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La ricerca si propone di approfondire il tema delle “irregolarità” nelle procedure di adozione internazionale. Questa espressione è utilizzata dalla normativa nazionale di settore, con particolare riferimento all’attività degli enti autorizzati allo svolgimento delle procedure di adozione di minori stranieri. Con questo elaborato si è cercato di ricostruire una nozione di “irregolarità” più ampia di quella presente nella legislazione vigente, privilegiando un approccio interdisciplinare. Lo scritto si apre con una prospettiva storica delle “irregolarità”, ovvero della morfologia che esse hanno assunto nel corso del tempo, in relazione alla disciplina vigente nel nostro Paese a partire dagli anni Sessanta del secolo scorso. Il cuore dell’elaborato è dato dalla presentazione delle “irregolarità”, comprendenti sia alcune illiceità di natura penale ed amministrativa che le criticità della prassi. Chiude l’indagine l’illustrazione di alcune buone pratiche di prevenzione delle “irregolarità” nelle procedure di adozione internazionale e di proposte de iure condendo della disciplina vigente. Particolare attenzione è stata posta al tema della riforma dei delitti in materia di adozione, disposizioni rimaste sostanzialmente disapplicate dagli anni Ottanta ad oggi. / The research aims to delve into “irregularities” in the procedures of the International adoption. The previous mentioned phrase is used in the National specific provisions in reference to activities carried out by accredited bodies, entitled to apply adoption procedures of foreign minors. The thesis is an attempt to reconstruct a broader notion of “irregularity” than those one in the legislation in force, favoring an interdisciplinary approach. Firstly, the dissertation offers an historical perspective on “irregularities”, or rather upon the morphology which they have assumed for years, referring to the discipline which has been in force in Italy since the Sixties of the Twentieth Century. The gist of the thesis is the presentation of such “irregularities”, including both some criminal, administrative, unlawfulness and criticality in standard procedures. Finally, the research presents some good practices in order to prevent such “irregularities” in the International adoption procedures, as well as some de iure condendo proposals of the legislation in force. A specific attention has been paid to the matter of the reform of crimes of adoption, or rather disposals that basically has ceased to be applied since Eighties in the Twentieth Century.

