Les adopcions internacionals s’han convertit en una realitat normalitzada a la nostra societat. Aquest fet, fins l’actualitat, s’ha estudiat des de disciplines psicològiques o sociològiques però no pedagògiques. El nostre treball té per objectiu, per tant, avaluar la rellevància de la dimensió pedagògica tant en la motivació inicial dels pares adoptius com en els processos de formació d’aquests per a l’adopció internacional, a Catalunya (Espanya). Concretament la nostra recerca està formada per dos estudis, un sobre les motivacions inicials per adoptar i un altre sobre les activitats formatives per a l’adopció internacional. En el primer estudi s’analitzen qualitativa i quantitativament les motivacions inicials expressades per 362 unitats familiars. El resultat de l’anàlisi és un arbre categorial de motivacions inicials que està estructurat en tres grans categories, que són: a) motivació generalista del desig de ser pares; b) motivacions centrades en els pares, i c) motivacions centrades en l’infant i en l’exercici de les funcions parentals. Respecte el nostre objectiu obtenim que les motivacions inicials dels sol•licitants estan centrades, majoritàriament, en les motivacions focalitzades en els pares i les seves necessitats, i per tant, no en l’exercici de les funcions parentals. Quant al segon estudi, hem analitzat la formació prèvia a l’obtenció del certificat d’idoneïtat, a través de diferents tècniques i instruments com l’observació no participant, entrevistes als professionals, qüestionaris als sol•licitants, i entrevistes a famílies adoptives. El resultat obtingut és que els continguts de la formació vinculats a l’aptitud educadora representen només el 32% dels continguts treballats. Aquest percentatge és major en els equips on hi ha professionals de l’educació, com ara educadors socials i pedagogs. En canvi, aquests continguts s’haurien de treballar més en tant que les famílies adoptives un cop ha arribat el menor tenen problemes associats a l’aptitud educadora que es podrien reduir amb formació. Com a conclusió final, destacar que la dimensió pedagògica no està present de forma rellevant en els inicis dels projectes adoptius i tampoc és l’eix central sobre el que giren els processos formatius dels sol•licitants. En canvi, és una variable determinant per garantir la bona adaptació dels menors adoptats. / Las adopciones internacionales se han convertido en una realidad normalizada en nuestra sociedad. Este hecho, hasta la actualidad, se ha estudiado desde disciplinas psicológicas o sociológicas pero no pedagógicas. Nuestro trabajo tiene por objetivo, por tanto, evaluar la relevancia de la dimensión pedagógica tanto en la motivación inicial de los padres adoptivos como en los procesos de formación para la adopción internacional, en Cataluña (España). Concretamente, nuestra investigación está formada por dos estudios, uno sobre las motivaciones iniciales para adoptar y otro sobre las actividades formativas para la adopción internacional. En el primer estudio se analizan cualitativa y cuantitativamente las motivaciones iniciales expresadas por 362 unidades familiares. El resultado del análisis es un árbol categorial de motivaciones iniciales que está estructurado en tres grandes categorías, que son: a) motivación generalista del deseo de ser padres; b) motivaciones centradas en los padres, y c) motivaciones centradas en el niño y en el ejercicio de las funciones parentales. Respecto a nuestro objetivo obtenemos que las motivaciones iniciales de los solicitantes están centradas, mayoritariamente, en las motivaciones focalizadas en los padres y sus necesidades, y por tanto, no en el ejercicio de las funciones parentales. En cuanto al segundo estudio, hemos analizado la formación previa a la obtención del certificado de idoneidad, a través de diferentes técnicas e instrumentos como la observación no participante, entrevistas a los profesionales, cuestionarios a los solicitantes, y entrevistas a familias adoptivas. El resultado obtenido es que los contenidos de la formación vinculados a la aptitud educadora representan sólo el 32% de los contenidos trabajados. Este porcentaje es mayor en los equipos donde hay profesionales de la educación, como educadores sociales y pedagogos. Sin embargo, estos contenidos se deberían trabajar más en tanto que las familias adoptivas una vez ha llegado el menor tienen problemas asociados a la aptitud educadora que se podrían reducir con formación. Como conclusión final, destacar que la dimensión pedagógica no está presente de forma relevante en los inicios de los proyectos adoptivos y tampoco es el eje central sobre el que giran los procesos formativos de los solicitantes. En cambio, es una variable determinante para garantizar la buena adaptación de los menores adoptados. / International adoptions have become a reality in our society. This, until now, has been studied from psychological or sociological disciplines but not in pedagogy. Our main objective is assessing the relevance of the pedagogical dimension in the initial motivation of adoptive parents and in the training process for international adoption, in Catalonia (Spain). Specifically, our research consists of two studies, one on the initial motivations to adopt and one on the training activities for international adoption. The first study analyzes qualitative and quantitative the initial motivations of 362 families. The result of the first research is an initial motivation category, inside this, there are three main sections. These are: a) a general motivation to want to be parents; b) motivations focusing on parents, and c) child-centered motives and the exercise of parental functions. The obtaining results in the first study shows that the initial motivation focusing on parents is the highest mark of the three sections. On the second study, we analyzed the training to become adoptive parents, through different techniques and tools such as non-participant observation, interviews with professionals, questionnaires to applicants, and interviews with adoptive families. The result is the training content related to “educational ability” represents only 32% of the training. This percentage is higher in teams where there are professionals like social workers and educators. However, the “educational ability” content should be worked harder because the adoptive families have problems related to these abilities, and these difficulties would solve with the help of training. The final conclusion is, emphasize that the pedagogical dimension is not relevant in the beginning of their adoptive project, and the focus on training processes either. Nevertheless, it is a determining factor to ensure the successful adaptation of adopted children.

