The Thesis gives the basic overview of requirements for dangerous cargo transport considering mode of transport (rail, road and marine). All conditions are desribed separately and then all together as intermodal transport. Part of the Thesis is dedicated to business practis in intermodal transport including INCOTERMS.

The thesis deals with an intermodal transport and its development within the European Union. The aim of this work is to analyze the current state of EU transport infrastructure and transport modes. According to these information the paper assess the benefits of this traffic and barriers hampering its development. The aim of the thesis is also to find out how is intermodal transport supported by European Union. The paper focuses on the characteristics of various transport modes and identifies major bottlenecks in the functioning of intermodal transport. The paper approaches the activities of the EU, its main objectives in the field of transport and a relation between intermodality and Union's goals. In conclusion of the thesis, there are discussed the advantages and benefits of intermodal transport, barriers and projects that has helped remove these barriers.

This dissertation presents systems and technics which serves for conversion freight traffic on to railway. For this purpose as well explores using various possible transport units. The dissertation is primary targeted aplication these systems, transport in progress between Czech Republic and port of Koper, detection of extension benefits of using intermodal transport for security operation in traffic on surface communications.

This paper analyzes the effects of emerging technologies in intermodal terminals and marshallingyards, based on “Intelligent Video Gate” project within the H2020 – Shift2Rail initiative. Projectaim is to initiate the next logical step to a higher level of automation in terminals and to reduce thelead-time needed for the identification/verification process of freight trains. Thesis projectexamine different emerging technologies that could be applied in intermodal terminal automationand possibilities for their application in different processes. Technologies considered in researchare RFID, cameras, scanners, sensors, GPS and scales. Marshalling yard as important freight nodeon railway network is included in research, where departing processes are examined, andtechnology proposed for automation of brake test procedures.Qualitative research is used as a method to investigate current processes in intermodal terminaland marshalling yards. This research included all the processes from train arrival to the terminal,through transshipment processes and train departure from the terminal. Research also conducteddifferent steps which Intermodal Transport Units go through during operations in intermodalterminal. Knowing processes enabled next step in qualitative research, finding the opportunitiesfor improvements in operations. Third step in qualitative research investigated different emergingtechnologies and as a result gave opportunities and obstacles behind each of technologies.Complementing findings from qualitative research, model simulation is performed, based onoperations in Malmö Kombiterminal. Intermodal terminal operations are simulated in Planimate®software. Addition to the qualitative research is finding the opportunities for improvements inmarshalling yards and proposing emerging technology that could be applied.Master thesis successfully accomplished the task of finding the effects of emerging technologiesin intermodal terminals and marshalling yards. The methodology concluded to be appropriate onefor building task solution. The project is viewed as a breakthrough in this domain but theexpectations for Intelligent Video Gate should stay realistic and proceeded carefully. Eliminationof brake test in marshalling yards is also very optimistic goal but should be followed by appropriatesafety rules and regulations. Simulation of complex systems such as intermodal terminals andmarshalling yards is the task that should be supported by accurate and detailed data, in order tokeep the model and results more realistic.

In 2018, the Swedish Government developed a new freight transport strategy. The strategyemphasizes that climate-friendly modes of transportation should be used to a greater extentfor freight transport. Intermodal transport, where unit-ready goods are transported with acombination of transportation modes, has been proposed as one of the solutions. As part of thework with the new strategy, the Government has commissioned the Swedish TransportAdministration to investigate what obstacles there are to intermodal transport, and toinvestigate whether there are any technical solutions or innovations that can increase the useof intermodality. The purpose and aim of this work have been to support the SwedishTransport Administration with their assignment from the Government by compiling thebarriers and technology of intermodality.By conducting a thorough examination of previous research and reports of intermodality,mainly railway and maritime transport, together with an in-depth interview with a Professor inthe subject, several different angles and views on the subject have been gathered.The results show that there are several areas in the industry where problems have beenidentified. Regulations and organizational structure, the limited area of competition andtransfer potential, the quality of the infrastructure and the location and costs of the terminalsare the main barriers to intermodality in Sweden today.It is possible to use technical solutions or other innovations to help minimizing one of theobstacles, the location of terminals and costs. These can for example be horizontaltranshipment technology, autonomous transhipment technology, IT systems and simulationtools or innovative network structure and location of terminals.Although there are plenty of ideas of new technology and solutions, few of these come intoproduction. One of the problems is the users/company’s uncertainty about investing inprojects that they do not know will be profitable. Standardized dimensions also present anobstacle to the technology which then must be adapted to current dimensions and strengthrequirements. There must also be a policy at international, national and local level with acommon goal that encourages the use of new technology.Most of the obstacles identified cannot be solved quickly and easily by introducing newtechnology. Instead, authorities and actors in the industry need to review their priorities andcommunicate with each other in order to come up with common solutions.

