação sem fio geram problemas para redes corporais. Com sua popularização e alta mobilidade, é razoável considerar a existência de ambientes médicos muito densos, em que duas ou mais redes corporais podem utilizar simultaneamente o mesmo canal de comunicação sem fio. Essa situação potencializa as interferências, acarretando um maior número de retransmissões e perdas de pacotes, e, consequentemente, levando a um aumento da latência. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta o PDAC (Protocol for Dynamic Channel AlioCation), um protocolo para alocação dinâmica de canais, ciente dos requisitos de aplicações médicas. O PDAC oferece uma solução para reduzir interferências entre redes corporais sem fio tirando proveito da arquitetura de um ambiente hospitalar. No PDAC, diversas estações base trabalham de forma colaborativa para atender aos requisitos das aplicações médicas. Para uma alocação livre de interferências, o PDAC é inspirado por uma solução gulosa de um problema de coloração de grafos, oferecendo meios para evitar que estações base vizinhas utilizem o mesmo canal simultaneamente. Além disso, o PDAC oferece, através da agregação de canais, melhores vazões. A avaliação de desempenho do PDAC foi realizada em duas fases: por meio de experimentos de simulação e análises formais. Os resultados de simulação indicam que, em um ambiente médico realista, o PDAC é capaz de em média aumentar a vazão em 30% e reduzir a latência em 40%, quando comparado com protocolos de alocação de frequência do estado da arte. A outra fase consiste na verificação formal que por sua vez mostrou a coerência do protocolo e que o mesmo satisfaz todas as propriedades de segurança verificadas. / The increased use of wireless networks and the constant miniaturization of devices allowed the development of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In these networks, diverse sensors are positioned on the user's skin. The sensors in a WBAN gather data from heart rate, body temperature or even a cardiogram. Through the use of WBAN, patients will have a noninvasive monitoring system, which hardly affects their mobility. These characteristics, however, create several problems. By transmitting critical informa-tion, these data are quite sensitive to high latency and packet loss. The loss of vital data can lead to serious consequences in the users' life and, in extreme cases, leading to death. The inherent characteristics of wireless communication are a major issue for WBANs. With their popularization and high mobility, it is reasonable to consider the existence of very dense medical environments, where two or more WBANs can simultaneously use the same wireless communication channel. This situation can produce interference, leading to a bigger number of retransmissions and packet losses, and consequently increasing latency. Therefore, this master thesis presents the PDAC (Protocol for Dynamic Channel AlloCation), a protocol for dynamic channel allocation, that is aware of the requirements of medical applications. PDAC offers a solution to reduce interference between WBANs by taking advantage of the architecture of a hospital environment. Using PDAC, several base stations work collaboratively to meet medical application requirements. For an interference-free allocation, PDAC is inspired by a greedy solution of a graph colouring problem, preventing neighbouring base stations of using the same channel simultaneously. In addition, PDAC offers through the channel bonding, a better goodput. The evaluation PDAC was performed in two phases: by means of simulations and formal analysis. Simulation results indicate that PDAC is able to increase goodput by 30% (on average) and reduce latency by 40% (on average) when compared to the literature. The formal verification, in turn, shows that the protocol is consistent and also satisfies all verified security properties.