La formazione alle competenze interculturali nasce dalla volontà di approfondire una tematica particolarmente discussa nell’ambito internazionale. Affrontare il tema della formazione alle competenze interculturali, e ancor di più nell’ambito dell’adozione internazionale, rappresenta una sfida ed un’enorme potenzialità per coloro che sono direttamente impegnati nelle attività di adozione internazionale. Lo studio ha posto in evidenza la necessità della formazione delle coppie aspiranti all’adozione e dei genitori adottivi, per poter rendere possibile una trasformazione profonda. La ricerca si compone di una parte sperimentale che ha visto il coinvolgimento della maggior parte degli enti autorizzati italiani che si occupano di formare le coppie all’adozione. Nella seconda parte dello studio, si è compiuta un’analisi in profondità dei percorsi formativi progettati e realizzati da tre enti autorizzati italiani, quali AFN (Azione per Famiglie Nuove), AIBI (Associazione Amici dei Bambini) e CIAI (Centro Italiano Aiuto all’Infanzia). E’ stato possibile delineare degli approcci specifici e degli elementi caratterizzanti tali percorsi, emersi nel confronto tra le realtà associative. Gli interrogativi iniziali e gli approfondimenti effettuati con lo studio di casi, hanno reso possibile il riconoscimento dell’incidenza della dimensione educativa nel percorso adottivo e l’individuazione di tre orientamenti formativi. I presupposti indicati, che hanno favorito l’individuazione di un quadro concettuale di riferimento ed un assetto applicativo, hanno aperto nuove prospettive di sviluppo sul tema delle competenze interculturali nell’ambito dell’adozione internazionale. Nell’ultima parte del testo si sono approfondite le definizioni intorno al concetto di competenze, ed in particolare di competenze interculturali. L’analisi sulle competenze ha mostrato l’esistenza di differenti modelli di competenze culturali, transculturali ed interculturali. Questa ricerca ha approfondito sia il significato delle competenze interculturali per le coppie e i genitori adottivi, sia le caratteristiche di una formazione alle competenze interculturali, indicando delle possibili modalità di applicazione. / Training in intercultural matters arises from the need of going into depth of a subject particularly discussed in international circles. To face the subject of training in intercultural matters and, even more in the matter of international adoption, represents a challenge and an enormous potential for those who are directly involved in the activity of international adoption. Studies have underlined necessity of training prospective and adoptive parents, in order to ensure a transformation. The research is made up of an experimental method which involves a large number of Authorised Italian Organizations which deal with training of adoptive families. In part of this study, was made a analysis of training systems realised by three Authorised Organizations, such have AFN (Azione per Famiglie Nuove), AIBI (Associazione Amici dei Bambini) and CIAI (Centro Italiano Aiuto all’Infanzia). It was possible to identify some specific approaches and some characteristic elements of these approaches, which arose when comparing realities. The initial questions and studies made when cases were examined made it possible to recognise the incidence of the educational size of the adoption schedule and the indication of three training methods. The indicated suppositions, which favoured the selection of a conceptual item of reference and possible application, opened a new prospective for development of the subject of intercultural matters in international adoption circles. In the last part of the text, the definition of the concept of competences was thoroughly defined and in particular intercultural competences. The analysis of competences showed the existence of different forms of cultural, transcultural and intercultural competences. This research has explained the significance of intercultural duties for prospective and adoptive parents. Be they the characteristics in the training of intercultural duties, indicating possible ways of application.