La presente investigación consiste en determinar las características arquitectónicas para la propuesta de un terminal terrestre intermodal, con la finalidad de proponer una edificación de transporte de pasajeros provincial e interprovincial en la ciudad de Cutervo. Se planteó 4 objetivos, los cuales son: Realizar un análisis territorial en relación a la conexión interprovincial y provincial en la ciudad de Cutervo, Diagnosticar el estado actual del transporte terrestre en la ciudad de Cutervo, Estudiar la evolución de los terminales terrestres y casos análogos en relación al objeto de estudio y Estimar estrategias y proponer el diseño de un terminal terrestre intermodal de transporte de pasajeros en la ciudad de Cutervo. Para la realización de la investigación se plantearon 4 fases, La primera fase el análisis territorial (Revisión documentaria, mapeo, cartografías), la segunda fase constató de dos técnicas para el diagnóstico (Observación, mapeo, cartografía / Observación, recopilación de datos, fichas de observación), la tercera fase relacionado con el estudio de la evolución de los terminales terrestres (Revisión documentaria, estudio de referentes análogos, fichas de referentes) y la cuarta fase es la propuesta de la infraestructura (Proyecto arquitectónico, planos). Obteniendo como resultados la selección del terreno más óptimo, además el programa arquitectónico adecuado para su función y de esta manera aplicar nuevas tecnologías constructivas y conceptos arquitectónicos para consolidar la conexión provincial e interprovincial del transporte de pasajeros en la ciudad de Cutervo.