[pt] Esta tese de doutorado compõe-se de três artigos, sendo dois em finanças empíricas e um em microestrutura de mercado. O primeiro artigo estuda de que forma movimentos nas curvas de juros futuros em Reais e Dólares Americanos negociados na BM&F estariam relacionados com duas medidas de prêmio de risco cambial, uma à priori, calculada com base nas expectativas de variação cambial três meses à frente apuradas pelo Focus-BC, e outra à posteriori, calculada sobre a variação cambial efetiva realizada nos mesmos três meses. Os resultados mostram que movimentos da curva de DI parecem mais correlacionados com a variação cambial efetiva do que com as expectativas coletadas entre os agentes. O segundo artigo é uma variação do modelo de Ang e Piazzesi (2003), e investiga a contribuição do mercado de câmbio sobre o prêmio a termo na curva de juros futuros em Reais no Brasil. Usa-se uma UIP no lugar de uma Regra de Taylor para modelar a dinâmica da taxa de curto prazo, o que nos permite substituir as variáveis macro usuais de inflação e produto pela expectativa de variação cambial e prêmio de risco cambial na especificação do prêmio a termo na curva. O terceiro artigo propõe um modelo de mercado interdealer em três estágios onde o processo de revelação de informação é modelado como um sinal ruidoso e invertido de forma seqüencial nos dois estágios de negociação no mercado inter-dealer que se seguem à transação inicial. As simulações realizadas sugerem que a diversificação de risco na economia diminui quanto maior a precisão do sinal nos dois estágios. / [en] In this thesis we discuss two empirical essays in finance and one in market microstructure. The first article studies the joint dynamics of the two most liquid term structure of interest rates traded at BM&F, one in Brazilian reais and the other in US dollars, and two currency risk premia measures. One currency risk premia measure is obtained using currency expectation surveys conducted by the Central Bank of Brazil, while the other will be residual from the three month forward premium traded each day and the effective currency observed on the liquidation date three months after. Results show that the term structures will explain some of the realized currency risk premia observed three months after. We see this as an evidence in favor of information in the curves more correlated to the effective currency movement in three months than the expected devaluation. The second article proposes and extension of the framework introduced by Ang and Piazzesi (2003) to accommodate a no- arbitrage term structure model with macro factors. We replace the usual inflation and output macro factors for two currency variables, the expected currency devaluation and the currency risk premia. Results here show a better fit when compared to existing models estimated for Brazil. The third article proposes an inter-dealer market model in three stages, where disclosure of information is modeled by noisy informative signals. Simulations show that dealers better informed will play strategically to avoid revealing information and the risk-sharing in the economy will be lower when we increase the precision of the informative signals.

Une étude inter-annuelle (2000-2003) de la distribution de l’abondance, la biomasse et la composition des espèces phyto-planctoniques couplée aux facteurs environnementaux et le méta zooplancton a été réalisée dans cinq bassins de la saline de Sfax avec un gradient de salinité croissant. Les résultats indiquent une similarité inter-annuelle concernant les caractéristiques physiques de l'eau à savoir la température et la salinité. Les concentrations des éléments nutritifs diminuent avec l'augmentation de la salinité. Nous avons enregistré une nette variation spatiale de la communauté phytoplanctonique. Ainsi, les diatomées dominent dans les premiers bassins A1, A16 et C2-1, suivies par les dino flagellés. Les chlorophycées dominent dans les bassins hypersalésM2 et TS. Les cyanobactéries ont été relativement abondantes dans les bassins M2 et TS. Les abondances et les biomasses phytoplanctoniques les plus élevées ont été enregistrées dans les bassins hyper salés dues à la prolifération de la chlorophycée Dunaliella salina. En raison de la stabilité des facteurs environnementaux,l'étude inter-annuelle de la succession du phytoplancton dans la saline de Sfax a montré des différences légères.Compte tenu du stress salin important, la communauté phytoplanctonique demeure au stade pionnier juvénile.Afin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre les paramètres abiotiques et biotiques, plusieurs analyses statistiques (Test de corrélation Pearson, ANOVA, ACP, Co- inerties….) ont été réalisées. Les relations entre les différents paramètres physiques, chimiques et biologiques au niveau du premier bassin à tendance marine A1 (de salinité 45 p.s.u) semblent être utile pour une modélisation écologique développée pour la saline de Sfax. Ce modèle mis au point a été développé en se basant sur la biomasse de la communauté phytoplanctonique en interaction avec les éléments nutritifs particulièrement l’azote et le phosphore. Une comparaison entre les résultats des simulations et les observations a montré que le modèle écologique a pure produire d’une manière satisfaisante la dynamique saisonnière et inter-annuelle du phytoplancton. Ainsi, les résultats du modèle écologique sont en concordance avec les observations. D’après les simulations, la diminution des concentrations des nutriments, ainsi que l’augmentation du débit d’entrée d’eau dans le bassin A1, entraînent