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Nu har du tid att studera - En studie om notifikationers påverkan på inter-time / Time to Study - How Notifications Affect the Usage of Inter TimeBäckström, Emma, Westling, Maria January 2016 (has links)
Många universitetsstudenter reser kollektivt till skolan, och under sin tid i kollektivtrafiken är det många som spenderar sin tid genom att använda sin smartphone. Flera använder den då för att kolla sociala medier, lyssna på musik eller bara fördriva tid. Detta är något som är väldigt intressant då många inte inser att de har en tid här som de kan utnyttja till att få saker gjort. Därför undersöker denna studie i vilken utsträckning notifikationer i smartphones kan fungera som ett hjälpmedel för universitetsstudenter att utnyttja inter-time; tillika sin restid, på ett effektivare sätt med avseende på deras egna studier. Studien genomfördes under en vecka och bestod av en inledande enkät, en testperiod med notifikationer, samt en avslutande enkät. Under testperioden mottog deltagarna notifikationer varje dag under fem dagar samt förde dagbok under periodens tre sista dagar. Notifikationerna var platsbaserade och innehöll en uppmaning om att studera. Studiens resultat visade att ingen av deltagarna följde notifikationernas uppmaning. Vidare visade det sig att åsikten och upplevelsen av notifikationerna varierade brett mellan deltagarna, med enstaka svar om att notifikationerna var välskrivna, destruktiva, bra, tydliga, ensidiga, hjälpsamma, motiverande, repetitiva. Tre deltagare ansåg notifikationerna som störande. Orsakerna till detta resultat berodde till stor del att deltagarna hade olika syn på sin inter-time och vad de helst gjorde under denna tid, samt att ingen av deltagarna såg sin smartphone som ett användbart hjälpmedel i deras studier. Vidare är slutsatsen för denna studie att för att notifikationerna ska påverka deltagarnas utnyttjande av sin inter-time behöver notifikationerna vara individuellt anpassade till varje deltagares schema samt preferenser. En annan intressant aspekt var att deltagarna inte såg sin smartphone som ett studieverktyg, trots att de var Medieteknikstudenter och alltså är vana att använda sin smartphone. / Many university students use public transport as a means to get to school, and during this time in transit a great many pass their time by using their smartphone. Most use it to check social media, listen to music or just to make time pass faster. This is something really interesting since many of these student do not realize they can use their smartphone for studying during this time in transit. For that reason, this study investigates to what extent notifications in a smartphone during these times can work as a reminder for university students to use their inter-time; their time in transit, in a more efficient manner with regards to their studies. This study was conducted during a school week and consisted of an initial questionnaire, a test period with notifications, and lastly a conclusive questionnaire. During the test period the participants received notifications every day for five days and for the last three days of the study they also wrote a diary. The notifications were location based and encouraged the students to study. The results of the study showed that even though none of the participants followed the suggestion to study during their inter time, the participants had both negative and positive attitudes towards the notifications as some deemed them irriating while some saw the potential but would rather have receieved a more personalized suggestion. The reasons for these results were mainly due to the participants' different views on their inter-time and what they preferred to do during this time, furthermore, none of the participants regarded their smartphone as a useful tool to help them study. The conclusion of this study is that in order for the notifications to influence the students' usage of their inter-time, the notifications need to be individually adapted to each student's schedule and preferences. Another interesting aspect was that the participants did not see their smartphone as a mean to study, despite the fact that they were students of Media Technology and accustomed to use their smartphone.
