国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

As relações interpessoais são discutidas em vários campos da enfermagem; na saúde mental e na psiquiátrica elas se desenvolvem como relações terapêuticas sendo abordadas como relação de ajuda ou relacionamento interpessoal. Na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa as atitudes de consideração positiva incondicional, atitude empática e congruência são imprescindíveis para se desenvolver relações interpessoais terapêuticas promovendo nelas um clima de facilitação do crescimento e desenvolvimento do sujeito no cuidado. Na literatura brasileira de enfermagem não foram encontradas medidas de avaliação de tais atitudes embora se acredite que serão necessárias tanto no campo do cuidado quanto da educação. Através deste estudo, buscou-se desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação das relações interpessoais, abrangendo as três atitudes facilitadoras: consideração positiva incondicional, atitude empática e congruência e realizar a análise exploratória quanto à dimensionalidade e a fidedignidade do instrumento. O polo teórico envolveu a explicação dos construtos, a elaboração dos itens e as análises empíricas; o polo empírico relacionou-se a fase de experimentação do instrumento. Trata-se da escala de observação da interação enfermeiro-cliente constituída de itens positivos e reversos, tipo likert com cinco pontos. A consideração positiva incondicional ficou com 22 itens (15 reversos); a atitude empática compôs-se de 18 itens (2 reversos) e a congruência totalizou em 8 itens (2 reversos). Tais itens expressam o componente comportamental, verbal e motor de cada construto e foram indicados para o uso em situações de observação durante o cuidado. Optou-se pela filmagem das relações interpessoais desenvolvidas por 10 enfermeiros com 92 pessoas diagnosticadas com transtornos mentais durante consultas de enfermagem realizadas nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. No polo analítico, utilizou-se da análise fatorial (AF) e a consistência interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach) segundo referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado. O instrumento foi avaliado segundo modelo teórico apresentando alfa da escala global de 0,82, do atributo um (consideração positiva incondicional) 0,68, do atributo dois (atitude empática) 0,76 e do atributo três (congruência) 0,49. Devido à baixa consistência interna do atributo três em conformidade com os resultados das cargas fatoriais, analisou-se um modelo sugerido pela AF de 36 itens, o que se mostrou frágil em relação aos conceitos constitutivos e a operacionalização. Os melhores resultados apontaram para um instrumento composto de três subescalas. A escala global de consideração positiva incondicional apresentou alfa de 0,687, a escala de atitude empática teve escore global de 0,769 e a terceira de 0,517. Itens com cargas fatorais abaixo de 0,40 foram eliminados. Todos os coeficientes foram significativos com valor-p <0,01 e correlação significativa observada pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Consideram- se necessários ajustes no construto/atributo três, devido à fragilidade dos resultados, embora estejam dentro dos parâmetros considerados aceitáveis. O instrumento construído pode ser utilizado por profissionais que desejam avaliar as relações interpessoais no cuidado de enfermagem que tenha a finalidade de pesquisa ou didática. / The interpersonal relations are discussed in many nursing fields and in mental health or psychiatric nursing they develop themselves as therapeutic relations that are approached as help relations or interpersonal relationship. In the Person-Centred Approach, unconditional positive consideration attitudes, empathetic attitudes and congruence are indispensable to develop therapeutic interpersonal relations and to promote an environment of growing and development facilitation for the subject on care. In Brazilian nursing literature, evaluation measures for these attitudes were not found although one believes that they will be necessary so far as in care and education fields. Through this study, one had as an objective to develop an interpersonal relationship evaluation instrument that enfolds the three facilitating attitudes, unconditional positive consideration attitudes, empathetic attitudes and congruence, and to perform the exploratory analysis concerning the dimensionality and reliability of such an instrument. The theoretic pole involved the explanation of the constructs, elaboration of the items and empirical analysis; the empirical pole related to the experimentation phase of the instrument. It is a matter of nurse-customer interaction observation scale constituted of positive and reverse items like a Likert-scale with five points. The unconditional positive consideration stayed with 22 items (15 reverse); the empathetic attitude was composed of 18 items (2 reverse) and the congruence counted for 8 items (2 reverse). Such items express the behavioral, oral and motor component of each construct and were indicated for using in conditions of observation during care. One chose for recording the interpersonal relations developed by 10 nurses involving 92 subjects with mental-impaired patients during nursing inquiries performed in Family Health Strategies in an inland city of Minas Gerais. In the analytical pole one made use of the factorial analysis (FA) and the internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha-coefficient) according the used theoretic-methodological referential. The instrument evaluated concerning to the theoretical model presented an alpha-scale global outcome of 0.82, being 0.68 for attribute one (unconditional positive consideration), 0.76 for attribute two (empathetic attitude) and 0.49 for attribute three (congruence). Due to the low internal consistency of attribute three in relation to the factorial load results, one analyzed a model of 36 items suggested by FA that showed itself fragile in relation to constitutive concepts and operationalization. The best outcomes indicate a three-subscale instrument. The unconditional positive consideration global scale presented an alpha of 0.687, the empathetic attitude scale got a global score of 0.769, and congruence featured 0.517. Items with factorial load below 0.40 were eliminated. All coefficients were significant for p<0.01 and significant correlation confirmed by Spearman coefficient. Some adjustments are necessary for the third construct/item due to the fragility of the results, although they are within acceptable parameters. The instrument so developed can be used by professionals who wish to evaluate the interpersonal relations in nursing care with research or didactic purpose.

