Parental involvement is highly important for children's success at school. Research has shown that parental involvement leads to higher student achievement, better school attendance, and a reduction in dropout rates. However, what happens with those parents who do not speak English or have limited communication skills in this language? How can they become involved in their children's schooling when the children attend school in a language foreign to the parents? This study examines the experiences of three Mexican immigrant mothers and one father getting involved in their children's education in the United States. Helena was an active participant of a service-learning program hosted by a medium-sized Land Grand University. Sandra also attended the program but only for some time. Finally, the Hernandez parents, Mercedes and Jose Luis, were randomly selected in the community and did not participate in the service-learning program. This qualitative study relied mainly upon semi-structure interviews with the participants along with observations and field notes. The conclusions from this study provide insight as to how Mexican-immigrant parents with low-income develop an understanding of the school system in the United States. Analysis revealed two main strategies that parents use to communicate with the school: 1) using interpreters as affordance networks for communication, and 2) using their own knowledge of English to take actions and comply with school requirements. Data show that, contrary to common assumptions, parents do not prefer children as their first option for interpreting functions. In terms of learning about standard cultural practices of parental involvement parents accommodate to school demands by using various strategies and resources from their funds of knowledge. Parents learn about standard cultural practices of parental involvement and at the same time they support their children's education; in this process parents rely on their own cultural repertoires. Besides, parents seek places where they can develop community ties in order to learn about the how-tos of life in the United States. Finally, findings demonstrate that parents feel frustration and anxiety about their relationship with the schools, since they are facing with great resilience the every life challenges of living in a culture and language different from their own. The main findings of this study and discussing on the implications provided a discussion for policy changes in the context of the NCLB act, and suggestions for teacher preparation programs, and local school or service programs. / Ph. D.

(in English): This thesis aims to document the development of the Union of Interpreters and Translators from its foundation until today. The thesis deals with the situation before 1989 and associations of translators and interpreters during the Communist era and it also describes the circumstances of the establishment of the Union of Interpreters and Translators and its subsequent history. It deals with the specific activities of the organization such as competitions, trips and educational and publishing activities. Such a systematic review has not been published in Czech so far. The chosen research method is oral history, which was implemented through interviews with the four founders of the organization. The acquired data was then verified and put into the context of the records in the magazines ToP: Interpreting-translation, letters addressed to the members of the Union and documents from the meetings of the organization.

Bakgrund: Förekomst av språkbarriärer inom hälso- och sjukvården påverkar möjligheten för sjuksköterskor att utföra omvårdnaden. Kommunikation identifieras som en viktig faktor mellan sjuksköterskan och patient för att främja högkvalitetvård. Möjligheten att erhålla kulturkompetens ökar kvaliteten på vården. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av språkbarriärer och strategier för att övervinna dessa i omvårdnaden.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt med systematisk söksstrategi och baserades på 13 kvalitativa och två mix metod vetenskapliga artiklar. Artikel sökningar utfördes i databaser CINAHL och Pubmed.Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat visar att sjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar som hindrar att främja god och säker vård när språkbarriär förekommer. Sjuksköterskor upplever att genom användningen av professionella och icke professionella tolkar har sina fördelar och sina nackdelar. Sjuksköterskor strävar att övervinna språkbarriären genom att använda sig av olika strategier.Slutsats: Språkbarriär är ett hinder för att ge en individuell omvårdnad och kunna göra en bedömning av patientens vårdbehov. Språkbarriär är ett hot mot patientenssäkerheten. Professionella och icke professionella tolkar ökar risken för att patienten inte får korrekt given information. / Background: The presence of a language barrier in health care affects the ability of nurses to perform nursing. Communication is identified as an important factor between the nurse and the patient to promote high quality care. The opportunity to obtain cultural competence increases the quality of care.Aim: The aim of the literature review is to describe the nurse's experience of language barrier , and nurses' strategies for overcoming them in nursing.Method: The study was conducted as a literature review with a systematic search strategy and was based on 13 qualitative and two mix method scientific articles. Article searches were performed in databases CINAHL and Pubmed.Results: The results of the literature review shows that nurses face challenges that prevent the promotion of good and safe care when a language barrier occurs. Nurses experience that through the use of professional and non-professional interpreters they have their advantages and disadvantages. Nurses strive to overcome the language barrier by using different strategies.Conclusion: Language barrier is an obstacle to providing individual caring and being able to make an assessment of the patient's care needs. Language barrier is a threat to patient safety. Professional and non-professional interpreters increases the risk that the patient will not recive correct information.