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[pt] MONGES EM DIÁLOGO A CAMINHO DO ABSOLUTO: ESTUDO PSICOSSOCIAL DO DIÁLOGO INTER-RELIGIOSO MONÁSTICO / [en] MONK S DIALOGUE IN THE WAY TO ABSOLUTE: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTER-RELIGIOUS MONASTIC DIALOGUEOLGA REGINA FRUGOLI SODRÉ 02 December 2005 (has links)
[pt] A presente tese investiga uma forma nova de diálogo entre
monges, o
diálogo de experiência, focalizando o processo
psicossocial de identidadealteridade
religiosa. A pesquisa baseou-se em documentos e testemunho
do
Diálogo Inter-religioso Monástico (DIM), órgão ligado ao
Conselho Pontifício
para o Diálogo Inter-religioso (CPDI) do Vaticano, que
reúne monges de
mosteiros católicos do mundo inteiro, participando de
comissões de diálogo com
monges de outras tradições religiosas. Embora recente este
tipo de diálogo indica
uma tendência inovadora na relação entre as religiões
ocidentais e orientais; e é
fruto não apenas do esforço pessoal de alguns pioneiros,
mas também das
transformações religiosas e sociais que se aceleraram na
atual etapa de
mundialização. Assim sendo, após apresentar os fundamentos
do monaquismo,
tendo salientando as diferenças entre suas principais
tendências e a referência a
uma base comum, situo o desenvolvimento deste tipo de
diálogo na perspectiva da
história monástica cristã, do atual contexto de pluralismo
religioso e de elaboração
católica sobre o tema. A importância deste tipo de diálogo
para o campo de estudo
da religião reside em sua ênfase na experiência, em sua
associação entre diálogo e
contemplação (ou meditação), e no compartilhamento de
práticas monásticas por
membros de diferentes tradições religiosas. Ao mesmo
tempo, como as
experiências relatadas pelos monges estão enraizadas em
uma vida religiosa tanto
pessoal como comunitária e foram orientadas para o
testemunho, elas permitiram
um enfoque das representações históricas que relaciona
estas representações às
práticas religiosas, às experiências espirituais, e às
histórias de vida dos monges e
comunidades monásticas. A convergência da reflexão vinda
de vários campos do
conhecimento em direção à experiência transformou esta
última em um ponto
nodal de referência, em torno do qual foi possível
integrar estes campos e
estabelecer uma articulação com o testemunho, a narração e
o processo
psicossocial. Baseada na fenomenologia hermenêutica de
Ricoeur e na concepção
da consciência religiosa de Nabert, e tendo colocado em
evidência a contribuição
da psicologia social para esclarecer a dinâmica de
identidade-alteridade entre o
ego e o alter, a tese analisa o sentido, a formação e a
consolidação de uma nova
dinâmica desenvolvida no contexto do diálogo
intermonástico, estudando-a do
ponto de vista da comunidade monástica católica e de sua
experiência viva e
histórica de diálogo e contemplação. Esta rompe com a
visão de subjetividades
separadas e com a negação e exclusão da alteridade
religiosa, chegando a uma
perspectiva de unidade na pluralidade e a um novo tipo de
identidade e
espiritualidade dialogal. Tendo verificado a importância
central desta dinâmica e
seu sentido religioso para o desenvolvimento do diálogo
entre contemplativos, a
tese destaca não apenas a dimensão psicossocial desta
dinâmica, mas seu
enraizamento no mais profundo centro do ser, sublinhando a
relação estabelecida
pelos monges católicos entre o diálogo inter-religioso e
seu diálogo com Deus. A concepção cristã da alteridade de
Deus e do próximo foi determinante para a
formulação e prática dialogal de reconhecimento mútuo e
para as experiências
monásticas de paz e harmonia entre os monges de diferentes
religiões. É possível,
portanto, distinguir a dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo da
dinâmica de autoafirmação
e recusa do outro, relacionada à experiência de negação da
diferença,
de guerra e eliminação da alteridade. A dinâmica de
reconhecimento mútuo é
favorecida pela ruptura social da vida monástica, pelas
práticas contemplativas e
pelo profundo processo de reformulação da identidade-
alteridade pela qual
passam os monges em sua caminhada para o Absoluto.
Atualmente, o
reconhecimento da identidade cristã e da alteridade religiosa está sendo
considerado por estes monges como central para seu diálogo inter-religioso e está
lhes permitindo rever sua relação com a própria identidade, ultrapassando, ao
mesmo tempo, as representações históricas negativas sobre as outras religiões e
promovendo a abertura para outros seres, culturas e religiões. Estes monges
consideram que sua tradição monástica católica está sendo renovada pela
esperança espiritual e pela pesquisa de outras tradições e que o diálogo os está
ajudando a aprofundar sua própria identidade cristã. A tese descreve suas
profundas transformações pessoais e comunitárias, as resistências e avanços,
assim como as mudanças nas representações históricas dos monges católicos em
relação com a experiência da alteridade e do aprofundamento da identidade cristã,
que provocaram uma revisão crítica da postura católica sobre as outras religiões.