As relações interpessoais são discutidas em vários campos da enfermagem; na saúde mental e na psiquiátrica elas se desenvolvem como relações terapêuticas sendo abordadas como relação de ajuda ou relacionamento interpessoal. Na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa as atitudes de consideração positiva incondicional, atitude empática e congruência são imprescindíveis para se desenvolver relações interpessoais terapêuticas promovendo nelas um clima de facilitação do crescimento e desenvolvimento do sujeito no cuidado. Na literatura brasileira de enfermagem não foram encontradas medidas de avaliação de tais atitudes embora se acredite que serão necessárias tanto no campo do cuidado quanto da educação. Através deste estudo, buscou-se desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação das relações interpessoais, abrangendo as três atitudes facilitadoras: consideração positiva incondicional, atitude empática e congruência e realizar a análise exploratória quanto à dimensionalidade e a fidedignidade do instrumento. O polo teórico envolveu a explicação dos construtos, a elaboração dos itens e as análises empíricas; o polo empírico relacionou-se a fase de experimentação do instrumento. Trata-se da escala de observação da interação enfermeiro-cliente constituída de itens positivos e reversos, tipo likert com cinco pontos. A consideração positiva incondicional ficou com 22 itens (15 reversos); a atitude empática compôs-se de 18 itens (2 reversos) e a congruência totalizou em 8 itens (2 reversos). Tais itens expressam o componente comportamental, verbal e motor de cada construto e foram indicados para o uso em situações de observação durante o cuidado. Optou-se pela filmagem das relações interpessoais desenvolvidas por 10 enfermeiros com 92 pessoas diagnosticadas com transtornos mentais durante consultas de enfermagem realizadas nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais. No polo analítico, utilizou-se da análise fatorial (AF) e a consistência interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach) segundo referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado. O instrumento foi avaliado segundo modelo teórico apresentando alfa da escala global de 0,82, do atributo um (consideração positiva incondicional) 0,68, do atributo dois (atitude empática) 0,76 e do atributo três (congruência) 0,49. Devido à baixa consistência interna do atributo três em conformidade com os resultados das cargas fatoriais, analisou-se um modelo sugerido pela AF de 36 itens, o que se mostrou frágil em relação aos conceitos constitutivos e a operacionalização. Os melhores resultados apontaram para um instrumento composto de três subescalas. A escala global de consideração positiva incondicional apresentou alfa de 0,687, a escala de atitude empática teve escore global de 0,769 e a terceira de 0,517. Itens com cargas fatorais abaixo de 0,40 foram eliminados. Todos os coeficientes foram significativos com valor-p <0,01 e correlação significativa observada pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Consideram- se necessários ajustes no construto/atributo três, devido à fragilidade dos resultados, embora estejam dentro dos parâmetros considerados aceitáveis. O instrumento construído pode ser utilizado por profissionais que desejam avaliar as relações interpessoais no cuidado de enfermagem que tenha a finalidade de pesquisa ou didática. / The interpersonal relations are discussed in many nursing fields and in mental health or psychiatric nursing they develop themselves as therapeutic relations that are approached as help relations or interpersonal relationship. In the Person-Centred Approach, unconditional positive consideration attitudes, empathetic attitudes and congruence are indispensable to develop therapeutic interpersonal relations and to promote an environment of growing and development facilitation for the subject on care. In Brazilian nursing literature, evaluation measures for these attitudes were not found although one believes that they will be necessary so far as in care and education fields. Through this study, one had as an objective to develop an interpersonal relationship evaluation instrument that enfolds the three facilitating attitudes, unconditional positive consideration attitudes, empathetic attitudes and congruence, and to perform the exploratory analysis concerning the