une diminution de la biomasse phytoplanctonique. Cependant, et suite à un réchauffement climatique, une perturbation de la dynamique de la biomasse phytoplanctonique pourrait être observée. De plus, les simulations montrent qu’une année de faible pluviométrie accélère les efflorescences du phytoplancton. Le modèle établi dans la présente étude donne de nouvelles perspectives pour simuler des combinaisons entre les scénarii qui peuvent être dépendants. / The distribution of phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition coupled withenvironmental factors and metazooplankton was studied relatively intensively and over a period of fourconsecutive years in five ponds featuring a gradient of increasing salinity from near to that of sea water to a ninefoldconcentration from 2000 to 2003. The results indicate that the physical characteristics of the water(temperature and salinity) were quite similar over the years. The concentrations of nutrients decreasewith increasing salinity. The diversity of the phytoplankton community revealed a spatial variation. Thusdiatoms dominated in the first ponds A1, A16 and C2-1, followed by dinoflagellates. The Chlorophyceaedominated the hypersaline ponds M2 and TS. Cyanobacteria were relatively abundant in ponds M2 and TS. Thehighest phytoplankton abundances and biomasses were recorded in the hypersaline ponds, resulting from theproliferation of the Chlorophyceae Dunaliella salina. As a result of the stability of the environmental factors, theinter-annual study of the phytoplankton succession in the solar saltern of Sfax, revealed slight differences. Giventhe importance of salt stress the phytoplankton community remains in juvenile stage.To better understand the interaction between abiotic and biotic parameters, many statistical analyses(Pearson correlation test, ANOVA, PCA, Co-intertia….) were performed. The determination of the relationshipbetween physical, chemical and biological parameters in the first marine pond A1 (salinity: 45 p.s.u) appears tobe useful for the development of an ecological model of the solar saltern of Sfax. This model has been developedon the basis of the biomass of the phytoplankton community in relation with nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients.A comparison between simulation results and observations indicated that the ecological model was able toproduce a satisfactory seasonal and inter-annual phytoplankton dynamics. Thus, the results of the ecologicalmodel were in accordance with the observations. According to the simulations, the decrease of nutrientconcentrations and the increase of the water inflow into the pond A1, cause a decrease in phytoplankton biomass.Due to climate change, the disturbance of the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass was observed. Especially, thesimulations predict acceleration of phytoplankton blooms due to dry year. Finally, the model developed in thisstudy gives new insights in order to simulate a combination of independent scenarii.

La territorialisation des politiques publiques repose sur un grand nombre d’acteurs-relais, dont la coopération est considérée comme une donnée, rarement comme une variable à construire. Pourtant, les organisations ne sont pas des agents économiques désincarnés, mais des entités constituées d’individus, dont la mise en disponibilité relationnelle n’est pas garantie par la seule « proximité géographique ». Cette thèse traite des coopérations inter-organisationnelles territorialisées, dans le cadre d’un dispositif d’Insertion par l’Activité Économique (IAE), et mobilise trois études de cas.Elle montre que les coopérations inter-organisationnelles ne sont pas un processus naturel, qu’elles ont besoin d’un cadre favorable pour s’exprimer positivement. Mais aussi, que la pertinence du cadre ne garantit pas à lui seul leur efficacité/efficience et leur durabilité. La performance socio-économique globale du dispositif repose également sur la qualité de son pilotage, car le système IAE ne s’auto-organise pas. À ce titre, nous proposons l’implémentation d’un outil de contractualisation, comme levier de l’activation du pilotage des coopérations inter-organisationnelles territorialisées, entre les pouvoirs publics et les structures d’IAE, qui viendrait enrichir l’actuel dialogue de gestion. / The territorialization of public policy depends on a large number of “link-actors” whose cooperation is considered as a given and rarely as a variable to be constructed. However, the organizations are not disincarnated economic agents, but entities made up of individuals whose propensity to relationships is not guaranteed uniquely by “geographical proximity.” This thesis deals with the territorialized inter-organizational cooperation within the framework of an Active Inclusion through Economic Activity (AIEA) scheme and involves three case studies.It demonstrates that inter-organizational cooperation is not a natural process, that it requires favorable conditions in order to have a positive outcome. Furthermore, the pertinence of the framework does not in and of itself guarantee its efficiency/effectiveness and its sustainability. The global socio-economic performance of the scheme depends equally on the quality of its monitoring insofar as the AIEA system is not self-organized. With this in mind, we propose the implementation of a contract agreement tool, as a lever for the activation of the monitoring of territorialized inter-organizational cooperation, between the public authorities and the AIEA structures, which would enhance the current management dialog.