A análise de todas estas mudanças em relação com o contexto da Babel
contemporânea pôs em relevo a contribuição monástica para uma nova
perspectiva dialogal sobre a unidade na diversidade de linguagens e seres,
permitindo distinguir a visão de pluralidade no reconhecimento da identidadealteridade
de outras perspectivas de unidade e pluralidade baseadas apenas na
identidade. / [en] The present thesis investigates a new form of dialogue
among monks, the
dialogue of experience, bringing into focus the
psychosocial process of religious
identity-alterity. The research is based on documents and
testimonies of the
Monastic Inter-religious Dialogue (MID), organism attached
to the Vatican s
Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue (PCID),
that gathers monks from
Catholic s monasteries of all the world participating at
dialogue s commissions
with monks of others religious traditions. Although
recent, this type of dialogue
indicates a renewable tendency in the occidental and
oriental religions
relationship; and it is fruit not only of the personal
efforts of some pioneers, but
also of religious and social transformations, that are
accelerating in the actual
world-wideness stage. Then, after presenting the
monachism s foundations,
having presented the differences among their main
tendencies and the references
to a common base, I situate the dialogue s development in
the perspective of
Christian monastic history, of the current context of
religious pluralism and of
Catholic s elaboration about this subject. The importance
of this type of dialogue
to the religious study s field lies in its experience s
emphasis, in its association
between dialogue and contemplation (or meditation) and in
the sharing of
monastic practices by the different religious traditions
members. At the same
time, as the monk s experience accounts are rooted in
their personal and
communitarian religious life and are orientated to
testimony, they allowed an
approach of historical representations that relates these
representations to religious
practices, to spiritual experiences and to life s
histories of monks and monastic
communities. The convergence of reflections coming from
various fields toward
experience has transform this one in a central point of
reference around which it
was possible to integrate these fields and establish the
articulation of experience to
testimony, narration and psychosocial process. Based on
Ricoeur s hermeneutical
phenomenology and on Nabert`s conception of religious
consciousness, and
having put in evidence the social psychology s
contribution to clarify identityalterity s
dynamic between the ego and the alter, this thesis
analysis the sense, the
formation and the consolidation of a new dynamic developed
in the inter-monastic
dialogue s context, studying it from the point of view of
the catholic s monastic
community and of their living and historical dialogue and
contemplation s
experience. This one breaks off with the separated
subjectivities vision and with
the negation and exclusion s of religious alterity,
arriving to a unity in plurality s
inter-subjectivity perspective and to a new type of
catholic dialogical identity and
spirituality. Having verified the central importance of
this dynamic and its
religious sense to the dialogue s development among
contemplatives, the thesis
stands out not only this dynamic s psychosocial dimension,
but also its rooting in
the deepest center of being, underlying relation
established by catholic monks between the inter-religious
dialogue and their dialogue with God. The Christian
conception of God and fellow s alterity has been
determinant to the dialogical
mutual recognition and to the peace and harmony s monastic
experiences among
monks from different religions. The study of this
conception and of its application
on inter-monastic dialogue conducts to the distinction
between this dialogical
dynamics from the one established in terms of auto-
affirmation and other s deny,
that is related to the differences negation, to war, and
to several kinds of
alterity s elimination. The mutual recognition was
favored for the monastic social
rupture, for the contemplative practices and for the
profound process of identityalterity s
reformulation the monks go through in their path toward
the Absolute.
Nowadays, the recognition of Christian identity and religious alterity is being
considered by these monks as central to their inter-religious dialogue, and is
allowing them to revise their own identity going, at the same time, beyond
negative historical representations about other religions and promoting an opening
to other beings, cultures and religions. These monks consider that their catholic
monastic tradition has been renewed by the spiritual hope and research of other
traditions, and that dialogue is helping them to go deeper in their own Christian
identity. The thesis describes their profound personal and communitarian
transformations, the resistances and progress, as well as the changes in historical
representations and spiritual experiences, provoking a great reformulation of
catholic posture about others religions. The analyses of all this changes in relation
with the contemporary Babel context put in relief the monastic contribution to a
new dialogical perspective about unity in diversity of languages and beings,
allowing distinguishing the vision of plurality in the recognition of identityalterity
from others perspectives of unity and plurality based only on identity.