This thesis focuses on the subjective perception of the translating and interpreting profession among Czech translators and interpreters, students of translation studies at the Institute of Translation Studies at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague, and the Czech general public. The thesis is comprised of two parts, theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part characterizes the translating and interpreting profession and describes the knowledge, abilities and skills needed to practice both professions. This part also provides a description of all factors determining the perception of the status of both professions and the factors that have an impact on the real status of translators and interpreters in society. This is followed by a description of the Czech environment and its possible influence on the status and working conditions of translators and interpreters in the Czech Republic. These descriptions serve as a basis for the empirical part of this thesis, which aims to compare, using the questionnaire survey method, the perception of both professions among translators and interpreters themselves, students of translation studies and the Czech general public, and to ascertain the general public's knowledge of both professions. The survey shows not only differences in the...

Nas páginas de A Ordem Privada e a Organização Política Nacional (1939), Nestor Duarte dialoga com vários dos ensaios de interpretação do Brasil publicados ao longo dos anos trinta. Neste trabalho destacarei três das questões abordadas pelo autor, contrastando sua análise com as posições adotadas por outros participantes do debate daquela década. Eis os pontos examinados: i) seu diagnóstico crítico da permanência de uma lógica privatista na formação histórica da organização social brasileira; ii) sua proposta normativa do Estado como dimensão pública de convivência; e iii) sua defesa da democracia como processo preferencial de pedagogia política. Dessas teses de Duarte emerge uma ácida crítica do regime forte e centralizado do Estado Novo, em claro antagonismo com o proposto, por exemplo, por um pensador como Oliveira Vianna. / In the pages of his book A Ordem Privada e a Organização Política Nacional (1939), Nestor Duarte establishes a dialog with many of the so called interpretations of Brazil essays, published during the 1930s. In the present work, I have selected three questions dealt by Duarte in his essay, and tried to contrast them with positions preferred by other authors of the period. The points examined are: i) his critical diagnosis of the permanence of a privatist logic in the historical formation of brazilian social organization; ii) his normative proposal of a State understood as a public or communal dimension; e iii) his defence of democracy as a process of political pedagogy. From Duartes thesis emerges a acid critique of the strong and centralized State of the Estado Novo regime, in clear opposition with the proposals of a writer such as Oliveira Vianna, for instance.

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

nÃo hà / A traduÃÃo juramentada mostrou-se presente no Brasil desde o perÃodo colonial, mantendo estreita relaÃÃo com a interpretaÃÃo de lÃnguas orais, como aponta Wyler (2003). A partir dos anos 1950, a interpretaÃÃo passou a ser objeto de estudos e pesquisas na Ãrea de LinguÃstica e, posteriormente, de Estudos da TraduÃÃo. Para categorizar essa atividade, autores como Mikkelson (1999), Pagura (2002) e PÃchhacker (2004) lanÃam mÃo de diferentes critÃrios, tais como os contextos em que a interpretaÃÃo à realizada e o modo de trabalho a que recorrem os profissionais da Ãrea. Com base nessas premissas, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo delinear o perfil da formaÃÃo em interpretaÃÃo dos Tradutores PÃblicos e IntÃrpretes Comerciais (TPIC) no Estado do CearÃ, de modo a constatar possÃveis lacunas nesse campo e por que motivos ocorreriam. Para atingir este objetivo, primeiramente foi traÃado um breve panorama histÃrico do ofÃcio de TPIC no Brasil, seguido de um relato sobre as alteraÃÃes na legislaÃÃo referente à atuaÃÃo dos profissionais dessa Ãrea no paÃs. Para realizar o levantamento dos dados, foram aplicados questionÃrios on-line aos TPICs do Estado do Cearà com perguntas referentes especificamente à sua atuaÃÃo como intÃrpretes e à sua possÃvel formaÃÃo na Ãrea de interpretaÃÃo (consecutiva, simultÃnea, sussurrada etc.). Houve uma alta taxa de resposta, correspondendo a 62,26% dos respondentes. Mediante a anÃlise e a avaliaÃÃo dos dados obtidos, foi possÃvel observar, entre outros aspectos, que a maior parte dos TPICs do Cearà nÃo possuem formaÃÃo em intepretaÃÃo, correspondendo a 81,8% dos respondentes; 75,8% afirmaram jà ter exercido a funÃÃo de intÃrprete em uma das modalidades mencionadas anteriormente; e 51,5% julga a formaÃÃo na Ãrea relevante para o exercÃcio da profissÃo. Com relaÃÃo Ãs respostas dos informantes que responderam Ãs consideraÃÃes especÃficas, 12% indicaram falta de treinamento/formaÃÃo dos TPICs e 37% ressaltaram a necessidade de treinamento/formaÃÃo para esses profissionais. Duas formas de sanar essa situaÃÃo consistiriam na mudanÃa da estrutura das provas orais, que completassem as modalidades de interpretaÃÃo utilizadas pelo intÃrprete em sua prÃtica profissional, bem como na promoÃÃo de cursos voltados para este pÃblico alvo, promovidos por universidades pÃblicas ou pela prÃpria Junta Comercial. / Sworn translation was present in Brazil since the colonial period, keeping close relations with interpreting of oral languages, as Wyler (2003) points out. From the 1950s on, interpreting started to be the object of studies and research in the field of Linguistics and subsequently Translation Studies. In order to categorize this activity, authors such as Mikkelson (1999), Pagura (2002) and PÃchhacker (2004) made use of different criteria, for instance, the contexts in which interpreting is accomplished and the working mode the professionals in this area resort to. In light of this context, the present work aims at delineating the profile regarding the qualification in interpreting of the sworn translators in the state of CearÃ, as a way to determine deficiencies, if there are any, and for what reasons they would exist. In order to achieve this goal, a historical panorama of the profession in Brazil was outlined, followed by a report about the alterations in the legislation referring to the practice of the professionals from this area in the country. To accomplish the collecting of data, online questionnaires were applied with the translators with questions specifically related to their work as interpreters and to their qualification in the area of interpreting (consecutive, simultaneous, chuchotage, etc.). There was a high rate of answers, corresponding to 62,26% of the sworn translators in the state. The analysis and evaluation of the obtained data enabled to observe, among other aspects, that most of the sworn translators in Cearà do not have a professional training in interpreting, corresponding to 81,8% of the answers; 75,8% declared having already worked as an interpreter using one of the working modes previously mentioned; and 51,5% considers the qualification in the area a relevant factor to exercise the profession. When it comes to the answers of the interviewed translators who left additional comments at the questionnaire, 12% highlighted the lack of training/qualification of the sworn translators and 37% emphasized the necessity of training/qualification for these professionals. Two ways of improving this condition would consist in changing the structure of the oral exams, so that they would comprise the working modes used by interpreters in their professional practice and promoting courses directed to this target-audience, promoted by public universities or by the Commercial Board of Cearà itself.

