Im Zentrum der qualitativ ausgerichteten Studie stehen ein Einblick in die Lebenswelt und die biographische Entwicklung erwachsener Auslandsadoptierter. Berücksichtigung finden dabei das Merkmal der doppelten Elternschaft, der prozesshafte Umgang mit Rassismuserfahrungen sowie Möglichkeitsräume und Prozesse hybrider kultureller Identitätsbildung. Die theoretischen Ausgangspunkte umfassen das Phänomen ‚Auslandsadoption’, den Aspekt ‚Rassismus’, die Idee ‚hybrider kultureller Identität’ und das Konzept der ‚Biographie’. Mit dem Ziel, eine empirisch fundierte Theorie zum Forschungsgegenstand zu entwickeln, erfolgt der methodologische Zugang über die Grounded Theory. Als Instrument der Datenerhebung dient das autobiographisch-narrative Interview (vgl. Schütze, 1983). Um die subjektbezogene Perspektive der Informanten und die Rekonstruktion der jeweiligen lebensgeschichtlichen Erfahrungsaufschichtungen analysieren zu können, wird für die Auswertung der Interviews auf das von Schütze (1984) entwickelte Konzept der kognitiven Figuren des autobiographischen Stegreiferzählens zurückgegriffen. Das Sample der Studie setzt sich aus 19 weiblichen und männlichen Personen im Alter zwischen 18 und 37 Jahren zusammen: es sind 17 Auslandsadoptierte aus verschiedenen Herkunftsländern in Asien (Indien, Korea und Vietnam), Mittel- (Nicaragua) und Südamerika (Bolivien) sowie Afrika (Ghana); des weiteren zwei Vergleichsfälle, eine deutsche Adoptierte und eine aus Japan stammende, nicht-adoptierte junge Frau. Die Auslandsadoptierten der vorliegenden Studie unterscheiden sich phänotypisch sowohl von ihren jeweiligen Adoptiveltern als auch vom fiktiven Bild des blonden, blauäugigen „Standard-Deutschen“ (Mecheril, 2003); in der hiesigen Gesellschaft werden sie mehr oder minder intensiv als (unerwünschte) Fremde wahrgenommen. Mit allen Adoptierten ist den aus dem Ausland adoptierten gemeinsam, dass sie sowohl biologische als auch soziale Eltern haben. Die lebensgeschichtlichen Erzählungen der erwachsenen Adoptierten belegen, dass ihre Adoptiveltern eine unterschiedliche Umgangsweise mit der doppelten Differenz ihrer Kinder – gemeint ist die zweifache Elternschaft und die sichtbare ‚fremde’ Herkunft – pflegen. Typologisch lässt sie sich wie folgt charakterisieren: Die Adoptiveltern der vorliegenden Studie repräsentieren den Akzeptanz-Typus, den Minimierungs-Typus und den Ambivalenz-Typus. Je nach Elterntypus stehen dem Adoptivkind unterschiedliche Entwicklungsräume und -bedingungen im Hinblick auf den Umgang mit der doppelten Elternschaft, die Bewältigung von biologisch oder kulturell motivierten Rassismuserfahrungen und die Entstehung einer hybriden kulturellen Identität offen. Im Verlaufe des ‚biographischen Prozesses’ (vgl. Alheit, 1990) werden diese Ausgangsbedingungen vom Adoptivkind in zum Teil schwierigen und leidvollen Lernprozessen gemäß seinem individuellen ‚Eigensinn’ gestaltet.