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Bildandet av kommunalförbundet Räddningstjänsten Väst mellan Falkenberg och Varbergs kommuner / The formation of the municipality association Räddningstjänsten Väst between the municipalities Falkenberg and VarbergOskarsson, Ana January 2024 (has links)
Collaboration between small municipalities has become a necessity in order to cope with municipal difficulties such as emergency services. Collaboration has also been mentioned as a possible solution to the challenges facing the public sector in light of economic and demographic developments that will continuously increase the demands on these municipalities. Inter-municipal collaboration is therefore something that is sought after and strived for. This essay will analyse the process surrounding the formation of this inter-municipal association, and to help understand and explain this process I will use the following theories: framing theory and public choice theory. The results show that the primary motivation for establishing Räddningstjänsten Väst was to create a robust and efficient emergency service, not just an economical one. A significant factor in its success was the tradition of trust and cooperation between these two municipalities. Another factor was the hiring of an experienced and objective consultant. The analysis indicates that those responsible for the process acted rationally based on the set goals, with shared ideas and values serving as a framework for their collaboration. Thus the focus of the essay is on municipal collaboration structures, particularly inter-municipal associations, highlighting the process and ideas behind the formation of these associations, as well as who has taken the initiative for their establishment. In 2011 the municipalities Falkenberg and Varberg began planning their municipality association, Räddningstjänsten Väst, and in 2013 it began its operations.
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The latest progress in human rights protection of LGBTI community in the Inter-American field / Los avances más recientes en la protección de los derechos humanos del grupo LGBTI en el ámbito interamericanoNegro Alvarado, Dante Mauricio 10 April 2018 (has links)
The text describes the main progress in depicting the LGBTI topic in the Inter-American area. It begins with the analysis of some conceptual issues that are crossed to the topic and discuss the importance of including political commitments and statements in the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of OAS (Organization of American States) related to the LGTBI community protection. Even though, a few cases have gone to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, some landmark cases have deserved the Inter-American Court of Human Rights opinion. This produces an interesting case law on the matter. Finally, the text covers the latest Inter-American Convention on human rights adopted by the General Assembly of OAS in 2013, which includes the LGBTI community. That Conventionconstitutes the first regional treaty in force on the matter. / El artículo describe los principales avances que han contribuidoa visibilizar la temática de las Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Travestis e Intersexuales (LGBTI) a nivel interamericano. Para ello, comienza con el análisis de algunas cuestiones conceptuales que son transversales al tema y discute la importancia que tiene la inclusión de varios compromisos políticos y declaraciones en las resoluciones de la Asamblea General de la OEA referentes a la protección de la comunidad LGBTI. Si bien aún pocos casos han llegado a la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, algunos casos emblemáticos han merecido el pronunciamiento de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, lo que ya genera una jurisprudencia interesante sobre el tema. Finalmente, el texto aborda el contenido de la más reciente Convención Interamericana sobre derechos humanos adoptada por la Asamblea General de la OEA en 2013, la cual incluye dentro de su ámbito de aplicación al colectivo LGBTI. Así, dicha Convención constituye el primer tratado regional en vigor referido a la materia.
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Responsabilidade internacional do estado no sistema interamericano de direitos humanosRojas Solano, Indra January 2007 (has links)
Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.
