La production documentaire en contexte professionnel entraîne généralement un processus de révision dans lequel les documents doivent être relus avant validation et publication. Cette tâche importante fait face à de nouvelles difficultés avec le numérique. En effet, trois propriétés de l'écriture numérique sont problématiques : les documents évoluent très fréquemment et ne peuvent pas être relus entièrement à chaque version ; les interactions hypertextuelles rendent la tâche laborieuse, voire impossible ; la rééditorialisation documentaire augmente le nombre de formes documentaires à relire. En tant que technologie d'écriture numérique avancée, les chaînes éditoriales XML sont un cadre pertinent pour l'étude de la relecture de documents numériques. Partant du constat que les formes documentaires qu'elles proposent, à savoir les formes génératrices (sources XML modifiables via un éditeur WYSIWYM) et les formes publiées (documents issus de la transformation des sources XML), font défaut à la relecture, nous envisageons la conception de formes documentaires dédiées à cette activité selon deux approches : la linéarisation, qui consiste à restaurer une certaine linéarité matérielle des contenus pour faciliter leur relecture exhaustive ; et la tabulation, qui vise à paralléliser, afin de mieux les comparer, les différents contextes de rééditorialisation d'un document. Une partie des propositions faites dans ce mémoire a mené à la réalisation de prototypes ayant été expérimentés dans des situations d'usage des chaînes éditoriales Scenari en contexte pédagogique. Ces prototypes s'appuient sur des formes linéaires de relecture permettant notamment la comparaison de deux versions du document en se basant sur un algorithme de différentiel. / Documentary production in a professional context often involves a revising process in which documents need to be proofread before validation and publication. This important task faces new challenges when dealing with digital documents. Indeed, three features of digital writing are problematic: documents evolve very frequently and cannot be proofread each time as a whole; interactions provided by hypertexts make the task laborious or even impossible; document repurposing increases the views of content to proofread. As an advanced digital writing technology, XML publishing chains are a relevant framework for studying proofreading of digital documents. Observing that the views of content proposed by publishing chains, namely the generative views (XML sources that can be modified through a WYSIWYM editor) and the published views (documents obtained by transformation of the XML sources), are not adapted for proofreading, we consider designing new views of content dedicated for this activity based on two approaches: linearization, which consists in restoring some material linearity among contents; and tabulation, which aims at parallelizing different repurposing contexts so that they can be better compared. Part of the contribution presented here has led to the development of prototypes that have been experimented in the use of Scenari publishing chains in a pedagogical context. These prototypes rely on linear proofreading views allowing in particular the comparison between two versions of the document based on a diff algorithm.

This thesis Interactive content of eBooks presents complex view on preparations and development of interactive and enhanced electronic book from technical, legislative, content and economic perspective. It describes types of interactivity modules, available interactive eBook formats, reading devices and software. It also compares USA market to the Czech market of interactive eBooks. This thesis processes results of questionnaire survey in the area of Czech readers awareness of interactive eBooks. In practical part of the thesis process of interactive book creation in Czech environment is engineered.