Notre recherche porte sur la coopération au sein des réseaux territoriaux d'organisations. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons caractériser le processus de coopération qui s'établit entre les membres d'un réseau territorial d'organisations qui a émergé de l'incitation des pouvoirs publics. Pour cela, nous mobilisons une méthodologie qualitative en menant une étude de cas auprès du Pôle Tourisme de Territoire-Carac'Terres et du Pôle Services à la Personne, qui ont tous deux vu le jour afin d'être labellisés « Pôle Régional d'Innovation et de Développement Économique Solidaire » (PRIDES) par le Conseil Régional PACA. Nous nous appuyons sur un cadre théorique articulant l'Économie de la Proximité et la Sociologie de la Traduction afin d'analyser ces réseaux. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier est de caractériser le processus de développement de la coopération en identifiant des facteurs favorables et des facteurs défavorables et en mettant en lumière que la coopération résulte de la mise en cohérence de quatre dimensions -les acteurs, les dispositifs de gestion, les espaces et le sens - à travers le rôle d'un traducteur. Le second niveau de résultat réside dans la mise en œuvre d'un cadre théorique hybride permettant d'appréhender la dynamique des proximités à travers le processus de traduction. / Our research focuses on cooperation within territorial networks. We wish, in particular, to characterize the cooperation process which is reached between the members of a social network born from the incentive of authorities. To achieve that, we use a qualitative methodology by carrying out a case study at the Pôle Tourisme de Territoire-Carac'Terres, and at the Pôle Services à la Personne, which were both created to be labelled "Regional Pole for Innovation and Economic Development based on Solidarity" (PRIDES) by the Regional Council PACA. We use a theoretical frame combining Proximity Science and Actor-Network Theory, in order to analyse these networks. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one is to characterize the development process of cooperation by identifying the predisposing and hampering factors, and by bringing to light the fact that cooperation is the result of the weaving together of four dimensions - the actors, the management tools, the areas, and the meaning - through a translator. The second level lies in the implement of a hybrid theoretical frame, which allows to grasp the dynamics of proximities through a translating process.

Les composites stratifiés de plis unidirectionnels en carbone/époxy sont fortement utilisés pour alléger les structures aéronautiques tout en conservant de bonnes propriétés structurales. Toutefois, les avantages de ce type de matériau ne sont pas encore pleinement exploités de par le manque de confiance accordée aux modèles de prévision de l’endommagement, dont notamment ceux concernant le délaminage. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de cette thèse était de développer une stratégie de modélisation du délaminage adaptée aux structures composites stratifiées. Cette stratégie s’est appuyée sur le développement d’un modèle de zone cohésive prenant en compte les ingrédients nécessaires à la bonne description de l’amorçage et de la propagation de la fissure : (i) un critère d’amorçage avec un renforcement en compression/cisaillement hors-plan, (ii) une loi de propagation décrivant l’évolution de la ténacité en fonction de la mixité de mode et (iii) la prise en compte du couplage inter/intralaminaire. Pour identifier ce nouveau modèle, une procédure d’identification efficace, s’appuyant sur un essai de traction sur plaque rainurée, a été mise en place. Cette procédure d’identification a permis de démontrer que la ténacité semble indépendante (i) de l’orientation des plis adjacents à l’interface et (ii) de l’empilement étudié. De même, pour décrire l’évolution de la ténacité, une nouvelle loi de propagation adaptée au matériau carbone/époxy a été proposée. Pour finir, la stratégie de modélisation, complétée par une stratégie de calcul, a été appliquée sur différents cas structuraux pour mettre en avant ses apports et ses premières limites. / The carbon/epoxy laminated composites of unidirectional plies are strongly used in order to reduce the weight of aeronautical structures while at the same time proposing good structural properties. However, the advantages of this kind of material are not fully exploited due to the lack of confidence in damage models, like ones concerning delamination. Then, the purpose of this work was the development of a strategy to model delamination in laminated composite structures. This strategy was based on the development of a cohesive zone model taking into account the ingredients necessary to the well description of the onset of delamination and the crack growth: (i) an onset criterion with an out-of-plan compression/shearing reinforcement, (ii) a propagation law describing the evolution of the fracture toughness as a function of mixed mode ratio and (iii) the inter/intralaminar coupling. To identify this new model, an efficient identification procedure, basing on a tensile test on notched specimen, has been proposed. This identification procedure has demonstrated that the fracture toughness seems to be independent of (i) the orientation of plies closed to the interface and (ii) the stacking sequence. Furthermore, to describe the evolution of the fracture toughness, a new propagation law adapted to carbon/epoxy material has been proposed. Finally, the strategy to model delamination, completed by a calculation strategy, has been applied on several structural cases to prove its contributions and its first limitations.