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Proteção judicial dos direitos humanos : o sistema interamericano e a eficácia das sentenças da corte interamericana no Brasil / International protection of human rights : the inter-american system and the effectiveness of the inter-american court s sentences in BrazilMarinho, Saulo Lopes 29 May 2012 (has links)
The international protection of human rights is a theme that since the second half of the twentieth century has gained ground in Law studies. Starting on the ideological shift operated after the Second World War, the issue was initially founded in the existence of legal norms that are situated above states, in addition to rescue ethical bases long forgotten by the international law. In this context, it had been developed the so-called International Protection Systems as symbols of these new concern of international society, among which stands out in Brazil the Inter-American System of Human Rights. Its structure has a jurisdictional organ, the Inter-American Court, which acts in the resolution of human rights violations committed by one of the States submitted to it, appearing as ultimate guarantor of human rights in the Americas. The contributions of international protection and specifically of the Inter-American System to Brazil has been positives. It happens that the judgments of the Inter-American Court, although the legal technique gives them binding force and mandatory power, have suffered of a deficit of effectiveness in Brazil, which is revealed in cases that the country has already been convicted. This deficit is linked to lack of awareness Brazilian State regarding the paramount importance of human rights and the absence of coercive ways available to the Court to impose its decisions. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A proteção internacional dos direitos humanos é temática que desde a segunda metade do século XX vem ganhando espaço nos meios jurídicos. Tendo como marco a guinada ideológica operada após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a questão assenta-se inicialmente na existência de normas jurídicas que estão acima dos Estados, além de resgatar bases éticas há muito tempo esquecidas pelo direito internacional. Nesse contexto se desenvolvem os chamados Sistemas Internacionais de Proteção como símbolos dessa nova preocupação da sociedade internacional, dentre os quais se destaca na realidade brasileira o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Sua estrutura conta com um órgão jurisdicional, a Corte Interamericana, que atua na resolução de violações de direitos humanos cometidas por algum dos Estados a ela submetidos, figurando como última instância garantidora dos direitos humanos no continente americano. As contribuições da proteção internacional e especificamente do Sistema Interamericano ao Brasil têm sido positivas. Ocorre que as sentenças proferidas pela Corte Interamericana, apesar de a técnica jurídica lhes conferir obrigatoriedade e força vinculante, têm sofrido com um déficit de efetividade no Brasil, revelado nos casos em que o país já foi condenado e que se encontra ligado à falta de conscientização do Estado brasileiro quanto à importância superior dos direitos humanos e à ausência de meios coercitivos a dispor da Corte para impor suas decisões.
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Étude des convertisseurs multicellulaires série - parallèle et de leurs stratégies de commande, approches linéaire et prédictive / Study of multicell power converters and their control strategies based in linear and predictive approachesSolano Saenz, Eduard Hernando 19 November 2014 (has links)
L'évolution de l'électronique de puissance depuis ces dernières années est le résultat des enjeux énergétiques actuels qui exigent, entre autres, des architectures de conversion d'énergie capables de traiter des puissances de plus en plus importantes. Parmi les éléments les plus caractéristiques de cette évolution, l'avancement technologique des composants semi-conducteurs (nouveaux composants SiC ou GaN) ainsi que la conception de nouvelles architectures de convertisseurs statiques jouent un rôle important. Parmi ces architectures, différentes associations basées sur la connexion en série et en parallèle de cellules de commutation classiques ont été proposées. Ces associations permettent d'augmenter la puissance traitée par les convertisseurs sans accroitre les contraintes au niveau des interrupteurs. Elles permettent également l'obtention de signaux de sortie d'une meilleure qualité avec des fréquences apparentes de découpage plus importantes. Ces architectures utilisent des éléments de stockage d'énergie qui diminuent les contraintes au niveau des interrupteurs mais qui exigent, en revanche, une régulation précise des grandeurs de tension ou de courant propres à ces éléments. Pour l'association en série, les tensions des condensateurs doivent rester autour d'une fraction de la tension du bus d'entrée. Pour l'association en parallèle, le courant de sortie doit être réparti équitablement entre les différents bras afin d'éviter les phénomènes non linéaires propres aux éléments magnétiques utilisés dans les inductances (séparées ou magnétiquement couplées). Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous présentons les généralités de l'association en série et parallèle des cellules de commutation. La modélisation des éléments magnétiques utilisés pour la mise en parallèle est également détaillée dans le but d'identifier de possibles sources de déséquilibre sur la répartition du courant de sortie. Une modélisation matricielle est appliquée pour simplifier la relation entre les variables propres à chaque association et les ordres de commande de toutes les cellules. Cette modélisation matricielle sera la base des stratégies de commande que nous avons développées dans la suite de nos travaux. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous présentons les différentes stratégies de commande pouvant être appliquées sur ces convertisseurs. Les premières stratégies sont basées sur une approche classique utilisant un modulateur, un générateur d'ordres de commande et des régulateurs de type linéaire pour la régulation des variables internes et externes de chaque association. En termes de modulateurs, nous présentons principalement un modulateur de type PS (Phase Shifted), tandis que quelques applications et résultats sont présentés pour un modulateur de type PD (Phase Disposition). D'autres stratégies basées sur la commande prédictive sont également présentées. La première est la stratégie MPC qui utilise une fonction de coût pour choisir l'état optimal du convertisseur pour chaque période d'échantillonnage. Cette stratégie a été introduite récemment dans le domaine des convertisseurs statiques et présente des avantages liées à la facilité de sa mise en place ainsi qu'aux réponses du système lors des régimes transitoires. La deuxième stratégie, basée sur la commande prédictive, utilise des instants de commutation variables, une fonction de coût simplifiée et une machine d'état. Cette dernière permet de gérer les ordres de commande de toutes les cellules de commutation en fonction des variables à réguler. En plus des avantages liés à la stratégie MPC, sa mise en place est bien plus simple car elle fonctionne à une fréquence de découpage fixe et s'adapte facilement à différents points de fonctionnement. