Quando o AI- 5 foi decretado, em dezembro de 1968, o regime militar buscou, por meio da interdição à liberdade de imprensa, homogeneizar os discursos, impedir que os indivíduos demonstrassem insatisfação com o governo. A expectativa em relação aos discursos responsivos ao Regime é de um modo de presença submisso e que envolva textos com efeito de monofonia, ou seja, com acento único no tom da voz do enunciador. Observaremos como e por que a mídia jornalística impressa dessas décadas responde ao autoritarismo da ditadura militar. Para isso, analisaremos textos midiáticos correspondentes a essa época da História do Brasil, com apoio teórico e metodológico da semiótica de linha francesa. Alguns veículos de mídia submeteram-se à interdição, evitando o confronto com o Regime; outros, porém, como O Estado de S. Paulo e Veja, mesmo estando interditos, marcaram seu protesto, utilizando um efeito de descontinuidade semântica nas páginas dos periódicos, que supunha efeito de estranhamento ao leitor fiel do jornal e da revista. Rompiase a isotopia discursiva, que é a homogeneidade de leitura oferecida pelos periódicos dia após dia, ao se colocar, por exemplo, na revista Veja, desenhos de demônios, após uma reportagem que tratava da reforma da estrada Belém-Brasília; ou, na primeira página do jornal OESP, fotos de rosas e cartas de leitores. Os enunciadores dos textos midiáticos se apoiaram então no efeito de ironia, que é uma forma de heterogeneidade mostrada e não marcada para protestar contra a interdição. Desestabilizou-se, dessa maneira, o efeito de monofonia por meio de inserções pontuais de discursos representativos de formações discursivas contraditórias. Delineia-se, assim, o corpo flexível do ator da enunciação: depreende-se do próprio discurso um sujeito que, ainda que em segredo, opõe-se ao veto à liberdade de expressão da imprensa. Comprova-se a possibilidade de verificação de um éthos e seu anti-éthos no diálogo discursivo polêmico entre textos que defendiam a submissão como modelo de presença (ditadura) e textos que, responsivos àqueles (mídia), configuravam-se pelas dimensões da descontinuidade, da heterogeneidade mostrada, da polifonia e da polêmica veladas. / When the AI-5 was decreed, in December of 1968, the military regime suppressed the press freedom, to homogenize the discourses to avoid any demonstration of people\'s discontent towards the government. The expectation in relation to the responsive discourses to the regime is in a submissive mode of presence and involves texts with monotonic voice effect, which in other words is a single tone in the voice of the enunciator. It fulfills to observe how and why the printed media from these decades replies to the authoritarianism of the military dictatorship. Therefore, we will analyze the corresponding texts from the printed media of this time in the History of Brazil, with theoretical and methodological support of the French line semiotic. Some channels of media had submitted to the interdiction to prevent the confrontation with the regime; others, however, as the O Estado de S. Paulo and Veja, even with the interdiction, revealed their protest, using discontinuity semantics that effected the pages of the publication, assuming that it would cause an odd effect to the faithful reader of the newspapers and the magazine. The isotropic discourse was broken, which is the homogeneity of reading offered by the periodical day after day, when for example, the news magazine Veja placed drawings of demons following a news article dealing with the reconstruction of the Belém-Brasília road or, in the first page of the newspaper OESP placed roses pictures and reader\'s letters. The ironic effects supported the enunciators of the media articles, which is a way of heterogeneities shown but not declared to protest against the interdiction. The inserting points of representative discourses from contradictive discursive formations became the monotonic voice unstable. It is delineated, thus, the flexible body of the actor of enunciation: it is inferred from the own discourse a person that even in secret, is against the veto to the press liberty of speech. It proves the possibility of verification of an éthos and its anti-éthos in the controversial discursive dialogue between texts that defended the submission as presence model (dictatorship) and texts that, responsive to those (media) was configured for the dimensions of the discontinuity, of the shown heterogeneities, the guarded polyphonic and the controversy.