dimensionality and reliability of such an instrument. The theoretic pole involved the explanation of the constructs, elaboration of the items and empirical analysis; the empirical pole related to the experimentation phase of the instrument. It is a matter of nurse-customer interaction observation scale constituted of positive and reverse items like a Likert-scale with five points. The unconditional positive consideration stayed with 22 items (15 reverse); the empathetic attitude was composed of 18 items (2 reverse) and the congruence counted for 8 items (2 reverse). Such items express the behavioral, oral and motor component of each construct and were indicated for using in conditions of observation during care. One chose for recording the interpersonal relations developed by 10 nurses involving 92 subjects with mental-impaired patients during nursing inquiries performed in Family Health Strategies in an inland city of Minas Gerais. In the analytical pole one made use of the factorial analysis (FA) and the internal consistency (Cronbach\'s alpha-coefficient) according the used theoretic-methodological referential. The instrument evaluated concerning to the theoretical model presented an alpha-scale global outcome of 0.82, being 0.68 for attribute one (unconditional positive consideration), 0.76 for attribute two (empathetic attitude) and 0.49 for attribute three (congruence). Due to the low internal consistency of attribute three in relation to the factorial load results, one analyzed a model of 36 items suggested by FA that showed itself fragile in relation to constitutive concepts and operationalization. The best outcomes indicate a three-subscale instrument. The unconditional positive consideration global scale presented an alpha of 0.687, the empathetic attitude scale got a global score of 0.769, and congruence featured 0.517. Items with factorial load below 0.40 were eliminated. All coefficients were significant for p<0.01 and significant correlation confirmed by Spearman coefficient. Some adjustments are necessary for the third construct/item due to the fragility of the results, although they are within acceptable parameters. The instrument so developed can be used by professionals who wish to evaluate the interpersonal relations in nursing care with research or didactic purpose.

本研究旨在探討臺北市國小高年級學童的線上遊戲玩家行為，期望能分析線上遊戲玩家行為與學童之人際關係、自我概念的關係，綜合歸納之後，提供教育主管機關、學校行政及老師、家長、學生等教育相關人員的參考。 本研究以九十七學年度就讀於臺北市公立國民小學之高年級國小學童為研究對象，採分層隨機叢集取樣，依照臺北市十二行政區，每區甲、乙組學校規模取樣，共計 48班，回收率80.6％。而本研究使用之研究工具為「國小高年級學童線上遊戲玩家行為及基本資料之調查」及「真實與網路人際互動問卷」、「兒童自我概念量表」，並根據調查結果採用敘述統計分析、卡方考驗、t考驗、單因子變異數分析等統計方法，得到如下之研究發現： 一、國小高年級學童線上遊戲玩家行為以「成就行為」最多，「對戰行為」最少。其中在線上遊戲玩家行為的偏好上，不同性別的高年級學童表現有顯著差異：在「社交行為」上女生高於男生，在「對戰行為」上，男生高於女生。 二、國小高年級女生在真實人際關係表現較男生更為良好，而性別的不同並未在網路人際關係及自我概念上有顯著差異。 三、父母對學童參與線上遊戲態度不同，對學童在線上遊戲玩家行為上沒有影響，但在真實與網路的人際關係有顯著的影響，其對學童的整體自我概念的影響不顯著，但對「心理自我」的自我概念層面上會有顯著的影響。 四、不同線上遊戲玩家行為的國小高年級學童在真實人際關係上有顯著差異，其中「成就行為」、「探險行為」及「社交行為」者，較「對戰行為」者的真實人際關係更為良好；在網路人際關係上亦有顯著差異，其中「社交行為」者，較「成就行為」、「探險行為」及「對戰行為」者的網路人際關係更為良好。 五、國小高年級學童的整體自我概念並未因為線上遊戲玩家行為之不同而有顯著差異，但自我概念在「能力自我」層面上，線上遊戲玩家行為是「成就行為」者，較「對戰行為」者的能力自我概念更為良好。 六、國小高年級學童的真實人際關係並未因為是否參與線上遊戲而有顯著差異，但有參與線上遊戲之國小高年級學童，其網路人際關係較未參與線上遊戲者更為良好，同時整體自我概念亦未因是否參與線上遊戲而有顯著差異。 依據本研究所得之主要發現，提出以下建議： 一、對教育主管機關之建議： （一）制訂並嚴格執行線上遊戲分級制度，避免不當的線上遊戲內容影響學童的自我概念發展與人際關係。 （二）結合線上遊戲之概念，研發結合各學習領域之數位遊戲式學習(Digital Game-Based Learning)線上自學教材。 二、對學校行政及教師之建議： （一）充實學務處、輔導室及教師線上遊戲相關資訊科技安全及輔導知能，在生活與課程中輔導學生認識線上遊戲、瞭解自我。 （二）多元面向的推廣親職教育，鼓勵家長充實線上遊戲安全相關知能。 （三）教師透過教學及活動，輔導學生認識自我，發展多元人際關係。 三、對家長及學生之建議： （一）家長應用正向的態度，指導學童進行線上遊戲。 （二）家長應具備基礎的線上遊戲安全常識，指導學童正確的進行線上遊戲。 （三）學生應多接觸線上遊戲之外的休閒活動，拓展生活經驗與人際關係。 / The purpose of the research is to investigate online game behavior of high grades elementary school students in Taipei city and to examine the relations among online game behavior, interpersonal relation, and self-concept. Personal variables such as sex , grade and Parents’ attitude of disciplining to the online game to the students to research the relations among online game behavior, and interpersonal relation, self-concept. There are 806 samples chosen from elementary school students in Taipei city area in the study. That adapt questionnaires are used in this research. The data obtained is analyzed with frequency distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation , t-test , and one-way ANOVA, glm. The main findings of this research are as follows： 1. The most of online game behaviors of the high grades students of elementary school is “achievers”, and the fewest is “killers”. The partiality of online game behaviors differs from male and female students. Female is higher than male in the scores of “socilizers”; male is higher than female in in the scores of “ killers”. 