Esta pesquisa foi efetivada com a finalidade de mapear os artefatos que são atualmente denominados 'livros digitais', caracterizando-os a partir do cruzamento dos recursos próprios do meio digital com as principais especificidades dos livros impressos. A metodologia utilizada abrangeu revisão bibliográfica e observação do objeto de estudo. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizou-se um resgate histórico, identificando as características associadas à noção de 'livro', levando em consideração as modificações ocorridas a partir de sua materialidade. Após esse estudo, foi possível compreender a remediação dos livros impressos nos e-books, principalmente naqueles que podem ser acessados através de e-readers e tablets. Outro recorte abordado por esta pesquisa focaliza a identificação e o registro dos recursos que vêm sendo explorados nas produções que estão sendo chamadas de livros digitais. Efetuada a revisão bibliográfica, foram estudadas as potencialidades do hipertexto, da multimídia e da interatividade dentro do livro eletrônico. Ademais, foram comentadas diferentes maneiras de o leitor se aproximar e interagir com o conteúdo da obra, através da utilização dos recursos citados. Antes de se realizar a análise dos artefatos em questão, foi necessário, ainda, aprender mais sobre a materialidade dos mesmos, percebendo como o hardware, o software e o conteúdo interagem entre si, restringindo, assim, as possibilidades que podem ser ofertadas ao leitor. Na tabela final de análise foram avaliadas as particularidades das seguintes macrocategorias: Identificação, Acesso, Funcionalidades, Potencialidades do meio digital, Aproximação da ideia de livro impresso (remediação) e Projeto gráfico. A partir do estudo teórico e empírico realizado, percebeu-se que o livro é um artefato com propriedades flexíveis, decidindo-se, por isto, propor uma série de princípios que, juntos, possam ser utilizados para caracterizar esse tipo de publicação, independente de ela ser digital ou impressa. Logo, chegou-se a conclusão de que o e-book é um conteúdo digital com as mesmas características de um livro e que pode explorar, além do texto e da imagem, recursos da mídia digital, tais como interatividade, som, vídeo e animação. Através das características predominantes dos artefatos analisados, foram identificados os seguintes tipos de livros digitais: customizável, PDF, digitalizado, multimídia e interativo. / This research has as its purpose to map out the artifacts so-called ‘digital books’ nowadays. They were characterized from a crossing between printed books main specificities and those related to digital environment very own resources. The research methodology applied to it was of two kinds: literature review and an observational study of the object of study. A historical overview was unearthed in order to achieve the intended purpose, identifying the characteristics linked to the notion of ‘book’, taking into account changes that have taken place stemming from its materiality. Given this perception it was possible to understand the remediation of the print book proposed in e-books, the ones accessed through e-readers and tablets mainly. Identification and registration of the latest developments in digital books resources were another point covered in this work. From a literature review standpoint, interactivity, multimedia and hypertext potentialities were crossexamined. Moreover, there had been discussed some of the alternatives to offer readers proximity and different ways to interact with the work content through the use of cited resources. Still, before realizing the artifact analysis, a more in-depth study of e-book materiality was needed. That is, to perceive how hardware, content and software interact among themselves restricting the possibilities that might be made available to the reader. The singularities of the following macro categories: Identification, Access, Functionalities, Potentialities of the digital environment and the approach of the printed book concept (remediation) to graphic project were evaluated in the table analysis. After an empirical and theoretical study, it was realized that book is an artifact with flexible properties, thus, a definition was set forth based upon a series of principles that together characterize this type of publication, regardless of being in printed or digital form. Therefore, we came to the conclusion the e-book is a digital content with the same features of a printed book and the former can exploit digital media resources such as sound, video, animation and interactivity besides virtually text and image. We were also able to identify through the artifacts primary features that were under analysis the following types of digital books: customized, PDF, digitized, multimedia and interactive.

RESUMO Este estudo mostra como se deu a relação das artes visuais com a ciência e a tecnologia. Para isso, partiu das idéias lançadas pelos irmãos Naum Gabo e Anton Pevsner, construtivistas russos, através do Manifesto realista, procurando libertar as artes visuais de seu estigma de arte estática. Esta pesquisa acompanhou o trajeto de artistas (Archipenko, Ducahmp, Gabo, Pevsner, Moholy Nagy, Mari, Bury, Tinguely, Schöffer, Takis, Tatlin, Rodchenko, Man Ray, Calder, Le Parc, Palatinik, Lígia Clarck, Robert Rauchemberg, Christa Sommer&Laurent Mignonneau, Jeffrey Shaw...) que, ao longo do século XX, desenvolveram pesquisas nesta linha. Este trabalho percorreu a história da arte cinética, apontando artistas que exploraram a interatividade (a perceptiva, a espaço/temporal ou a potencial surgida da relação da arte com a tecnologia) além daqueles que buscaram soluções em outras disciplinas, tanto em outras artes como na ciência. Mostra como a complexidade desta interdisciplinaridade criou mudanças de conceitos formais, estruturais e estéticos. Enfoca também como a adesão das artes às novas tecnologias provocou transformações não apenas no mundo dos artistas, mas também no universo institucional que incentiva e promove as artes visuais contemporâneas. / Abstract This study intends to analyze the relationship between visual arts, science and technology. Its initial reference is the idea written by two Russian Constructivist artists, Naum Gabo and Anton Pevsner, in the Realist Manifesto, in 1920. The two artist, that were also brothers, were trying to free visual arts of its static art's stigma. For that, this research followed some artists' itinerary that developed researches with this approach in the 20th century, such as Archipenko, Duchamp, Flatters, Pevsner, Moholy Nagy, Mari, Bury, Tinguely, Schöffer, Takis, Tatlin, Rodchenko, Man Ray, Calder, Reads Parc, Palatinik, Lígia Clarck, Robert Rauchemberg, Christa Sommer&Laurent Mignonneau, and Jeffrey Shaw. This work went trough the kinetic art history and examined artists that have explored the interaction pointing in their works (the perceptive interaction, the space interaction and the new potential interaction that appeared from the relationship between art and technology), and examined as well as artists that have found solutions in others discipline, such as science. The complexity of this interdisciplinary relationship created formal, structural and aesthetic concepts changes in the art world. Finally, the study also focuses in how the artist’s adhesion to new technologies provoked transformations in the institutions that motivates and promotes the contemporary visual arts.