Esta tese apresenta o estudo dos casos de desligamentos de cinco professores da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo (ECA/USP) durante o regime militar (1969-1979): Jean Claude Bernardet, Thomaz Farkas, José Freitas Nobre, Jair Borin e José Marques de Melo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi entender, por meio de documentos, depoimentos e pesquisa bibliográfica, a perseguição a intelectuais e cientistas na ditadura militar. O propósito foi realizar um estudo de caso para compreender como funcionava a lógica de investigações e controles dos expurgos nas universidades nesse contexto histórico brasileiro. Além disso, esta investigação tratou das diferentes estratégias de expurgos realizadas na USP, dentre elas as chamadas \"cassações brancas\", nas quais docentes não eram cassados formalmente, mas eram desligados dos quadros universitários sumariamente, sem justificativas. Para entender esses fenômenos, tratamos das trajetórias dos docentes desde o ingresso na ECA/USP, passando pelo desligamento, até o retorno na década de 1980 após a Lei da Anistia. Para tanto, utilizamos como base metodológica o método historiográfico, o paradigma indiciário e qualitativo de análise. Assim, dentro das discussões de que temos participado do Observatório de Comunicação, Censura e Liberdade de Expressão da ECA/USP, pudemos concluir que a intimidação e a autocensura foram preponderantes nas práticas de interdição dos dispositivos de vigilância nas universidades, gerando grandes consequências para a produção de conhecimento, principalmente no que se referiu à área de comunicação. / This thesis presents the study of the cases of dismissals of five professors of the School of Communications and Arts of the University of São Paulo (ECA/USP) during the military regime (1969-1979): Jean Claude Bernardet, Thomaz Farkas, José Freitas Nobre, Jair Borin and José Marques de Melo. The objective of this research was to understand, through documents, testimonies and bibliographic research, the persecution of intellectuals and scientists in the military dictatorship. The purpose was to carry out a case study to understand how the logic of investigations and controls of purges in universities in this Brazilian historical context worked. In addition, this investigation dealt with the different strategies of purges carried out at USP, among them the so-called \"white cassation\", in which teachers were not formally revoked, but were summarily dismissed from university staff without justification. In order to understand these phenomena, we have examined the trajectories of teachers since joining the ECA/USP, passing through the dismissal, until the return in the 1980s, after the Amnesty Law. For that, we use as methodological basis the historiographic method, the indiciary paradigm and qualitative analysis. Thus, within the discussions that we have participated in the Observatory of Communication, Censorship and Freedom of Expression of ECA/USP, we could conclude that intimidation and self-censorship were preponderant in the practices of interdiction of surveillance devices in universities, generating great consequences for the knowledge production, especially in the area of communications.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This thesis intends to present the knowledge obtained from research concerning the process that leads to the interdiction attributed to a health "technique" called autohemotherapy (AHT). Here it is intended to demonstrate the political dimension of the action (taken, jointly, by political and biomedical entities) to make health practitioners "forbidden" to practice AHT. The interdiction of the AHT is treated here as an event permeated by three dimensions of social life, namely, economic, scientific and political. The central focus is concentrated on the latter two. The thesis I present here is that the change in the scientific parameters of medicine was influenced by the discovery of penicillin. I develop this thesis from some hypotheses, namely: 1) "Medical-scientific" agents (or biomedical ones, figured in the Federal Medical Council) are carrying out a political action in suggesting the "ban" to the AHT â based on alleged lack of scientificity â since no research is used, Required by them, attesting to any risk of using the therapy; 2) The interdictive act is the result of an "institutional thought"; 3) The prohibition of AHT is based on the change in the criteria of scientificity and the reduction of "medical authority" in the production of health knowledge for pharmacological knowledge. / Esta tese intenciona apresentar os conhecimentos alcanÃados a partir de pesquisa referente ao processo que leva à interdiÃÃo imputada a uma âtÃcnicaâ de saÃde denominada auto-hemoterapia (AHT). Aqui se pretende demonstrar a dimensÃo polÃtica da aÃÃo (tomada, em conjunto, por entes polÃticos e biomÃdicos) de tornar âinterditaâ a profissionais de saÃde a prÃtica da AHT. A interdiÃÃo à AHT à aqui tratada como um acontecimento perpassado por trÃs dimensÃes da vida social, a saber: a econÃmica, a cientÃfica e a polÃtica. O enfoque central à concentrado nas duas Ãltimas. A tese que apresento aqui, à a de que a mudanÃa nos parÃmetros de cientificidade na medicina foi influenciada pela descoberta da penicilina. Desenvolvo esta tese a partir de algumas hipÃteses, a saber: 1) Os agentes âmÃdicos-cientistasâ (ou biomÃdicos, figurados no Conselho Federal de Medicina) estÃo realizando uma aÃÃo polÃtica ao sugerirem a âinterdiÃÃoâ à AHT â baseados em alegada falta de cientificidade â, pois nÃo sÃo usadas pesquisas, nos moldes exigidos por eles, que atestem qualquer risco de utilizaÃÃo da terapia; 2) O ato interditivo à resultado de um âpensamento institucionalâ; 3) A interdiÃÃo à AHT se baseia na mudanÃa nos critÃrios de cientificidade e na diminuiÃÃo da âautoridade mÃdicaâ na produÃÃo de conhecimentos em saÃde para os saberes farmacolÃgicos