Syftet med vår studie var bland annat att undersöka vilken uppfattning “de stulna barnen” har på sin identitet samt deras syn på internationell adoption. En annan aspekt var också att utreda intervjupersonernas upplevelser av den hjälp och det stöd de fick av samhället isamband med att oegentligheterna uppdagades. Men framför allt ville vi belysa den situationde adopterade befinner sig i efter att de har fått reda på att de adopterats bort från sinarespektive familjer utan föräldrarnas medgivande. Den metod vi använt för att genomföra vår studie är kvalitativ analys, med induktivt förhållningssätt, där det empiriska materialetbestår av intervjuer med tre personer som blivit adopterade från Chile under 1970- och 1980-talet. Intervjuerna bearbetades och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Deteorier som valdes för studiens analysdel är Eriksons och Stiers teorier omidentitetsutveckling, Cullbergs kristeori samt Goffmans teori om stigma. Vi bestämde oss fördessa för att fördjupa förståelsen av intervjupersonernas upplevelser av sina adoptionshistorier. Våra slutsatser av denna studie är att samhället brustit i samband med att de misstänkta illegala adoptionerna från Chile uppdagades. De drabbade borde fångats upp och erbjudas adekvat hjälp och stöttning. De har istället fått söka stöttning genom föreningen Chileadoption.se och genom andra med liknande historier. Staten borde, enligt intervjupersonerna, ändå ta sitt ansvar då det är på grund av bristande rutiner och processer som de illegala adoptionerna har kunnat genomföras. Vi kan även se att våra intervjupersoner på olika vis har ändrat sin syn på internationell adoption efter att de själva har fått reda på sanningen om att de blivit stulna från sina biologiska föräldrar. Sammantaget hittar vi likheter såväl som skillnader på hur våra intervjupersoner upplevt sina liv som adopterade utifrån identifierade teman så som; tacksamhet, utanförskap, identitet och samhörighet. / The purpose of our study was, partly to investigate what perception "the stolen children" have of their identity but also their views on international adoption. We were also interested in examining the interviewees' experiences of help and support from society when their regularities were discovered. But above all, we wanted to shed light on the situation the adoptees find themselves in after they have found out that they have been adopted away from their respective families without the parents' consent. The method we used to conductour study is qualitative analysis, with an inductive approach, where the empirical materialconsisted of interviews with three people who were adopted from Chile during the 1970sand 1980s. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The theories chosen forthe study's analysis are Erikson's and Stier's theories of identity development, Cullberg's crisis theory and Goffman's theory of stigma. We decided on these in order to be able to further discuss the interviewers' experiences of their adoption stories and experiences. Our conclusions from this study are that society has failed in connection with the discoveryof the suspected illegal adoptions from Chile. The victims should have been offered adequate help and support. Instead, they have had to seek support through the association Chileadoption.se, and through others with similar stories. The state should, according to the interviewees', have taken its responsibility, as it is due to their lack of routines and processes that the illegal adoptions have been able to continue. We can also state that our interviewees have changed their view on international adoption after they themselves found out the truth about the actual facts, i.e. that they were stolen from their biological parents. Overall, based on identified themes such as; gratitude, exclusion and identity and belonging, we find similarities, but also differences, in how our interviewees have experienced their lives asadopted.

This study examines the role and implications of mimicry (Bhabha, 1994) and colonial trans-lation (Young, 2003) in Swedish adoption narratives. Through a deconstructive narrative analysis of three Swedish adoption texts: Längtansbarnen: Adoptivförädrar berättar [The Longed for/Longing Children: Adoptive parents tell their story] (Weigl, 1997), Adoption: Banden som gör oss till familj [Adoption: the ties that make us a family] (Juusela, 2010), and Gul Utanpå [Yellow on the Outside] (Lundberg, 2013); the study explores how mimicry manifests itself in adoption narratives, the process of the translation of the adoptee into a mimic Swede, and how the transnational/-racial adoptee as a mimic poses a threat, as mimicry turns to menace.The study finds that mimicry emerges as a process, where the adoptee is first desired as abody of difference that can become an almost the same Swede, a mimic Swede, while keeping an almost difference. A dual translation process takes place where the adoptee’s body is translated from a body of a difference that is total into a mimic Swede, while a version of Swedishness is translated onto the body. As a mimic, the adoptee communicates their (almost) sameness through an excessive, but limited version of Swedishness, while disavowing their difference.However, their difference is still visible, and continuously communicated through (mis)recognition by others. The adoptee’s mimicry is prone to turn into menace, where they pose a threat to the identity of the white Swede and meanings of white Swedishness.Key Words: Transnational/-racial Adoption; Mimicry; Colonial Translation; DeconstructiveNarrative Analysis; Sweden