Although there have been many studies investigating international adoptees' outcomes in relation to their pre-adoption experiences, there is a paucity of research investigating the influence of post-adoption experiences. Guided by the proximity of the family to the child in Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological systems theory of human development, this study addressed a gap in the literature by investigating the interrelationships among family-related variables (e.g., stress in family environment, parenting behavior) and 648 internationally adopted Chinese girls' behavior problems. Moderate, positive relationships were found between family stress and both internalizing (r = .43, p < .001) and externalizing (r = .59, p < .001) behavior problems. Modest, inverse relationships were found between authoritative parenting and both internalizing (r = -.08, p < .01) and externalizing (r = -.15, p < .001) behavior problems. Additionally, modest to moderate, positive relationships were found between authoritarian and permissive parenting and internalizing (r = .18, p < .001; r = .19, p < .001, respectively) and externalizing (r = .39, p < .001; r = .34, p < .001, respectively) behavior problems. Finally, authoritarian and permissive parenting behaviors were partial mediators between family stress and both internalizing (R2 = .08, p < .001; R2 = .08, p < .001, respectively) and externalizing (R2 = .20, p < .001; R2 = .16, p < .001, respectively) behavior problems while authoritative parenting was not a mediator to either type of behavior problem. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Il tema dell’integrazione nell’adozione internazionale è oggetto di molti studi nel mondo occidentale, di taglio soprattutto psicologico e sociologico: la pedagogia è poco interpellata, pur trattandosi di un tema che riguarda principalmente l’infanzia. Un’analisi della letteratura internazionale rivela come la prospettiva dell’integrazione sia insufficiente a rendere conto della complessità del vissuto dei minori adottivi, contrassegnato da un’appartenenza culturale, ma soprattutto da trascorsi di trauma e abbandono. La prospettiva teorica della resilienza, declinata in senso interculturale, appare più idonea ad interpretare la situazione degli adottati all’estero. Attraverso l’analisi di racconti di adottivi, pubblicati in vari Paesi, e di interviste raccolte tra adottivi adulti, emergono alcuni temi ricorrenti nelle storie di adozione ed alcune linee di riflessione pedagogica, particolarmente in chiave di resilienza e di intercultura. L’adozione internazionale si rivela complessivamente efficace, rappresenta una buona opportunità di recupero, ma richiede da parte dei genitori e dagli altri riferimenti educativi delle competenze interculturali, un rispetto che sappia accogliere la complessità del minore che vive una pluralità di appartenenze, la capacità di costruire insieme a lui una narrazione che riannodi i fili del passato a quelli del presente, un atteggiamento di apertura al mondo che possa preservare spazi di crescita e di dialogo con realtà diverse. / Integration in international adoption is the subject of many studies in the western world, mainly from the point of view of psychology and sociology; pedagogy is not involved much, even if adoption mostly concerns children. An analysis of the international literature reveals that the perspective of integration is not sufficient to explain the complexity of adoptive children lives, characterized by a cultural membership but especially by a past of traumatisms and neglect. The theoretical perspective of resilience, adapted from the point of view of interculture, appears more appropriate to interpret the situation of children adopted abroad. Through the analysis of stories of adopted people, published in different countries, and of interviews to adoptive adults, some recurrent subjects in the adoption stories emerge, and some lines of pedagogic reflection, mostly in an optic of resilience and interculture. International adoption appears effective on the whole, it represents a good opportunity to catch-up, yet it requires of parents and of other educative figures intercultural competences, a respect able to accept the complexity of children living plural identities, the capacity of building with them a narrative construction of their past and present, an aptitude of openness to the world able to preserve moments of growth and of dialogue with different people and cultures.

abstract: International adoption in the U.S. remains a viable option for families who wish to build or expand their families; however, it has not been without controversy. Past research has sought to understand the initial and long-term psychological adjustment and racial/ethnic identity development of international and transracial adoptees. Research shows that pre-adoption adversity may be linked to the development of behavior and emotional problems, and opponents assert that international adoption strips children of their culture. Emerging research has focused on cultural socialization practices and how international and transracial adoptive families acknowledge or reject ethnic and racial differences within the family. An area less understood is how international and transracial adoptees cope with racism, prejudice, racial discrimination, and stereotyping. This study explores, using qualitative methods, the ways in which international and transracial adoptees experience and cope with racism, prejudice, racial discrimination and/or stereotyping. The personal stories of ten adult Korean adoptees are highlighted with particular attention to how interactions with adoptive family members and peers influence adoptees’ identity development, how adoptees resolve conflicts in terms of “fitting in,” and how parental/familial influence mitigates the effects of racism and racial discrimination. The study concludes with a discussion on implications for social work practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2015