Number of studies report that even when experimental animals are subjected to the exact same conditions, they differ in their behaviour. If these differences were stable in time and across several experimental procedures, we could talk about personality. This diploma thesis studies inter-individual differences in behaviour of laboratory rats (Long Evans strain) in a series of experiments conducted in early ontogeny and in adult age. Apart from analysing inter-individual differences in behaviour and personality of experimental animals, this thesis has two main aims. The first aim is assessing stability of inter-individual differences in behaviour throughout ontogeny. The second aim is to explore possible link between inter-individual differences in behaviour and performance in cognitive tests. We confirmed the existence of inter-individual difference in behaviour in laboratory rats. In this thesis we were, however, not able to assess personality of experimental animals. The differences in behaviour were best described by behaviour in Open field test and Elevated plus maze test. Our results also show marked differences between successive trials of these experiments. We also report that performance in Active allothetic place avoidance is not linked to performance in Morris water maze, even though both...

Många universitetsstudenter reser kollektivt till skolan, och under sin tid i kollektivtrafiken är det många som spenderar sin tid genom att använda sin smartphone. Flera använder den då för att kolla sociala medier, lyssna på musik eller bara fördriva tid. Detta är något som är väldigt intressant då många inte inser att de har en tid här som de kan utnyttja till att få saker gjort. Därför undersöker denna studie i vilken utsträckning notifikationer i smartphones kan fungera som ett hjälpmedel för universitetsstudenter att utnyttja inter-time; tillika sin restid, på ett effektivare sätt med avseende på deras egna studier. Studien genomfördes under en vecka och bestod av en inledande enkät, en testperiod med notifikationer, samt en avslutande enkät. Under testperioden mottog deltagarna notifikationer varje dag under fem dagar samt förde dagbok under periodens tre sista dagar. Notifikationerna var platsbaserade och innehöll en uppmaning om att studera. Studiens resultat visade att ingen av deltagarna följde notifikationernas uppmaning. Vidare visade det sig att åsikten och upplevelsen av notifikationerna varierade brett mellan deltagarna, med enstaka svar om att notifikationerna var välskrivna, destruktiva, bra, tydliga, ensidiga, hjälpsamma, motiverande, repetitiva. Tre deltagare ansåg notifikationerna som störande. Orsakerna till detta resultat berodde till stor del att deltagarna hade olika syn på sin inter-time och vad de helst gjorde under denna tid, samt att ingen av deltagarna såg sin smartphone som ett användbart hjälpmedel i deras studier. Vidare är slutsatsen för denna studie att för att notifikationerna ska påverka deltagarnas utnyttjande av sin inter-time behöver notifikationerna vara individuellt anpassade till varje deltagares schema samt preferenser. En annan intressant aspekt var att deltagarna inte såg sin smartphone som ett studieverktyg, trots att de var Medieteknikstudenter och alltså är vana att använda sin smartphone. / Many university students use public transport as a means to get to school, and during this time in transit a great many pass their time by using their smartphone. Most use it to check social media, listen to music or just to make time pass faster. This is something really interesting since many of these student do not realize they can use their smartphone for studying during this time in transit. For that reason, this study investigates to what extent notifications in a smartphone during these times can work as a reminder for university students to use their inter-time; their time in transit, in a more efficient manner with regards to their studies. This study was conducted during a school week and consisted of an initial questionnaire, a test period with notifications, and lastly a conclusive questionnaire. During the test period the participants received notifications every day for five days and for the last three days of the study they also wrote a diary. The notifications were location based and encouraged the students to study. The results of the study showed that even though none of the participants followed the suggestion to study during their inter time, the participants had both negative and positive attitudes towards the notifications as some deemed them irriating while some saw the potential but would rather have receieved a more personalized  suggestion. The reasons for these results were mainly due to the participants' different views on their inter-time and what they preferred to do during this time, furthermore, none of the participants regarded their smartphone as a useful tool to help them study. The conclusion of this study is that in order for the notifications to influence the students' usage of their inter-time, the notifications need to be individually adapted to each student's schedule and preferences. Another interesting aspect was that the participants did not see their smartphone as a mean to study, despite the fact that they were students of Media Technology and accustomed to use their smartphone.