Depuis quelques années, l’adoption internationale a pris une importance croissante dans le monde, particulièrement en Haïti. Chaque année, plusieurs centaines d’enfants quittent Haïti pour l’étranger par ce biais. Depuis les années 1990, le nombre d’adoptions ne cesse d’augmenter. Pourtant, la majorité de ces enfants ne sont ni orphelins, ni abandonnés : ce sont les familles d’origine qui amènent leurs enfants aux crèches (orphelinats). De ce fait, il est d’une importance capitale d’avoir les points de vue des familles qui ont vécu cette expérience pour comprendre les raisons qui les poussent à faire un tel choix. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre l’expérience vécue par les mères haïtiennes vivant à Port-au-Prince ayant donné leur enfant en adoption internationale. De façon plus spécifique, il s’agit de comprendre les attentes et les motivations des mères face au projet d’adoption, le sens qu’elles donnent à ce projet et la manière dont elles ont vécu cette séparation. Pour ce faire, 15 entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec des mères ayant donné leurs enfants en adoption. Les résultats de cette étude nous ont permis de comprendre que les raisons qui poussent les mères à abandonner leur enfant en adoption sont multiples et complexes. Les problèmes de santé, de logement, d’emploi, l’absence du père, etc., sont autant de raisons avancées par les mères. Pour ces dernières, l’adoption peut être considérée comme une aide à l’enfance, une façon de sauver l’enfant de la misère ou une solution de sauvetage. Par ailleurs, au moment de confier leurs enfants en adoption, les mères ont signé des documents, mais elles semblent ne pas en connaître les contenus. De plus, le manque d’information sur le devenir de l’enfant et le regard de la société poussent les mères à éprouver des regrets, de la tristesse, de la honte, des craintes, des peurs, etc. Les mères développent également certaines stratégies pour forcer les responsables des crèches ou de l’Institut du bien-être social et de recherches (IBESR) à les informer sur l’évolution de leurs enfants. Outre le retour de l’enfant à sa majorité, les mères ont des attentes matérielles et économiques par rapport à l’enfant, aux responsables des crèches et aux familles adoptives. / In recent years, international adoption has become increasingly important worldwide, especially in Haiti. Each year, hundreds of children leave Haiti after being adopted. Since the 1990s, the number of adoptions is increasing. Yet, the majority of these children are not orphans or abandoned: these are the original families who bring their children to nurseries (orphanages). Therefore, it is of paramount to have the views of families who have lived this experience to understand the reasons that lead them to make such an important choice. The main objective of this research is to better understand the experience of Haitian mothers living in Port-au-Prince who have given their children for international adoption. More specifically, it is to understand the expectations and motivations of mothers facing the proposed adoption, the meaning they give to this project and how they lived this separation. To do this, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers who gave their children up for adoption. The results of this study allowed us to understand the reasons why mothers give their children for adoption are varied and complex (problems of health, housing, employment, father absence, etc.). For the latter, the adoption may be considered as child welfare, a way to save the child from poverty or as a rescue solution. Moreover, when entrusting their children for adoption, mothers signed documents, of which they do not seem to know the contents. In addition, the lack of information on the future of the child and the pressure of society inducing mothers to feel regret, sadness, shame, fears, etc. Mothers also develop strategies to force orphanages or the Institute of Welfare and Research (IBESR) to inform them about the progress of their children. Besides the return of the child, the majority of mothers have physical and economic expectations for the child, the heads of orphanages and adoptive families. / Depi kèk ane adopsyon entènasyonal pa sispann kouri ak tout boulin nan lemonn patikilyèman nan peyi dAyiti. Chak ane genyen plizyè santèn timoun ki rive kite peyi dAyiti gras ak adopsyon entènasyonal. Fenomèn sa a ap vale teren nan peyi a depi nan ane katrevendis yo. Men majorite timoun yo pa ni ofelen ni abandone. Kidonk se paran yo menm ki mennen timoun yo nan krèch yo. Nan sans sa a li ta bon pou nou brase lide ak fanmi yo pou nou kapab rive konnen ki rezon ki pouse yo bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Objektif etid sa a se rive konprann kijan manman k ap viv Pòtoprens ki bay timoun nan adopsyon viv eksperyans lan. Pou nou pi klè etid la ap chache konnen 1) ki atant ak motivasyon manman yo aprè yo fin bay pitit yo nan adopsyon 2) Ki siyifikasyon manman yo bay adopsyon an 3) kòman yo viv separasyon ak pitit yo. Nan sans sa a, nou te fè kenz entèvyou ak kenz manman ki te bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Nan entèvyou manman yo te bannou, nou rive jwenn genyen anpil rezon ki fè yo bay pitit yo nan adopsyon. Pwoblèm lasante, kay, chomaj, papa ki kouri kite pitit nan manman yo elatriye se ansanm rezon sa yo patisipan yo bay. Pou manman yo lè yon moun bay yon timoun nan adopsyon se lavi l li sove, se nan malsite li retire timoun nan, se sèl chwa yon manman genyen. Lòt bagay etid sa a fè nou rive konprann se vre manman yo siyen kèk papye nan moman y ap bay pitit yo nan adopsyon men yo pa fin konprann sa yo siyen an. Nan sans sa a, enfòmasyon yo pa jwenn lè pitit yo fin pati kite peyi a ak jan sosyete a gade yo boulevèse manman yo anpil. Yo santi yo regrèt, tris, wont, epi yo pè tou pou timoun yo pa viktim move zak, eksplwatasyon elatriye., nan men fanmi adoptiv yo. Se pou tèt sa yo mobilize pou yo jwenn nouvèl pitit yo. Boutofen non selman y ap tann pitit yo retounen vin viv ak yo jan sa te ye men y ap tann tou kichòy nan men responsab krèch yo, fanmi adoptiv ak nan men pitit yo. Selon diskou manman yo, ta sanble atant sa yo makonnen ak yon bann pwomès kèk responsab krèch te fè yo avan adopsyon pitit yo.