2. The true interpersonal relation of high grades female students is better than male students. The internet interpersonal relation and self-concept have no difference of showing because of sex. 3. Different parents’ attitudes of disciplining to the online game to the high grades students has no effect on online game behavior, but do have obvious effect on true and internet interpersonal relation. And parents’ attitudes don’t have obvious effect on mass self-concept, but do have effect on psychological self-concept. 4. Different online game behaviors have obvious effect on true and internet interpersonal relations of the high grades students of elementary school ,the true interpersonal relation of “ achievers”, “explorers” and “socializers” is better than that of “killers”; the internet interpersonal relation of “socializers” is better than that of the others. 5. The mass self-concept of the high grades students of elementary school do not have difference of showing because of different online game behaviors, but do have effect on able self-concept, especially, the able self-concept of “achievers” is better than that of “ killers”. 6. The true interpersonal relation and the mass self-concept of the students of elementary school have no difference of showing because of whether the high grades students attends online game or not. But the students who attends online game has better internet interpersonal relation than those who doesn’t attend online game, at mean time. According to above findings, suggestions are offered for school guide and advanced researches.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une perspective comparative et interculturelle. Sa mise en œuvre repose sur l’idée que c’est en observant ce qui se passe dans les interactions du quotidien que l’on peut mieux comprendre le rapport que les cultures entretiennent, et mettre au jour ce que les comportements observés dans chacune des cultures étudiées ont de spécifique. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse minutieuse et détaillée d’enregistrements effectués dans quatre sites commerciaux français et britanniques, l’étude tente de comprendre le comportement langagier des participants en le mettant en relation avec divers éléments du contexte (éléments relevant du micro-contexte : matériel discursif contigu aux énoncés étudiés ; du contexte situationnel : agencement du site, nombre de participants, finalité de l’interaction ; du macro-contexte : place occupée par les interactions de commerce dans les cultures en question, par les sites, valeurs culturelles d’arrière-plan). La finalité de cette étude (qui aborde les rituels d’entrée et de sortie d’interaction ; les remerciements ; la réalisation d’actes de langage directifs : questions, requêtes, offres ; les séquences conversationnelles) est d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des profils communicatifs relatifs aux cultures française et britannique. / This thesis, which is of a contrastive and intercultural nature, is informed by the idea that it is by observing the behaviour of interactants in everyday interactions that the relationship between cultures can best be approached, and the specificity of the forms of behaviour encountered explored. Through the careful and detailed analysis of recordings taken in four different shops (French and British), the study aims to understand the linguistic behaviour of the participants by linking it to various contextual elements (micro-contextual elements: discursive material that surrounds the utterances analysed; situational elements: site layout, number of participants, interaction’s finality; macro-contextual ones: status of service encounters and of the types of shops selected, cultural values that underpin explored behaviour). The purpose of the study (which analyses opening and closing rituals; thanking; the way directive speech acts such as questions, offers and requests are performed; conversational sequences) is to provide a better understanding of the communicative styles that can be associated with French and British cultures.