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous présentons l'implantation expérimentale de ces stratégies afin de valider leur performance sur les convertisseurs multicellulaires. / In the last years, the development in the power electronics field is the result of the current energy challenges. These challenges require power converters able to work with increasingly important powers. Among the most characteristic elements of this development, we can find the technological advancements of the semiconductor devices (based principally in SiC and GaN) and the conception of new power converters topologies. These new power converter topologies are principally based on the serial and parallel association of classical commutation cells. With these associations, the energy treated by the converter can be increased using the current semiconductor technology. The quality of the output signals can also be improved with higher apparent switching frequencies. These associations use elements for storing energy, such as inductors or capacitors. They equally allow the reduction of the constraints on the switches given the higher voltages and currents. However, the use of these elements requires a good control of the capacitors' voltage for the serial connection and a good distribution of the output current among the different phases for the parallel connection. In the parallel connection, when we use Inter Cells Transformers (ICT) instead of classical inductors, all the phase currents reduce their ripples while their frequency is reduced. Nevertheless, some differences between all the phases' currents can entail non-linear phenomena, producing perturbations and instabilities in the system. In the serial connection, the capacitor voltages must stay around a fraction of the input voltage in order to get an optimal multilevel output voltage. In the first part of this thesis, we present the generalities of the serial and parallel association of classical commutation cells. Different models of magnetic elements are used for getting a better representation of an ICT; these models are used for finding possible sources of currents imbalances. A matrix model is used to simplify the relationship between the control variables with the control of each commutation cell. In the second part of this thesis, some control strategies that can be applied with these converters are presented. The first strategy is based on a conventional approach that uses a modulator, a state machine for generating the commands of each cell and linear regulators for controlling the internal and external variables (output voltage and currents, capacitors in the serial association and the distribution of the current for the parallel connection). In terms of modulators, we present primarily a PS (Phase Shifted) modulator while some applications and results are presented for a PD (Phase Disposition) modulator. Other strategies based on predictive control are also presented. The first of these strategies is the classical MPC (model predictive control) strategy that uses a cost function to select the optimal state of the converter for each sampling period. This strategy has recently been introduced in the field of static converters and it has several advantages related to the facility of its implementation and the optimal transient responses. The second strategy uses variable switching instants, a simplified cost function and a state machine. The state machine is used to manage the capacitors' voltages and the differential currents (differences between the phase currents) while the cost function is used for controlling the output voltage and current. This strategy is simpler to be implemented, presents fast transient responses and works with a fixed switching frequency in different operating points. In the last part of this thesis, we present the experimental implementation of these strategies in order to validate their performance in the power converters based in the serial and parallel association of classical commutation cells.
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Responsabilidade internacional do estado no sistema interamericano de direitos humanosRojas Solano, Indra January 2007 (has links)
Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.
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Responsabilidade internacional do estado no sistema interamericano de direitos humanosRojas Solano, Indra January 2007 (has links)
Analisa a figura jurídica da Responsabilidade Internacional Estatal por violações aos direitos humanos, na teoria e na prática, com ênfase no Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, relata a evolução histórica do conceito de responsabilidade internacional e sua interação atual com os direitos humanos, assim como os elementos característicos, natureza jurídica e exceções destas possíveis violações por parte dos órgãos ou funcionários do Estado ao qual pertence à suposta vítima, seja nacional ou estrangeiro. Alega que no sistema Interamericano, existe uma desigualdade de legislações e falta de conscientização por parte dos Estados da importância que tem o respeito ao sistema regional de proteção dos direitos humanos ao qual voluntariamente se têm submetido. / It analyses the legal figure of the State International Responsibility for violations to the human rights, in the theory and in practice, with emphasis in the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In such a way, it tells the historical evolution of the concept of international responsibility and its current interaction with the human rights. Also, the characteristic elements, legal nature and exceptions for possible violations of the institutions or employees of the State witch belongs the supposed victim, either national or foreign. It claims that in Inter-American system an inequality of legislations exist, also, and awareness of the States about the importance that must be the respect to the regional system of protection of the human rights, witch voluntarily has been submitted.