El documental interactivo trae consigo diversos cambios en la forma de narrar historias, desde cómo plasmamos la estructura documental, a la incidencia del usuario en la misma. Estas transformaciones llegan de la mano con nuevas narrativas, ordenes, formas de contar las historias, y el punto más prominente, que es la participación del usuario en el documental. En el siguiente trabajo de investigación se buscó identificar los aportes de la interactividad basados en la percepción del usuario, centrándose en la involucración del usuario y el aumento de información. Para tal fin, se estudió la percepción del usuario delimitando el trabajo a dos documentales con una interfaz temporal y espacial, dado que se considera que son los campos dónde la interactividad interviene más. Para medir la involucración del usuario y la efectividad de estas interfaces, se realizó entrevistas a 10 personas con perfiles diversos con el objetivo de conseguir una apreciación vasta de los diversos aportes de la interactividad. Entre los resultados más relevantes se identificó el nexo entre el diseño de la interfase y los grados de involucración, así como el aumento de información ligado a la combinación de tipos de información. / The interactive documentary brings with it several changes in the way we tell stories, from how we shape the documentary structure, to the incidence of the user in it. These transformations go hand in hand with new narratives, orders, ways of telling stories, and the most prominent point, which is the user's participation in the documentary. The following research work sought to identify the contributions of interactivity based on the user's perception, focusing on user involvement and the increase of information. To this end, user perception was studied by limiting the work to two documentaries with a temporal and spatial interface, since it is considered that these are the fields where interactivity intervenes the most. To measure user involvement and the effectiveness of these interfaces, interviews were conducted with 10 people with different profiles in order to obtain a broad appreciation of the various contributions of interactivity. Among the most relevant results, the link between interface design and degrees of involvement was identified, as well as the increase in information linked to the combination of types of information. / Tesis

This diploma thesis focuses on graph database data visualization, where data is stored in RDF format. Standard visualisation of RDF data in tables does not offer sufficiently usable user view. One of the goals of this work is to show RDF data in interactive graph, which is ideal form of viewing data considering lucidity and information value. The graph gives good view of not only the data itself but also relationships between the data. Another goal is to test ability of browsers to visualize large amounts of data.

The objective of this licentiate thesis is to investigatearchitectural experience and creation in virtual space and itsrepresentational problems. The thesis comprises three articlespublished during the years 2001-2003, and a website,www.arch.kth.se/~zimm. The articles investigate architecture as a transgressivestate between the virtual worlds of imagination and thedomestic interior, introducing obsessive dreambuilding as amethod of negotiating material fictions in real space. The mainrepresentative of this kind of architectural activity is thefictional character Baron des Esseintes in Joris-KarlHuysmans´ novel À Rebours (1884). Together with thearchitectural transformations created by the architect Sir JohnSoane and the artists Kurt Schwitters and Gregor Schneider, theprojects share and develop the theme of extreme individualityand explore the architectural imagination at work in the mindof the obsessive dreambuilder. These architects of parallelrealities create operative fields of artificiality andimagination, where architectural space splits into differentontological states, providing fields for observation ofperceptional and representational problems. <b>Keywords:</b>Architecture, Against Nature/À Rebours,Artifice, Artificiality, Domestic interior, Dream, Experience,Fiction, Hypertext, Huysmans, Imagination, Individuality,Interactivity, Interface, Obsession, Obsessive dreambuilding,Perception, Representation, Schwitters, Schneider, Soane,Symbolism, Virtual Reality / NR 20140805