[pt] A presente tese investiga uma forma nova de diálogo entre monges, o diálogo de experiência, focalizando o processo psicossocial de identidadealteridade religiosa. A pesquisa baseou-se em documentos e testemunho do Diálogo Inter-religioso Monástico (DIM), órgão ligado ao Conselho Pontifício para o Diálogo Inter-religioso (CPDI) do Vaticano, que reúne monges de mosteiros católicos do mundo inteiro, participando de comissões de diálogo com monges de outras tradições religiosas. Embora recente este tipo de diálogo indica uma tendência inovadora na relação entre as religiões ocidentais e orientais; e é fruto não apenas do esforço pessoal de alguns pioneiros, mas também das transformações religiosas e sociais que se aceleraram na atual etapa de mundialização. Assim sendo, após apresentar os fundamentos do monaquismo, tendo salientando as diferenças entre suas principais tendências e a referência a uma base comum, situo o desenvolvimento deste tipo de diálogo na perspectiva da história monástica cristã, do atual contexto de pluralismo religioso e de elaboração católica sobre o tema. A importância deste tipo de diálogo para o campo de estudo da religião reside em sua ênfase na experiência, em sua associação entre diálogo e contemplação (ou meditação), e no compartilhamento de práticas monásticas por membros de diferentes tradições religiosas. Ao mesmo tempo, como as experiências relatadas pelos monges estão enraizadas em uma vida religiosa tanto pessoal como comunitária e foram orientadas para o testemunho, elas permitiram um enfoque das representações históricas que relaciona estas representações às práticas religiosas, às experiências espirituais, e às histórias de vida dos monges e comunidades monásticas. A convergência da reflexão vinda de vários campos do conhecimento em direção à experiência transformou esta última em um ponto nodal de referência, em torno do qual foi possível integrar estes campos e estabelecer uma articulação com o testemunho, a narração e o processo psicossocial. Baseada na fenomenologia hermenêutica de Ricoeur e na concepção da consciência religiosa de Nabert, e tendo colocado em evidência a contribuição da psicologia social para esclarecer a dinâmica de identidade-alteridade entre o ego e o alter, a tese analisa o sentido, a formação e a consolidação de uma nova dinâmica desenvolvida no contexto do diálogo intermonástico, estudando-a do ponto de vista da comunidade monástica católica e de sua experiência viva e histórica de diálogo e contemplação. Esta rompe com a visão de subjetividades separadas e com a negação e exclusão da alteridade religiosa, chegando a uma perspectiva de unidade na pluralidade e a um novo tipo de identidade e espiritualidade dialogal. Tendo verificado a importância central desta dinâmica e seu sentido religioso para o desenvolvimento do diálogo entre contemplativos, a tese destaca não apenas a dimensão psicossocial desta dinâmica, mas seu enraizamento no mais profundo centro do ser, sublinhando a relação estabelecida pelos monges católicos entre o diálogo inter-religioso e seu diálogo com Deus. A concepção cristã da alteridade de Deus e do próximo foi determinante para a formulação e prática dialogal de reconhecimento mútuo e para as experiências monásticas de paz e harmonia entre os monges de diferentes religiões. É possível, portanto, distinguir a dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo da dinâmica de autoafirmação e recusa do outro, relacionada à experiência de negação da diferença, de guerra e eliminação da alteridade. A dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo é favorecida pela ruptura social da vida monástica, pelas práticas contemplativas e pelo profundo processo de reformulação da identidade- alteridade pela qual passam os monges em sua caminhada para o Absoluto. Atualmente, o reconhecimento da identidade cristã e da alteridade religiosa está sendo considerado por estes monges como central para seu diálogo inter-religioso e está lhes permitindo rever sua relação com a própria identidade, ultrapassando, ao mesmo tempo, as representações históricas negativas sobre as outras religiões e promovendo a abertura para outros seres, culturas e religiões. Estes monges consideram que sua tradição monástica católica está sendo renovada pela esperança espiritual e pela pesquisa de outras tradições e que o diálogo os está ajudando a aprofundar sua própria identidade cristã. A tese descreve suas profundas transformações pessoais e comunitárias, as resistências e avanços, assim como as mudanças nas representações históricas dos monges católicos em relação com a experiência da alteridade e do aprofundamento da identidade cristã, que provocaram uma revisão crítica da postura católica sobre as outras religiões. A análise de todas estas mudanças em relação com o contexto da Babel contemporânea pôs em relevo a contribuição monástica para uma nova perspectiva dialogal sobre a unidade na diversidade de linguagens e seres, permitindo distinguir a visão de pluralidade no reconhecimento da identidadealteridade de outras perspectivas de unidade e pluralidade baseadas apenas na