L’objectif de notre travail est d’explorer les jeux et les enjeux inter et intra familiaux significatifs qui ont conduit à l’acte d’adoption chez des couples ayant une descendance biologique. Nous tenterons de montrer en quoi l’importation d’un enfant issu d’une autre lignée est signifiante dans leur filiation, au regard de leurs romans familiaux respectifs. La population étudiée est constituée de cinq couples ayant des enfants biologiques au moment de l’adoption plénière d’un enfant venu « d’ailleurs ». Il s’agit d’une adoption internationale et donc visible, témoignant d’une rupture avec le biologique, puisque les enfants adoptés sont tous issus d’un pays d’Afrique Noire. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche se distingue des travaux décrits, dans la mesure où notre intérêt porte essentiellement sur l’appropriation de l’acte d’adopter, à la fois par le couple d’adoptants et par chacun des membres de ce couple. L’analyse discursive se situant au cœur de notre travail, c’est à travers le discours du couple, lors d’entretiens communs puis de chacun de ses membres dans le cadre d’entretiens individuels, que nous examinerons les raisons qui les amènent à souhaiter être parents d’un enfant de couleur. La démarche choisie est clinique et fondée sur l’analyse discursive. / The aim of our work is to explore the significance of inter and intra-familial issues that have led to the act of adoption in couples with children of different biological descent. We will try to show how the adoption of a child from another lineage is significant in their filiation, in relation to their respective family romance. The studied population consists of five couples with biological children at the time of the adoption of a child coming from "elsewhere". The international adoption clearly shows a difference with their own biological offspring, since the adopted children are all from an African country and are of a different race. The aim of this research differs from other referenced work, insofar as our interest focuses on the act of adopting by both members of this couple. As discourse analysis is at the heart of our work, it is through the discourse of the couple, during joint interviews and then by each of its members in the context of individual interviews, that we examine the reasons that lead them to wish to be parents of a child of a different ethnicity. The chosen approach is clinical and based on discursive analysis.

Cette thèse interroge la manière dont se construit une communauté transnationale à partir du cas spécifique des Jummas du Bangladesh résidant en France. En 1987, 72 jeunes garçons sont arrivés ensemble en France, venus de camps de réfugiés en Inde, après avoir fui leur région d'origine, déchirée par la guerre civile, les Chittagong Hill Tracts, au Bangladesh. Ils ont été dispersés en France dans des familles d'accueil. Trente ans plus tard, beaucoup sont encore en lien et ont renoué avec leur famille biologique. Les trois-quarts sont mariés avec des femmes jummas. Ce groupe sert de point d'appui aux réfugiés qui arrivent en France. Beaucoup partagent des pratiques culturelles communes, maintiennent un fort sentiment d'appartenance au peuple Jumma. Ils ont construit un territoire transnational propre, avec ses réseaux et ses pôles. La diversité des parcours de ces jeunes, que l'on peut par certains aspects rapprocher des profils d'enfants adoptés à l'étranger, par d'autres de migrants de la génération 1.5, ou de réfugiés politiques, permet de discuter des processus pas forcément contradictoires d'intégration et de maintien des liens avec l'origine, via des dynamiques transnationales. L'examen de ces parcours permet de décrypter le processus de fabrique de cette communauté transnationale et d'en déceler les phases. Le contexte a joué aussi un rôle décisif : contexte de l'appartenance à une minorité discriminée au Bangladesh, celui particulier du départ pour la France et celui singulier de l’arrivée dans des familles françaises. A partir d'un accès privilégié à ce groupe depuis 1987, la thèse s'appuie sur une méthodologie adaptée à la dimension restreinte de ce groupe. / This thesis questions the way in which a transnational community is built, by studying the specific case of the Jummas of Bangladesh residing in France. In 1987, 72 young boys arrived together in France, coming from refugee camps in India, after fleeing their region of origin, torn apart by the war, the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in the south-east of Bangladesh. They were dispersed in host families in France. Thirty years later, many of them are still connected with one another and have reunited with their families in the Hill Tracts. Three-quarters of them have married Jumma women. This group serves as a support for refugees arriving in France. Many of them preserve a strong sense of belonging to the Jumma people. They have built a transnational territory of their own, with its networks and its poles. The diversity of these young people’s courses, that in some respects we can compare with the profiles of children adopted abroad, in other respects with young migrants from generation 1.5, or even with political refugees, allows us to discuss the processes, not necessarily contradictory, of integration and maintenance of the links with the origin, through transnational dynamics. The examination of these courses makes it possible to understand the manufacturing process of this transnational community and to detect its different phases. The context also played a decisive role: the context of belonging to a discriminated minority in Bangladesh, the particular of their departure for France and the singular of their arrival in French families. Thanks to a privileged access to this group since 1987, the thesis is based on a methodology adapted to its restricted size.