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[EN] This thesis aims to provide new knowledge and data regarding the relevance of angular vibration as a risk in freight transport. Also, a new test protocol is developed to allow in-lab freight transport risk simulation taking into account rotational modes (angular vibration). This could allow in one hand a better package optimization, and on the other hand a cost reduction in relation to the potential damages that the transported goods suffer in distribution circles. To achieve this, the considered starting point was a revision of the main transportation modes used in freight movement and their projected relevance in next years. This analysis highlights the advantages of intermodal goods transport against conventional transport, which compromises a transformation toward standard unit loads in transport and based on full semi-trailers and trailers. Also, road transport will continue being the most relevant, although ship transport for long-distance transport will be preferred over air transport, which is mainly used for high value goods. The analysis of existing works related to research in transport risks shows that even though ship transport is highly relevant in international good movements, studies related to the potential effect of this transport mode in goods are scarce. Also, in road transport there is a number of data already gathered by different authors, but more information related to the road typologies and geographical locations is needed. This will allow for a better adaptation of real-life effects in test protocols, which are based on mean values, and therefore a consequent reduction of packaging could be achieved alongside with minimization of material, costs and environmental impacts. This thesis will focus on acceleration, and therefore vibration, that occurs during transport in six different directions, tree lineal and three angular (rotational). Linear acceleration is considered at the moment in the industry as the most relevant one, and consequently tests protocols for freight simulation are designed using just lineal acceleration. The proposed work will cover full monitoring of terrestrial and intermodal transport, identifying and quantifying angular vibration (pitch, roll and yaw). This angular vibrations could have an important influence depending on their intensity, and produce important good damages in transport if not considered in the packaging design. This is especially relevant in road and ship transport, although it is true for any kind of transport mode. After analysing in detail the main references and test protocols used for transport simulation and the existing equipment, a new test protocol is designed which includes angular vibration. This is a first step towards development of an international recognised protocol which considers as a whole the main risks suffered by goods during transport and distribution. Finally, the achieved results allow to clearly identify future research lines for advancing the state of the art in relation to risk assessment of goods distribution, simulation of transport conditions, and development of new test protocols and related technologies. / [ES] La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal aportar nuevos conocimientos y datos concretos sobre la relevancia de la vibración angular como riesgo durante el transporte de mercancías. Asimismo se desarrolla un protocolo de ensayo que permite la simulación en laboratorio de los riesgos en el transporte considerando los modos rotacionales (vibración angular), lo que puede permitir una mejor optimización de la cantidad de envases utilizados por un lado y por otro, la reducción de los costes asociados a la potencial pérdida o defecto en las mercancías derivadas de los múltiples riesgos a los que se ven sometidas en los circuitos de distribución. Así, se consideró como punto de partida una revisión de los principales modos de transporte utilizados para el transporte de las mercancías y su relevancia en los próximos años. De este análisis se destacan las ventajas del transporte intermodal para la distribución de mercancías con respecto al transporte convencional. Esto supone una transformación en la unitización de las cargas para el transporte más estándar y basada en contenedores para semitrailers y trailers completos. Además, el transporte por carretera sigue siendo el modo de transporte predominante, si bien en los transportes a largas distancias predomina claramente el transporte marítimo frente al transporte aéreo, que se utiliza principalmente para cargas de alto valor. Estudiados los principales trabajos existentes y riesgos en los distintos modos de transporte se concluye que, a pesar de la relevancia del transporte marítimo en el transporte internacional de mercancías, los estudios sobre los posibles efectos sobre la carga transportada son muy escasos. En el caso del transporte terrestre es donde más datos se aportan por distintos autores, pero es necesario conseguir más datos de inventario disponibles para la mayor tipología de carreteras y ubicaciones geográficas posibles. Esto permite una mejor adaptación a la realidad de los protocolos de ensayo que se basan en valores promedio, reduciendo los sobreembalajes y minimizando cantidad de material, costes e impactos ambientales. Se profundiza en la aceleración y por tanto, las vibraciones, que acontecen en seis direcciones; tres lineales y tres angulares (rotacionales), considerándose las lineales como las más importantes hasta el momento y por tanto, los protocolos actuales de simulación se construyen considerando únicamente estas tres direcciones. En el presente trabajo se lleva a cabo la monitorización completa de un circuito de transporte terrestre e intermodal que permite identificar y cuantificar las vibraciones angulares (pitch, roll y yaw) y que en función de su intensidad podrían tener, por tanto, una gran influencia y provocar daños en las mercancías durante el transporte si no se consideran en el diseño de los embalajes. Esto cobra especial relevancia en modos de transporte como el terrestre y el marítimo en concreto, si bien están presentes en cualquier modo de transporte. Tras el estudio en detalle de los actuales referentes y protocolos utilizados para la simulación del transporte, así como el equipamiento disponible, se diseña un protocolo de ensayos teórico que incorpora la vibración angular. Se trata este de un primer paso para disponer de un protocolo reconocido a nivel internacional que considere de forma integral los principales riesgos que acontecen sobre la mercancía transportada en su transporte y distribución. Con todo, los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar claramente futuras líneas de investigación que aporten nuevos avances en el conocimiento de los riesgos para las mercancías durante la distribución, la simulación y ensayos de los mismos así como de las tecnologías necesarias para llevar a cabo dicha simulación. / [CA] Aquest treball te com a objectiu fonamental aportar nous coneixements i dades concretes sobre la rellevància de la vibració angular com a risc durant el transport de mercaderies. Amb aquest objectiu es dissenya un protocol d'assaig que permet la simulació en el laboratori dels riscs en el transport considerant les diferents maneres de vibració rotacionals (vibració angular); aconseguint una millor optimització de la quantitat d'envasos transportats i reduint el cost vinculat a les destrosses i defectes de producte produïts per els riscs de cicle de distribució. Com a punt de partida es va considerar una revisió dels més destacats modes de transport dirigits al transport de mercaderies i la rellevància de cada mode en els propers anys. D'aquest anàlisis és destaquen avantatges del transport intermodal davant del transport convencional per a la distribució de mercaderies. El transport intermodal requereix de una estandardització de les cargues basada en l'ús de contenidors per a semi tràilers i tràilers complets. A més, el transport per carretera segueix sent el mode de transport prevalent, mentre en els transports de llarga distancia predomina el transport marítim davant del transport aeri, dirigit a cargues amb un valor més alt. Analitzats els treballs existents més destacats i els riscs en els diferents modes de transport es conclou que malgrat la rellevància del transport marítim en el transport internacional de mercaderies, els estudis centrats en els possibles efectes sobre la càrrega transportada son escassos. En canvi, en el mode de transport terrestre és on més dades de diferents autors es poden trobar, encara que és necessari aconseguir més dades de inventari referents a la major tipologia de carreteres i ubicacions geogràfiques possible. La creació de un inventari més complet permet una millor adaptació a la realitat dels protocols d'assaig que es basen en termes mitjos (mitjana aritmètica), disminuint el excés d'embalatge i minimitzant la quantitat de material, els costos i l'impacte ambiental. En aquesta tesi s'aprofundeix en l'estudi de l'acceleració i per tant, les vibracions, que esdevenen en sis direccions; tres lineals i tres angulars (rotacionals), considerant les vibracions lineals com les més destacades i estudiades fins ara, de manera que els actuals protocols de simulació s'elaboren considerant únicament les tres direccions lineals. En canvi, el present treball duu a terme la monitorització completa d'un cicle de distribució terrestre e intermodal que permet identificar i quantificar les vibracions angulars (pich, roll i yaw); ja que en funció de la intensitat podrien tenir una gran influència i provocar danys en la mercaderia durant el transport si no estan considerades durant el disseny dels embalatges. Aquest fet obté especial rellevància en modes de transport com el terrestre i el marítim, encara que estan present en qualsevol mode de transport. Després del estudi en detall dels actuals referents i protocols utilitzats per a la simulació del transport, així com el equipament disponible, és dissenya un protocol d'assaig teòric que incorpora la vibració angular. Es tracta d'un primer pas per a disposar d'un protocol reconegut a nivell internacional que consideri de manera integral els principals riscs que han de suportar les mercaderies durant un cicle de distribució. En conseqüència, els resultats obtinguts permeten identificar clarament futures línies de investigació que aporten nous avanços en el coneixement dels riscs per a les mercaderies durant la distribució, la simulació i els assajos dels mateixos; així com de les tecnologies necessàries per dur a terme aquesta simulació. / Zabaleta Meri, FJ. (2016). Contribución al desarrollo de protocolos de simulación del transporte de cargas paletizadas en plataformas de vibración multiaxial, considerando la inclusión de los modos rotacionales (pitch and roll) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62219