Onlineutbildning har blivit alltmer populär studieform dels då den är billigare att bedriva och utgör större flexibilitet och tillgänglighet för studenter. Däremot har onlineutbildningar visat sig vara problematiska när det gäller studenters avsaknad av sociala interaktioner, vilket i sin tur leder till ett lägre engagemang och färre som fullföljer sin utbildning. För att tillförse sociala interaktioner och ett ökat engagemang behöver studenter ges möjlighet att kommunicera informellt med varandra. Studien avser därför att undersöka hur lärplattformar i onlineutbildningar kan designas för att stötta informell kommunikation mellan studenter. Inledningsvis har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att identifiera designmål som sedan adresserats i en prototyp med designade funktioner. Prototypen utvärderades av testdeltagare genom kvalitativ metod, och genom analys baserat på kriterier framtagna ur litteraturstudien kunde fem designförslag presenteras, som stöttar informell kommunikation på lärplattform. Resultatet visade emellertid att det finns yttre faktorer som påverkar användandet av de föreslagna funktionerna och därför lyfts också frågan om enbart tekniska lösningar är tillräckliga för att lösa ett socialt beteende. Eftersom yttre faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen förändras utifrån individen. Detta leder till förslaget för vidare forskning att fokusera på att utforska en digital motsvarighet för campusförlagd “nollning”. Det är en samling av sociala event anordnade av svenska universitet som äger rum under de första veckorna av ett program, utformat för att introducera studenter till institutionen och för varandra. / Online education has become increasingly popular because it is cheaper to conduct and it gives a certain degree of flexibility to students, which does not exist in a standard on-campus curriculum. Despite this, online education has proven to be problematic regarding students’ lack of social interactions, which leads to reduced commitment and an increase in student dropouts. To provide opportunities for social interactions and increased commitment, students must be given opportunities to communicate informally with eachother. The study, therefore, intends to examine how Learning Management Systems in online education can be designed to support informal communication. Initially, a literature study has been performed to identify design goals. These design goals have been addressed in a prototype by designing features that have been evaluated with the help of participants using a qualitative method. The results of the evaluation were analyzed using criterias produced from the literature, which resulted in five design proposals that support informal communication within LMS. However, the results showed that there are external factors that affect the use of the design proposals and should be considered, as this study has not been able to explore them. This study raises the question on whether technical solutions can be used to solve social behavior issues in an online environment. This is because external factors that affect the experience differ between individuals, which makes the challenge more complex. There is a need for further research into a digital equivalent for, as an example, “Nollning”, a collection of social events organized by Swedish universities that takes place during the first few weeks of a program, designed to introduce students to each other.

La idea de un museo interactivo infantil nace del reconocimiento de los niños como los principales responsables para el desarrollo de un país, cada uno de ellos representa una esperanza para el progreso de una nación, por lo que es importante estimularlos desde muy pequeños, despertando su interés y curiosidad natural por imaginar, experimentar, y aprender. Esto nos lleva a plantear la necesidad de desarrollar un centro interactivo y cultural que ofrezca programas especializados para la fácil comprensión de los niños y que además de colaborar con la educación tradicional, sirva como escenario de encuentro e intercambios entre niños y adultos, fomentando la unión familiar y la participación ciudadana; en donde todos pueden compartir un interés en común, el niño. Para la elección del terreno se busco que sea descentralizado pero accesible. Incentivando la inclusión de la cultura en las zonas mas aledañas pero a su vez permitiendo un fácil desplazamiento en transporte publico y privado. Su ubicación privilegiada de áreas verdes marca un hito cultural en la zona, invitando al ciudadano a recorrer de estos espacios y de descubrirlos. Las condicionantes funcionales en el proyecto partieron del concepto del espacio “servidor” y “servido” inculcado en la escuela, y las distintas dinámicas formales se descubrieron en los proyectos referenciales que sirvieron como guía para definir un partido arquitectónico coherente al tema en mención. El resultado final se define en una arquitectura que promueve la interacción entre los adultos, niños y las propias exhibiciones. / The idea of an interactive children's museum arises from the recognition of children as the main responsible for the development of a country, each of them represents a hope for the progress of a nation, so it is important to stimulate them from a very young age, awakening their natural interest and curiosity to experiment, imagine and learn. This leads us to raise the need to develop an interactive and cultural center that offers specialized programs for easy understanding of children and that, in addition to collaborating with traditional education, serves as a setting for meeting and exchanges between children and adults; promoting family and citizen participation in a place where everyone can share a common interest, the child. For the choice of land, it was sought to be decentralized but accessible. Encouraging the inclusion of culture in the most neighboring areas but at the same time allowing easy movement by public and private transport. Its privileged location of green areas marks a cultural milestone in the area, inviting citizens to explore these spaces and discover them. The functional conditioning factors in the project were based on the concept of the “server” and “served” space instilled in the school, and the different formal dynamics were discovered in the referential projects that served as a guide to define a coherent architectural match to the subject in question. The end result is defined in an architecture that promotes interaction between adults, children and the exhibits themselves. / Tesis