The thesis is devoted to the issue of interracial adoption, when Ugandan child lives in the Czech adoptive family. The aim is to focus on the ethical aspect of interracial adoptions. Attempts to find out whether this type of adoption is really in the best interests of the child. The first part of the thesis provides general background information about Uganda as a country of origin of children. Describes historical development and socio-economic situation of the country, the issue of HIV/AIDS and information about orphan and abandoned children. The second part describes the process of international adoption, both generally and on the part of both participating countries, namely Uganda and the Czech Republic. The third part deals with the ethical side of the adoption. Aim is to find out how the circumstances of the interracial adoption can affect the adoptive family and the future development of the child, how they cope with the racism and discrimination and questions about childs identity. This part is based on surveys, studies and interviews with adoptive parents and their adopted children.

No description available.

The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the linguistic development of Lithuanian children adopted to Italy focusing on the expression of action (and state) as one of the most important communicative tasks; to define the stages of acquisition of Italian as a second language, the speed with which the stages occur and the factors that influence it; to investigate the position of Lithuanian in the linguistic repertoire of the adopted children. In order to achieve these goals a sociolinguistic survey of adoptive parents has been conducted, adopted children have been observed for a year after the adoption, spontaneous speech data were collected of one selected child, the data then has been transcribed and annotated for analysis with the program CHILDES, a detailed analysis of the expression of action / state has been conducted. Summarizing the results of the research, the dissertation confirms that the adopted children rapidly acquire the new language (L2), they reach a very high level of linguistic quality, comparable to that of the native speakers, even though their acquisition is completely (or mostly) natural and not formal. The expression of action / state starts by using pragmatic principles and gradually passing to the grammatical ones whereas the grammar is acquired in a typical evolving sequence. Even the second language acquisition of the older adopted children has some similarities with the children’s mother tongue acquisition (L1). Age is not the major factor that... [to full text] / Šios disertacijos tikslas – ištirti iš Lietuvos į Italiją įvaikintų vaikų kalbos raidą po įvaikinimo, didžiausią dėmesį skiriant veiksmo raiškai, kaip vienai svarbiausių komunikacijos tikslų; nustatyti antrosios, italų, kalbos įsisavinimo etapus, spartą ir ją lemiančius veiksnius; išsiaiškinti lietuvių kalbos padėtį įvaikintų vaikų kalbiniame repertuare. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo atlikta sociolingvistinė įtėvių apklausa, metus laiko po įvaikinimo stebėti vaikai ir rinkti tyrimui pasirinkto vaiko spontaninės kalbos duomenys, kurie vėliau transkribuoti ir užkoduoti analizei pagal programą CHILDES, atlikta išsami veiksmo / būsenos raiškos raidos analizė. Apibendrinant atlikto tyrimo rezultatus, disertacijoje pagrindžiama, kad įvaikinti vaikai itin sparčiai įsisavina naują (K2) kalbą, jie pasiekia labai aukštą, gimtakalbiams prilyginamą, tikslinės kalbos kokybės lygį nepaisant to, kad jų kalbos įsisavinimas yra vien tik (ar daugiausia) natūralus, o ne formalus. Veiksmo raiškos raida vyksta palaipsniui nuo pragmatinių principų pereinant prie gramatinių, o gramatika įsisavinama tipiškai, sudėtingėjančia seka. Net ir vyresnių įvaikintų vaikų antrosios kalbos įsisavinimas turi tam tikrų panašumų su mažų gimtakalbių (K1) vaikų raida. Amžius nėra pagrindinis veiksnys, leidžiantis įvaikintiems vaikams greitai ir sėkmingai įsisavinti naują kalbą. Didžiausią įtaką turi tarptautinio įvaikinimo situacijoje palanki kalbinė aplinka. Per metus naujoji kalba tampa visai ar beveik vienintelė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Les mères adoptantes à l’international vivent généralement un grand bonheur au moment de la rencontre avec leur enfant, car leur fort désir de fonder une famille ou de l’agrandir se concrétise (Duvert, 2007). Or, la période d’adaptation suivant l’arrivée de l’enfant