Detta är en kvalitativ undersökning om vilken roll MARPOL-konventionen spelar för transportköpare. Vilken miljöhänsyn de tar vid val av transportör och till vilken grad de känner till MARPOL-konventionen och det arbete som besättningen ombord på fartygen utför för att leva upp till dess krav. Det studerade problemet behandlarförståelsen för att miljöarbete, inte bara inom sin egen arbetssektor, utan även inom andra arbetssektorer, är en viktig förståelse för att uppnå ett stort samarbete för miljön.Undersökningen är baserad på en semi-strukturerade metod av öppna intervjuer med fem svenska företag som handlar med varor internationellt och är transportköpare. Undersökningen visar på att transportkostnad på lång sikt, miljöarbete inom transportbolaget och pålitligheten gällande de avsatta leveranstiderna samt den tidigare arbetsrelationen mellan transportköpare och transportbolag, är de faktorer som spelar störst roll vid val av transportör för transportköpare. Samt att ett företag av fem intervjuade, känner till MARPOL-Konventionen och lite av dess arbetskrav som ställs på besättningen ombord på fartygen. Allt arbete med denna undersökning och utvecklingen av dess rapport är genomfört av arbetets författare. / A qualitative study regarding what role the MARPOL-Convention plays for the costumers of transport service. What regard of environment they take in consideration for their choice of carrier and to what degree they are aware of the MARPOL-Convention and the work the crew put in on board vessels, in order to live up to the requirements of the MARPOL-Convention. The problem deals with the understanding of the environmental work, not only within their own labor sector, but also in other labor sectors, is an important understanding to achieve a great partnership for the environment. The survey is based on a semi-structured method of open interviews with five Swedish companies that are dealing in goods internationally and are costumers of transport services. This survey shows that; long term transport costs, environmental work within the transport company, the reliability regarding the assigned delivery times and the earlier working relationship between shippers and carriers, play the greatest role for the choice of carrier. And that one out of five respondents are aware of the MARPOL-Convention, and some of the work it requires of the crew on board the vessels.

The subject of the thesis is the analysis of the intermodal connection between Czech Republic and the seaports. The importance of this connection for the Czech Republic as for an open economy with a large volume of international trade is undervalued. The connection between Czech Republic and the ports is mainly provided by the container combined transport road -- rail. It is necessary to pay attention to the development of this field as it has a potential to be the most effective way of transport considering both economical and environmental criteria. The aim of the thesis is to survey the issue of intermodal connection with the ports, to evaluate the current status and future development options, including the barriers to this development. The result of the thesis is an analyzed current situation: the ports to which Czech Republic is connected have been determined as well as the modes of transport and the key players on the Czech market that provide the shipping services to the ports. A significant part of attention is paid to METRANS, a.s. which is the leading provider of intermodal transport services between Czech republic and the ports. A major problem associated with the development of combined transport is the harmonization of the conditions between road and rail transport. There is one chapter of the thesis which is devoted to this issue. Thanks to the information obtained from companies operating in the intermodal transport business, it was possible to calculate the costs related to the transport of the consignment by road and rail route, to highlight the problems in the daily operation of combined transport, to identify the weaknesses that may hinder the development of the METRANS or to bring other real outcomes.