Background: Previous research shows that language barriers can make it difficult for patients and nurses to communicate and understand each other. Communication enables patients to express their suffering to nurses, but language barriers can prevent this and thus affect the nurse-patient relationship. Although there are language barriers, nurses can create trust by showing willingness to care. The purpose: The aim of the study is to describe nurses' experiences of how language barriers affects the nurse-patient relationship. The method: A qualitative systematic literature study with a descriptive synthesis. Results: The result presented two themes and four sub-themes. The theme Willingness to do good contained sub-men A willingness to care and To receive support to promote communication. The theme Obstacles in caring contained sub-men An emotional distance and Does not understand. Conclusion: Language barriers, on the one hand, were found to limit the possibility of establishing a nurse-patient relationship, on the other hand, a nurse-patient relationship could develop into a caring relationship despite language barriers. Interpreters were necessary to be able to make contact with the patients, while being able to create a distance between the nurses and the patients.

Thesis (M. A.. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Support and training services serves as a key to easy life for the deaf community. The whole experience allows deaf people to batter people who understand who they are and how life should be. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the support and training Sign Language services provided at Setotolwane Secondary School. Data was collected from Setotolwane Secondary School using semi-structured interviews. Qualitative approach was used where ten (10) people were interviewed. Among then there were five (5) deaf learners and five (5) Sign Language teachers. Finally, the results show that deaf people are being provided with support and training Sign Language service. The services provided are not enough that are further recommendations to improve in the situation. This study aims to indicate how relevant support and training can improve and empower the deaf community around the world. Keywords Sign Language, support services, training services

This study aims to discuss equivalence and non-equivalence in some selected areas of English and Chinese lexis and their impact upon teaching, learning and translating. Attempts have been made to state the causes of lexical equivalence and non-equivalence and raise and solve some difficulties and problems arising particularly from nonequivalent lexemes between English and Chinese. As a subdiscipline of linguistics, contrastive linguistics is concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine the differences and similarities between them. Based on a practical aim this study tries to provide a model for the comparison and determine how and which lexemes are comparable so as to explore the notion of equivalence and non-equivalence. It is hoped to provide as much information as is possible in a limited study of this kind on lexical comparison between the two languages. It compares differences with examples, analyses some of the problems arising from the errors made by the Chinese students, and analyses their causes in the areas of noun, verb, preposition, compound lexemes, reduplicative words and phrases, negation, polysemy, idiomatic expressions and lexemes derived directly from the cultural background. Finally some suggestions and considerations are made for those who might have responsibility for designing courses to train interpreters, translators or teachers.