peut être difficile, d’autant plus que plusieurs enfants adoptés à l’international présentent des besoins spéciaux (Dartiguenave, 2012; Martin et al., 2016). Le soutien apporté par le réseau immédiat est donc important (Jeannet, 2017). L’objectif de la présente étude est de documenter le rôle du réseau immédiat (famille, amis, autres parents adoptants, collègues, voisins) dans le soutien apporté aux mères adoptantes à l’international, suivant les trois premières années de l’arrivée de l’enfant. Douze entrevues individuelles semi-structurées ont été réalisées avec des mères ayant adopté au cours des trois dernières années. À leur arrivée, les enfants étaient âgés entre neuf mois et quatre ans et demi. Les thèmes de l’entrevue sont : les besoins des mères, la composition de leur réseau immédiat, les formes de soutien reçu et leur satisfaction du soutien. Précisons que le cadre conceptuel est celui du soutien social. L’analyse thématique dévoile que les besoins des mères sont d’avoir du répit, d’être écouté, encouragée et respectée dans leur rôle de parent adoptant. Leur réseau immédiat a surtout un rôle de soutien émotionnel et informationnel et occasionnellement un rôle d’accompagnement social. Le répit et l’aide concrète sont rares. Les mères rapportent que leurs principales sources de soutien sont leurs parents et leur meilleure amie. Les parents adoptants qu’elles fréquentent se distinguent par leur excellente compréhension de l’adoption. La majorité des mères sont satisfaites du soutien reçu. Leurs insatisfactions, peu nombreuses, sont le manque de répit et les difficultés de leurs proches non-adoptants à comprendre l’adoption. La discussion révèle que certaines mères sont inconfortables et réticentes à demander du soutien, car elles veulent être autonomes et craignent de déranger. Or, il ressort que les mères les mieux soutenues et satisfaites du soutien sont celles qui expriment leurs besoins de soutien. Quelques recommandations sont suggérées : accompagner les mères adoptantes à exprimer leurs besoins et informer le réseau immédiat sur la parentalité adoptive internationale. / International adoptive mothers generally experience great happiness when they meet their child, because their strong desire to start a family or expand it becomes a reality (Duvert, 2007). However, the adjustment period following the arrival of the child can be difficult, even more so when many children adopted internationally have special needs (Dartiguenave, 2012; Martin et al., 2016). The support provided by the immediate network is therefore important (Jeannet, 2017). The objective of this study is to document the role of the immediate network (family, friends, other adoptive parents, co-workers, neighbours) in providing support to mothers who adopted internationally, in the first three years after the child’s arrival. Twelve semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with mothers who adopted in the past three years. At their arrival, the children were between nine months and four and a half years old. The themes of the interview are: adoptive mothers’ needs, the composition of their immediate network, the forms of support received and their satisfaction of support. The conceptual framework is that of social support. A thematic analysis reveals that these mothers’ needs are to have respite, to be listened to, to be encouraged and to be respected in their role as adoptive parents. Their immediate network has a support role that is mainly emotional and informational and occasionally social. Respite and concrete help are rare. The mothers reported that their main sources of support are their parents and their best friend. The adoptive parents stand out within their immediate network in that they have an excellent understanding of adoption. The majority of the mothers are satisfied with the support received. Their dissatisfactions, though few, are the lack of respite and the difficulties of their non-adoptive relatives to understand adoption. The discussion underscores that some mothers are uncomfortable and reluctant to ask for support because they want to be independent and they fear bothering others. However, it emerged that the mothers who are the most supported and satisfied with the support are those who express their needs for support. Some recommendations are suggested: accompanying adoptive mothers in expressing their needs and informing the immediate network about international adoptive parenthood.

No description available.