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The elements of dependence : A case study on inter-organizational dependence / Faktorer som påverkar företags beroende : En fallstudieBroman, Christopher, Karlsson, Emilia January 2009 (has links)
<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study is to investigate which elements constitute inter-organizational dependence and how inter-organizational dependence influences the relationship between GGP Sweden AB and Stoeryd AB.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The notion of arm's length relationships relying on market competition has been replaced with a new ideal consisting of closer, mutually beneficial relationships with extensive collaboration, cooperative actions, and long-term orientation. The benefits of more collaborative supply chains have also been questioned. Collaborative relationships can bring numerous positive outcomes but also conveys reliance on resources or competences of others. Intensified, collaborative relationship is connected to higher dependence, generating vulnerability when depending on others for survival. Several perspectives in social science lay grounds for the research on inter-organizational dependencies. Dependence is regarded to be an important concept for understanding buyer-supplier relationships.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This case study investigates the relationship and inter-organizational dependence of GGP Sweden AB and their supplier, Stoeryd AB. Various perspectives within business research have laid grounds for a framework by which to investigate dependence. Empirical material of the two case companies has been collected with aim to provide further insights and reflections about inter-firm dependence and the elements affecting it.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A revised framework is presented in the shape of a model including the elements of dependence. The study recognizes the significance of regarding several elements for assessing dependence and that these must be seen in relation to other elements. Further, the behavioral factors of the relationship and intangible characteristics of the offering have been determined to significantly affect dependence. Finally, even if inter-organizational dependence is created within a relationship, elements must be seen in relation to alternative relationships. The connection between higher level of dependence and increased collaboration as apparent also in the case relationship. Trust, commitment and mutual interest are factors apparent in the relationship that may help to control the vulnerability striving from dependence.</p> / <p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka element som utgör beroende mellan företag samt hur beroende influerar relationen mellan GGP Sweden AB och Stoeryd AB.</p><p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Det finns en utveckling som tyder på att affärsrelationer inte längre bygger på rena transaktioner där företag låter marknadskrafterna styra. Istället visar trenden på att långvariga, djupare relationer som är gynnsamma för båda parterna till högre utsträckning prioriteras. Dessa affärsrelationer karaktäriseras av omfattande samarbete med en strävan mot gemensamma mål. Forskare har även ifrågasatt fördelarna med denna typ av relation i leverantörskedjan. Relationer med hög grad av samarbete bidrar till en rad positiva följder, men bidrar även till ökat beroende av kompetens och resurser från utomstående parter. Detta i sin tur leder till en större sårbarhet då verksamhetens överlevnad beror på en annan aktör. Flertalet perspektiv inom den samhällsvetenskapliga litteraturen ligger till grund för studier om beroendeförhållanden. Beroende ses som ett viktigt koncept för att förstå förhållanden i leverantörskedjan.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Denna fallstudie syftar till att undersöka förhållandet och beroendet mellan företagen GGP Sweden AB och Stoeryd AB. Flertalet perspektiv inom företagsekonomisk forskning har tagits i beaktning och grundat det teoretiska ramverk studien baseras på. Det empiriska material som samlats in syftar till att ge större insikt om beroendeförhållande mellan aktörer i leverantörskedjan och faktorer som påverkar detta förhållande.</p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Ett reviderat ramverk presenteras i from av en modell, innehållande de element som påverkar beroende mellan företag. Studien påvisar att dessa element måste ses i förhållande till varandra för att ge en helhetsbild av beroendet. Det upptäcktes också att det fanns en länk mellan beroendet och beteendet i relationen. Även om det inter-organisatoriska beroendet skapas inom förhållandet, så visar studien att elementen ska ses i relation till alternativa förhållanden. Det påvisades också att en högre grad av beroende kan kopplas ett mer omfattande samarbete. Förtroende, engagemang och gemensamma intressen är faktorer som kan minska sårbarheten och öka kontrollen av beroendet.</p>
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