Quando o AI- 5 foi decretado, em dezembro de 1968, o regime militar buscou, por meio da interdição à liberdade de imprensa, homogeneizar os discursos, impedir que os indivíduos demonstrassem insatisfação com o governo. A expectativa em relação aos discursos responsivos ao Regime é de um modo de presença submisso e que envolva textos com efeito de monofonia, ou seja, com acento único no tom da voz do enunciador. Observaremos como e por que a mídia jornalística impressa dessas décadas responde ao autoritarismo da ditadura militar. Para isso, analisaremos textos midiáticos correspondentes a essa época da História do Brasil, com apoio teórico e metodológico da semiótica de linha francesa. Alguns veículos de mídia submeteram-se à interdição, evitando o confronto com o Regime; outros, porém, como O Estado de S. Paulo e Veja, mesmo estando interditos, marcaram seu protesto, utilizando um efeito de descontinuidade semântica nas páginas dos periódicos, que supunha efeito de estranhamento ao leitor fiel do jornal e da revista. Rompiase a isotopia discursiva, que é a homogeneidade de leitura oferecida pelos periódicos dia após dia, ao se colocar, por exemplo, na revista Veja, desenhos de demônios, após uma reportagem que tratava da reforma da estrada Belém-Brasília; ou, na primeira página do jornal OESP, fotos de rosas e cartas de leitores. Os enunciadores dos textos midiáticos se apoiaram então no efeito de ironia, que é uma forma de heterogeneidade mostrada e não marcada para protestar contra a interdição. Desestabilizou-se, dessa maneira, o efeito de monofonia por meio de inserções pontuais de discursos representativos de formações discursivas contraditórias. Delineia-se, assim, o corpo flexível do ator da enunciação: depreende-se do próprio discurso um sujeito que, ainda que em segredo, opõe-se ao veto à liberdade de expressão da imprensa. Comprova-se a possibilidade de verificação de um éthos e seu anti-éthos no diálogo discursivo polêmico entre textos que defendiam a submissão como modelo de presença (ditadura) e textos que, responsivos àqueles (mídia), configuravam-se pelas dimensões da descontinuidade, da heterogeneidade mostrada, da polifonia e da polêmica veladas. / When the AI-5 was decreed, in December of 1968, the military regime suppressed the press freedom, to homogenize the discourses to avoid any demonstration of people\'s discontent towards the government. The expectation in relation to the responsive discourses to the regime is in a submissive mode of presence and involves texts with monotonic voice effect, which in other words is a single tone in the voice of the enunciator. It fulfills to observe how and why the printed media from these decades replies to the authoritarianism of the military dictatorship. Therefore, we will analyze the corresponding texts from the printed media of this time in the History of Brazil, with theoretical and methodological support of the French line semiotic. Some channels of media had submitted to the interdiction to prevent the confrontation with the regime; others, however, as the O Estado de S. Paulo and Veja, even with the interdiction, revealed their protest, using discontinuity semantics that effected the pages of the publication, assuming that it would cause an odd effect to the faithful reader of the newspapers and the magazine. The isotropic discourse was broken, which is the homogeneity of reading offered by the periodical day after day, when for example, the news magazine Veja placed drawings of demons following a news article dealing with the reconstruction of the Belém-Brasília road or, in the first page of the newspaper OESP placed roses pictures and reader\'s letters. The ironic effects supported the enunciators of the media articles, which is a way of heterogeneities shown but not declared to protest against the interdiction. The inserting points of representative discourses from contradictive discursive formations became the monotonic voice unstable. It is delineated, thus, the flexible body of the actor of enunciation: it is inferred from the own discourse a person that even in secret, is against the veto to the press liberty of speech. It proves the possibility of verification of an éthos and its anti-éthos in the controversial discursive dialogue between texts that defended the submission as presence model (dictatorship) and texts that, responsive to those (media) was configured for the dimensions of the discontinuity, of the shown heterogeneities, the guarded polyphonic and the controversy.