Partant de la prémisse que 80% des enfants institutionnalisés ne sont pas orphelins (Tolfree 1995, 4), ce mémoire porte sur la production et la circulation des « faux orphelins ». Suivant un terrain ethnographique de quatre mois auprès de jeunes institutionnalisés et de responsables d’orphelinat au Cap-Haïtien, en Haïti, je soutiens que les responsables d’institution agissent de façon substitutive puisqu’ils s’acquittent des fonctions parentales même si la famille biologique existe et qu’elle est connue des institutions. En s’attribuant un pouvoir ascendant sur les familles biologiques, les responsables d’institution destituent les parents de leurs responsabilités et relèguent ces derniers à un statut fantomatique. Dans un contexte de survie, les jeunes apprennent à cumuler et à performer différents statuts, un processus transformatif qui se réalise dans la négociation de leur agentivité et dans l’exploration de la liminalité de leurs multiples statuts. Cette stratégie permet aux « faux orphelins » d’accéder à des services et ressources pour devenir des commodités et poursuivre leur fonction économique envers leur famille biologique. À partir d’une analyse systémique axée sur les concepts d’intersubjectivité, de commodification, de performance, d’agentivité et de présence absente, je démontre que la production des « faux orphelins » est une stratégie à laquelle de multiples acteurs contribuent, notamment les responsables d’institution, les jeunes ainsi que leur famille. Le cadre théorique de la circulation des jeunes est productif pour identifier toutes deux l’institutionnalisation des jeunes et l’adoption internationale comme stratégies de mobilité qui n’agissent pas à titre de finalités absolues mais plutôt de parcours dans l’espace et dans le temps. / Based on the fact that 80% of institutionalized children are not orphans (Tolfree 1995, 4), this study focuses on the production and circulation of “fake orphans”. After 4-months of ethnographic fieldwork with institutionalized youths and orphanages directors in Cap-Haitien, Haiti, I argue that, through their actions, agency heads essentially serve as substitutes for conventional parental functions, despite their knowledge of the existence of the children’s biological families. When ascribing themselves an ascending power over biological families, agency heads are dismissing parents of their own responsibilities and therefore demoting them to a ghost-like status. Driven by a survival mode, institutionalized youths learn to accrue and perform different statuses, a transformative process produced by the negotiation of their agency and the exploration of the liminality of their multiple status. This strategy allows “fake orphans” to access services and resources, which transform them into commodities and allow them to fulfill an economic function for their biological family. Based on a systemic analysis focused on concepts intersubjectivity, commodification, performance, agency, and absent presence, I demonstrate that the production of “fake orphans” is a strategy in which multiple actors are taking part, among them agency heads, youths, and their family. The theoretical framework of circulation of children is productive for identifying both youth institutionalization and international adoption as mobility strategies which are not to be conceptualized as oriented toward a final destination, but rather as a journey in space and time. / Baze sou lefèt ke 80 % nan timoun ki nan enstitisyon yo pa òfelen (Tolfree 1995, 4), etid sa a konsantre sou pwodiksyon ak sikilasyon « fo òfelen ». Apre 4 mwa travay etnikografik sou teren ak jèn k ap vin nan enstitisyon epi ak direktè òfelina nan Okap, Ayiti, mwen analize ke, atravè aksyon yo, dirijan ajans yo esansyèlman sèvi ranplasman pou fonksyon konvansyonèl paran yo, malgre ke yo konnen egzistans fanmi byolojik timoun yo. Lè yo bay tèt yo pouvwa anwo fanmi byolojik yo, dirijan ajans yo retire pwòp responsabilite yo nan men paran yo epi konsa vin fè yo jwe yon wòl preske tankou fantom. Nan chèche lavi, jèn k ap viv nan enstitisyon yo pral aprann jere plizyè estati diferan, yon pwosesis transfòmasyon ki sòti nan efò yo fè pou yo mèt tèt yo epi konprann flou ki genyen lè w ap viv ak plizyè estati diferan an menm tan. Estrateji sa a pèmèt « fo òfelen » jwenn sèvis ak resous, ki fè yo vin yon pwodwi yo menm ki ranpli yon fonksyon ekonomik pou fanmi byolojik yo. Baze sou yon analiz sistemik ki konsantre sou konsèp kosibjektivite, komèsifikasyon, pèfòmans, ajantivite, ak prezans absan, mwen demontre ke pwodiksyon « fo òfelen » se yon estrateji ke plizyè aktè patisipe ladan, pami yo dirijan ajans, jèn yo, ak fanmi yo. Fondasyon teyorik sikilasyon timoun itil pou idantifye alafwa fenomèn mete jèn nan enstitisyon ak fenomèn adopsyon entènasyonal kòm estrateji mobilite ki pa dwe konsèptualize tankou de jès ki gen yon destinasyon final, men plis tankou de vwayaj nan espas ak tan.