La recherche sur les enfants de l’adoption internationale porte le plus souvent sur le rattrapage développemental, les troubles de l’attachement et la surreprésentation des enfants adoptés dans les services d’éducation spécialisée. Ces études incluent des enfants d’âge scolaire et adoptent une perspective quantitative. Peu d’auteurs se sont penchés sur les enfants d’âge préscolaire et il n’existe à notre connaissance aucune étude qualitative permettant d’explorer l’intégration de l’enfant de l’adoption internationale dans son milieu de garde. S’inscrivant dans une logique exploratoire descriptive, la présente thèse vise à donner la parole aux parents et aux éducatrices, premiers responsables de l’intégration de l’enfant au milieu de garde, afin d’obtenir des données sur leurs perceptions et leurs recommandations. Des entrevues individuelles semi-structurées sont réalisées avec 12 familles adoptantes et les 12 éducatrices des enfants. Les parents sont recrutés par l’intermédiaire des associations québécoises de parents adoptants, du journal Montréal pour enfants, d’un blogue sur l’adoption internationale et auprès de la direction d’une garderie. Une démarche d’analyse qualitative inductive, inspirée de la théorisation ancrée est employée pour analyser l’opinion des parents et de l’éducatrice d’un même enfant dans un premier temps puis dans un deuxième temps, selon leurs groupes d’appartenance respectifs. L’analyse des données relatives à l’expérience subjective d’intégrer un enfant en garderie permet de faire ressortir douze thèmes : contexte antérieur à l’arrivée de l’enfant, appréhensions des parents, premiers contacts, demandes spéciales, moments de vie en garderie, développement et spécificité de l’enfant adopté, comportements particuliers, intervention auprès de l’enfant en crise, nouvelles perspectives pour l’éducatrice et éléments de satisfaction et d’insatisfaction des parents. Une importante proportion d’éducatrices considère que l’enfant adopté de l’international ne présente aucun besoin particulier et que son intégration se vit de la même façon que pour tout autre enfant. Cette opinion n’est pas partagée par un groupe restreint d’éducatrices qui, comme les parents adoptifs, ont une expérience personnelle de l’adoption. La thèse se termine par une discussion sur les façons de contribuer à des meilleures pratiques en milieu de garde afin de favoriser l’intégration des enfants de l’adoption internationale. / Research on internationally adopted children is often directed toward catch-up after adoption, attachment security and over representation of adopted children in special needs education. These are quantitative studies which focus on school aged children. Few studies have considered preschoolers and to our knowledge no attention has been given to the daycare environment. Within an exploratory framework, the current thesis investigates the integration of adopted children in daycare through the subjective experience of parents and child care educators. Twelve adoptive families and their current child care educators were recruited through various adoptive parent associations, the Montréal pour enfants newspaper, daycare administrators and a blog on international adoption. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with each family and child care educator. Qualitative inductive analysis using grounded theory coding techniques was first used to uncover critical themes discussed by the parent-educator dyads and then through their respective groups. The following themes on integrating an adopted child in daycare emerged from the data: conditions prior to the arrival of the child in daycare, parent’s apprehensions, first contacts, special requests, daycare routine, adopted child development and particularities, child in crisis, new perspectives for the educator, elements of parent satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The analysis shows that most educators do not consider the adopted child to be different from the other children in the group; and thus the child’s integration does not necessitate special attention or consideration. Adoptive parents along with a small group of educators experienced with the realities of adoption do not share this view. By exploring the experiences of parents and educators of internationally adopted children in daycare, this thesis broadens our knowledge of better practices in daycare centers for integrating an internationally adopted child.

No description available.

<p>The aim of this study was to describe how the best interest of the child can be constructed in investigations concerning permission for international adopt, where adequate parenthood is investigated. Qualitative research interviews were used as method. Seven investigators from six different sections of the city of Stockholm were interviewed. The information was analysed on the basis of a sociological approach to law and social constructionism.</p><p>The result showed that adequate parenthood is a condition in the interest of the child. Adequate parenthood is specified as the parent’s qualities and possibility to care for an adopted child. It does not depend on material qualifications, it is principally a matter of personal conditions, which can be defined as self-consciousness and the ability to reflect, feel empathy and manage a crisis. An adequate adoptive parent shall also realize the significance of an adoption. Adequate adoptive parents have a stable and lasting relationship and are surrounded by a stable social network.</p><p>The best interest of the child shall mainly be fulfilled by the qualities of the parents, in other words the adequate parenthood. The adoption has to be in the best interest of the child and thereby fulfil the child’s needs. In a family, children need to develop in their own pace and receive support whenever it is needed. In the investigation undertaken by the authorities, the interests of the child can best be looked after with an investigator that possesses adequate knowledge about children, that investigates thoroughly and feel a responsibility towards the child.</p>