identidade. / [en] The present thesis investigates a new form of dialogue among monks, the dialogue of experience, bringing into focus the psychosocial process of religious identity-alterity. The research is based on documents and testimonies of the Monastic Inter-religious Dialogue (MID), organism attached to the Vatican s Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue (PCID), that gathers monks from Catholic s monasteries of all the world participating at dialogue s commissions with monks of others religious traditions. Although recent, this type of dialogue indicates a renewable tendency in the occidental and oriental religions relationship; and it is fruit not only of the personal efforts of some pioneers, but also of religious and social transformations, that are accelerating in the actual world-wideness stage. Then, after presenting the monachism s foundations, having presented the differences among their main tendencies and the references to a common base, I situate the dialogue s development in the perspective of Christian monastic history, of the current context of religious pluralism and of Catholic s elaboration about this subject. The importance of this type of dialogue to the religious study s field lies in its experience s emphasis, in its association between dialogue and contemplation (or meditation) and in the sharing of monastic practices by the different religious traditions members. At the same time, as the monk s experience accounts are rooted in their personal and communitarian religious life and are orientated to testimony, they allowed an approach of historical representations that relates these representations to religious practices, to spiritual experiences and to life s histories of monks and monastic communities. The convergence of reflections coming from various fields toward experience has transform this one in a central point of reference around which it was possible to integrate these fields and establish the articulation of experience to testimony, narration and psychosocial process. Based on Ricoeur s hermeneutical phenomenology and on Nabert`s conception of religious consciousness, and having put in evidence the social psychology s contribution to clarify identityalterity s dynamic between the ego and the alter, this thesis analysis the sense, the formation and the consolidation of a new dynamic developed in the inter-monastic dialogue s context, studying it from the point of view of the catholic s monastic community and of their living and historical dialogue and contemplation s experience. This one breaks off with the separated subjectivities vision and with the negation and exclusion s of religious alterity, arriving to a unity in plurality s inter-subjectivity perspective and to a new type of catholic dialogical identity and spirituality. Having verified the central importance of this dynamic and its religious sense to the dialogue s development among contemplatives, the thesis stands out not only this dynamic s psychosocial dimension, but also its rooting in the deepest center of being, underlying relation established by catholic monks between the inter-religious dialogue and their dialogue with God. The Christian conception of God and fellow s alterity has been determinant to the dialogical mutual recognition and to the peace and harmony s monastic experiences among monks from different religions. The study of this conception and of its application on inter-monastic dialogue conducts to the distinction between this dialogical dynamics from the one established in terms of auto- affirmation and other s deny, that is related to the differences negation, to war, and to several kinds of alterity s elimination. The mutual recognition was favored for the monastic social rupture, for the contemplative practices and for the profound process of identityalterity s reformulation the monks go through in their path toward the Absolute. Nowadays, the recognition of Christian identity and religious alterity is being considered by these monks as central to their inter-religious dialogue, and is allowing them to revise their own identity going, at the same time, beyond negative historical representations about other religions and promoting an opening to other beings, cultures and religions. These monks consider that their catholic monastic tradition has been renewed by the spiritual hope and research of other traditions, and that dialogue is helping them to go deeper in their own Christian identity. The thesis describes their profound personal and communitarian transformations, the resistances and progress, as well as the changes in historical representations and spiritual experiences, provoking a great reformulation of catholic posture about others religions. The analyses of all this changes in relation with the contemporary Babel context put in relief the monastic contribution to a new dialogical perspective about unity in diversity of languages and beings, allowing distinguishing the vision of plurality in the recognition of identityalterity from others perspectives of unity and plurality based only on identity.