We analyze an interdiction problem in which a nuclear-material smuggler can traverse the rail and road ports of entry (POEs) along the Mexican and Canadian borders of the United States. Our objective is to determine the optimal locations of a limited number of transparent and non-transparent assets so as to minimize the smuggler’s total probability of evasion, from origin to destination. We choose origins in Mexico and Canada and give the smuggler a diverse set of destinations to choose from. Our analysis aims to provide a complete prioritization and picture of the threat at Mexican and Canadian POEs, leading to insight into practical locations for transparent and non-transparent assets. / text

We analyze an interdiction problem in which a nuclear-material smuggler can traverse multiple transportation networks, wherein each edge has an indigenous probability of evasion. Our objective is to determine the optimal locations of a limited number of radiation detectors at United States ports of entry across multiple networks (maritime, road and rail) so as to minimize the smuggler's total probability of evasion, from origin to destination. We choose geographically diverse potential origins and give the smuggler freedom to move across and between transportation networks. Further, we consider two different models of smuggler behavior in this context. Our analysis aims to provide a complete prioritization and picture of the threat at all ports of entry, leading to insight into good practical locations for detectors. / text

A hypothetical smuggling of material suitable for a nuclear weapon is known as a threat scenario. There is a considerable effort by the U.S. government to reduce this threat by placing radiation detectors at key interdiction points around the world. These detectors provide deterrence and defense against smuggling attempts by scanning vehicles, ships, and pedestrians for threat objects. Formulating deployment strategies for these detectors within the global transportation network requires an understanding of the complex interactions between the attributes of a smuggler and the detection systems. These strategies are rooted in the continued development of novel detection systems and alarm algorithms. Radiation transport simulation provides a means for characterizing detection system response to threat scenarios. However, this task is computationally expensive with existing radiation transport codes. Furthermore, the degrees of freedom in smuggler and threat scenario attributes create a large, constantly evolving problem space. Previous research has demonstrated that decomposing the scenario into independently simulated components using Green's functions can simulate photon detector signals with coarse energy resolution. This dissertation presents a general form of this approach, applicable to a wide range of threat scenarios through physics enhancements and numerical treatments for high energy resolution photon transport, neutron transport, and time dependent transport. While each Green's function implicitly captures the full transport phase-space within each component, these new methods ensure that this information is preserved between components. As a result, detector signals produced from full forward transport simulations can be replicated within 20% while requiring multiple orders of magnitude less computation time. This capability is presented as a general threat scenario simulation platform which can efficiently model a large problem space while preserving the full radiation transport phase-space. / text

This thesis presents new results on a few problems involving maximum flows. The first topic we explore is maximum flow network interdiction. The second topic we explore is reoptimization heuristics for rapidly solving an entire sequence of Maximum Flow Problems. In the Cardinality Maximum Flow Network Interdiction Problem (CMFNIP), an interdictor chooses R arcs to delete from an s-t flow network so as to minimize the maximum flow on the network induced on the undeleted arcs. This is an intensively studied problem that has nontrivial applications in military strategy, intercepting contraband and flood control. CMFNIP is a strongly NP-hard special case of the Maximum Flow Network Interdiction Problem (MFNIP), where each arc has an interdiction cost and the interdictor is constrained by an interdiction budget. Although there are several papers on MFNIP, very few theoretical results have been documented. In this talk, we introduce two exponentially large classes of valid inequalities for CMFNIP and prove that they can be separated in polynomial time. Second, we prove that the integrality gap of the commonly used integer linear programming formulation for CMFNIP is contained in the set Omega(|V| ^(1 e)) where |V| is the number of nodes in the network and e is in the interval (0,1). We prove that this result holds even when the linear programming relaxation is strengthened with our two classes of valid inequalities and we note that this result immediately extends to MFNIP. In the second part of this defense, we explore incremental algorithms for solving an online sequence of Maximum Flow Problems (MFPs). Sequences of MFPs arise in a diverse collection of settings including computational biology, finger biometry, constraint programming and real-time scheduling. To initiate this study, we develop an algorithm for solving a sequence of MFPs when the ith MFP differs from the (i-1)st MFP, for each possible i, in that the underlying networks differ by exactly one arc. Second, we develop maximum flow reoptimization heuristics to rapidly compute a robust minimum capacity s-t cut in light of uncertain arc capacities. Third, we develop heuristics to efficiently compute a maximum expected maximum flow in the context of two-stage stochastic programming. We present computational results illustrating the practical performance of our algorithms.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed Jan. 31, 2006). "June 2005." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-67). Also issued in paper format.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Daniel Moran. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-67). Also available online.