<p>In order to study internationally adopted delinquents, internationally adopted controls, delinquent controls and an additional group of healthy non-adopted, non-delinquent controls, the following tests were used: WISC/WAIS, TOL, WCST, a questionnaire, I think I am, ISSI, an attachment test, KSP, and SCL-90. In the register study, data were obtained from the registers of The National Board of Health and Welfare and Statistics Sweden and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Odds ratios (OR) for different forms of out-of-home care placements were calculated.</p><p>It was found that the adopted delinquents had a significantly lower full scale IQ (WISC/WAIS) and significantly lower results on several measurements in the WISC /WAIS compared to the adopted controls. In addition, both groups of adoptees scored low in the WISC/WAIS subscale arithmetics when compared to the population mean. The adopted delinquents clearly had disruptive and infectious relations to their parents which was demonstrated in I think I am, ISSI, the attachment test and the questionnaire. The adopted controls demonstrated good relations to adoptive parents. When personality and self-perception were measured and analyzed in a two-way ANOVA, the results clearly pointed to ”delinquency” as the explaining factor to the variance of the results as opposed to ”adoption”. </p><p>Finally, the regression analyses of the register data demonstrated an OR of 3.0 (after adjustments for age and sex) for placements of intercountry adoptees in residental care from age 10 and an OR of 5.1 in model 2 (after adjustments for socio-demographic background variables). More over, higher child age at adoption, origin from Latin America, single parent adoption and maternal age above 35 at birth of the child were identified as significant predictors of out-of-home care from age 10.</p>

In order to study internationally adopted delinquents, internationally adopted controls, delinquent controls and an additional group of healthy non-adopted, non-delinquent controls, the following tests were used: WISC/WAIS, TOL, WCST, a questionnaire, I think I am, ISSI, an attachment test, KSP, and SCL-90. In the register study, data were obtained from the registers of The National Board of Health and Welfare and Statistics Sweden and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Odds ratios (OR) for different forms of out-of-home care placements were calculated. It was found that the adopted delinquents had a significantly lower full scale IQ (WISC/WAIS) and significantly lower results on several measurements in the WISC /WAIS compared to the adopted controls. In addition, both groups of adoptees scored low in the WISC/WAIS subscale arithmetics when compared to the population mean. The adopted delinquents clearly had disruptive and infectious relations to their parents which was demonstrated in I think I am, ISSI, the attachment test and the questionnaire. The adopted controls demonstrated good relations to adoptive parents. When personality and self-perception were measured and analyzed in a two-way ANOVA, the results clearly pointed to ”delinquency” as the explaining factor to the variance of the results as opposed to ”adoption”. Finally, the regression analyses of the register data demonstrated an OR of 3.0 (after adjustments for age and sex) for placements of intercountry adoptees in residental care from age 10 and an OR of 5.1 in model 2 (after adjustments for socio-demographic background variables). More over, higher child age at adoption, origin from Latin America, single parent adoption and maternal age above 35 at birth of the child were identified as significant predictors of out-of-home care from age 10.

The aim of this study was to describe how the best interest of the child can be constructed in investigations concerning permission for international adopt, where adequate parenthood is investigated. Qualitative research interviews were used as method. Seven investigators from six different sections of the city of Stockholm were interviewed. The information was analysed on the basis of a sociological approach to law and social constructionism. The result showed that adequate parenthood is a condition in the interest of the child. Adequate parenthood is specified as the parent’s qualities and possibility to care for an adopted child. It does not depend on material qualifications, it is principally a matter of personal conditions, which can be defined as self-consciousness and the ability to reflect, feel empathy and manage a crisis. An adequate adoptive parent shall also realize the significance of an adoption. Adequate adoptive parents have a stable and lasting relationship and are surrounded by a stable social network. The best interest of the child shall mainly be fulfilled by the qualities of the parents, in other words the adequate parenthood. The adoption has to be in the best interest of the child and thereby fulfil the child’s needs. In a family, children need to develop in their own pace and receive support whenever it is needed. In the investigation undertaken by the authorities, the interests of the child can best be looked after with an investigator that possesses adequate knowledge about children, that investigates thoroughly and feel a responsibility towards the child.