In today’s society media is ubiquitous. Through its pervasiveness it plays an inextricable role in society, impacting on culture, economy, politics, education and communication. In a postmodern society technological advances have had a profound impact on the development of media, most notably digital media. The intention of this study was to establish whether, in the context of an assumed postmodern culture, young South African adults display behaviour that manifest the tenets of postmodernism in their reactions to contemporary marketing and/or marketing communication, as apparent through their attitudes towards retail shopping and brands, together with their attitudes towards and use of digital media. In this instance digital media is limited to social media and media accessible on mobile phones. The unique properties and interactive capabilities of digital media have altered the dynamics of communication and have given rise to new applications that were not previously possible. This poses challenges for organisations in terms of marketing communication practices with one of the problem areas being that marketers do not know: <ul><li> Whether young South African adults (Generation Y) exhibit postmodern behaviour, in the context of today’s postmodern culture. </li><li> How young South African adults (Generation Y) use digital media? </li><li> How to leverage the unique properties of digital media in marketing communication efforts directed towards young South African adults (Generation Y)? </li> </ul> The main purpose of this research was to reflect on the applicability of modern marketing and/or marketing communication theories, in their current state, in the context of a postmodern society, with specific emphasis on the use of digital media. The secondary purpose of the research was to investigate the affect of postmodern variables on Generation Y and the perspective of this population towards digital media and its role in marketing communication. The study aimed to contribute to the theoretical body of knowledge as follows: <ul><li> To question the application of modern marketing and/or marketing communication theories in postmodern society. In so doing, it suggested that in any given era marketing theories should be representative of the target society, therefore inferring the need to adjust existing theories and their application or formulate new ones that are representative of the specific era. </li><li> To empirically determine whether Generation Y are exhibiting characteristics indicative of postmodern society. </li></ul> Furthermore, the study added value from a practitioner perspective by contributing to new knowledge in the study of Generation Y and digital media. It is anticipated that an improved understanding of Generation Y’s attitudes towards marketing and digital media will serve to improve knowledge of how Generation Y will react in the future as they mature and potentially provide an indication of forthcoming generations’ attitudes towards marketing. Nine research objectives emanating from the research problem were empirically tested through a cross-sectional quantitative exploratory descriptive survey research design. Items in the survey were developed on the basis of observable postmodern characteristics presented in the literature and in consultation with a panel of experts. The survey was distributed by email, which provided a web-based link to access the survey, to the sampling frame; a database comprising of 2,265 students, between the ages of 18-34, enrolled full-time with the department of Marketing and Communication Management (University of Pretoria) during 2011. Convenience sampling was used until a sufficient quantity of fully completed surveys had been collected; 333 usable questionnaires were obtained. The collected data received statistical treatment primarily through the application of exploratory factor analysis and multivariate analysis of co-variance. The theoretical synthesis showed that characteristics of postmodernism are evident in society and affect marketing and/or marketing communication activities. The results of the empirical phase of the investigation demonstrated that respondents show postmodernism traits in their behaviour towards digital media and their reactions towards brands and marketing and/or marketing communication. The most dominant postmodern characteristics displayed by respondents were hyperreality, de-differentiation and fragmentation. Several factors were found to be statistically significant, which may be related to socio-economic conditions, behavioural patterns, and digital infrastructure. These were: ethnicity, cell phone usage, frequency of social media usage, cell phone plan, average monthly Internet expenditure for cell phones, use of Internet bundles on cell phones, and the device used most often to access the Internet. Social media use was identified as an important behavioural outcome by respondents, and the most significant influencing factors related to the dependence that respondents placed on their cell phones and the need to fulfil certain activities only available in the social media space. Finally a conceptual framework was proposed, which integrated theoretical and empirical findings. This framework suggested a broadening of certain roles within marketing and/or marketing communication, namely: consumers transforming to collaborators; communication transforming to interaction; and value exchange transforming to value-in-use. It is anticipated that this study has added to the theoretical level of knowledge by indicating the need to readdress principles and theories of marketing and/or marketing communication in the context of a postmodern society and in particular the use of digital media. An outcome of the study was the proposition of a conceptual framework, which addressed a number of aspects in the transformation from modern to postmodern marketing. Furthermore, at the practitioner level the study has broadened understanding of Generation Y’s behaviour towards digital media in the marketing and/or marketing communication context. Managerial recommendations were expressed on the basis of the theoretical and empirical findings. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Marketing Management / PhD / Unrestricted