A presente pesquisa visa uma análise aprofundada da cooperação jurídica internacional no campo da adoção internacional, bem como um estudo sobre os efeitos deste tipo de adoção na nacionalidade da pessoa adotada. Pesquisar os procedimentos e regras que compõe o arcabouço jurídico da cooperação internacional em matéria de adoção, e verificar como Brasil e Japão realizam a integração desta pessoa legalmente em seus sistemas jurídicos. É cada vez mais crescente o número de refugiados em países em constantes crises humanitárias e onde crianças morrem diariamente por motivos como a inanição, doenças sem tratamento e como vítimas de guerras civis intermináveis. A adoção internacional é, portanto, um dos instrumentos internacionais e humanitários que permite a aproximação de casais que buscam constituir ou ampliar uma família, e crianças espalhadas pelo mundo desejosas para terem um lar e uma família, é a aplicação da cooperação jurídica internacional em prol da solidariedade. Diretamente relacionado com o instituto da adoção internacional, a preocupação de qual será a nacionalidade que o adotado terá após a decisão que concederá a adoção em definitivo. Esta análise se torna relevante, pois a pessoa adotada após todos os procedimentos legais da adoção passará a responder e a viver em um novo universo jurídico, com deveres e direitos novos para ela. Fica a preocupação de se os direitos e deveres dessa pessoa serão os mesmos que os demais nacionais do país que a acolheu. / This research aims at a deep analysis of international legal cooperation in the field of international adoption, as well as a study on the effects of this type of adoption at the nationality of the adopted person Research the procedures and rules that make up the legal framework for international cooperation in the field of adoption, and see how Brazil and Japan do the lawfully integration of the person in their legal systems. It is increasingly growing number of refugees in countries listed in humanitarian crises and where children die daily for reasons like starvation, disease and without treatment as victims of endless civil wars International adoption is therefore an international, humanitarian approach which allows couples seeking establish or expand a family, and children scattered around the world willing to have a home and a family, is the application of international legal cooperation for solidarity. Directly related to the institution of international adoption, which will be the concern of the nationality that have adopted after the decision to grant final adoption This analysis is relevant because the adopted person after all legal procedures of adoption will respond and live in a new legal universe, with new rights and duties for her Is the concern about the rights and duties of that person, and if, this rights and duties will be the same as other nationals of the country that welcomed that person

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Ann Murray / As the number of adoptable infants within the U.S. has declined, many families have chosen to adopt internationally. According to the U.S. Department of State, for the 2002 fiscal year 19,139 immigrant visas were issued to orphans coming into the U.S. A majority of these adopted children came from China, South Korea, Romania and Russia. Previous studies have found attachment problems in some adopted populations in early childhood. However, a majority of studies have focused on other problem areas for older adopted children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with attachment in children adopted from these four countries in early childhood. All of the agencies within the U.S. that provided adoption services to these four countries were contacted through letters describing the study. The agencies that agreed to participate contacted potential participants directly through a form letter describing the study and that contained a website address for them to visit. At this website address, the potential participants were asked to fill out a survey regarding their adoption experience. A total of 242 families who had adopted children who were currently between one and six years of age agreed to participate in the study. Results indicated that secure attachments with their adoptive families were more likely in instances where the parenting style was authoritative, there was a positive emotional reaction from the parents on the day of adoption, the parents received strong social support, there were fewer health/developmental problems at arrival for the adopted child, there were fewer health/developmental services needed for the adopted child, the child spent more months in the adoptive home at the time of the survey and the parent spent more time with child before returning to work. Also, results indicated that adopted children displayed more indiscriminately friendly behavior the more months spent in the adoptive home at the time of the survey and the more time the child spent in the institution. The findings of this study support and extend previous research done on this topic while simultaneously opening up new avenues for international adoption research to explore. The findings of this study also provide useful information for adoption agencies to incorporate in their training of social workers and informing parents of the factors associated with developing secure attachments with their internationally adopted children.

6 ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH The International Adoption has been introduced to the Czech law in a greater extent, in 2000, when the Czech Republic acceded to the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of intercountry Adoptions (1993). The Czech Republic currently provides a relatively large number of children each year for intercountry adoption to another contracting state. Nonetheless, no complex scientific publication on intercountry adoption does not exist in the Czech Republic so far, as most of the authors of expert's articles, textbooks or commentaries continue to perceive the intercountry adoption only as a marginal complement to adoption on national basis. International adoption pursues the same objective as adoption on national, namely, to find suitable new parents for the child, always in accordance with the child's best interests. However, international adoption is much more complex, as cooperation between several administrative authorities in the Czech Republic is not sufficient to effectively protect the rights and interests of the adopted child, but it is necessary to ensure mutual cooperation between administrative authorities in two sovereign states. This thesis contains a brief explanation of the institute of intercountry adoption, and its legal regulation,...

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