Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study examines the quality of translated study material at the University of Stellenbosch and the way in which professional translators can improve the quality thereof. The focus was on the Arts Faculty and specifically translated material found on WebCT. The new Language Policy of the University of Stellenbosch stresses that language services such as translation must play an important role in bringing about a multilingual culture for learning. The problem is that people with little or no training in translation, such as lecturers, take it on themselves to translate the study material. The result is substandard study material and students who are being adversely affected. Chapter 2 discusses the newly implemented Language Policy and Language Plan of the University and the way in which both see the role of translation. It also discusses a Language Survey done at the University to ascertain the extent of translation. Chapter 3 examines different approaches to the translation of more technical documents whereas Chapter 4 analyses various translations on WebCT. A random choice of five translated texts is taken and given to professional editors to analyse and suggest ways in which to better the material. Chapter 5 compare a linguistic and functionalistic translation of the same source text to see which one students in a random test sample prefer. The aim is to see whether functionalist translations really are better than linguistic translations done by an untrained translator. The results of the study show that there are a lot of problems with existing translations and that professional translators do not only improve the quality of translated materials but are also preferred by students. The conclusion is that the University of Stellenbosch must realise the need for professional translators and should promote their use.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Often the task of translators/interpreters in the South African wine industry is hampered by insufficient data in dictionaries for general use. Information obtained from these dictionaries as important user instruments do not always come up to expectations for translation in the South African wine industry. General bilingual and explanatory dictionaries are compiled (in accordance with the typological instruction) for general use only. It therefore does not provide sufficient data for a limited field such as the above-mentioned industry. Inadequate data (data that is not field specific) and excessive data (because of general data supply) therefore necessitate the use of other sources for the sake of clearness. Making use of other sources is a time consuming process. Due to a too low frequency of use the omission of certain field specific words/terms from the mentioned dictionaries likewise creates problems for translators/interpreters. The result thereof is that translators'/interpreters' quest for very accurate dictionary definitions and translation equivalents is not satisfied. It is possible that translators cannot always meet deadlines for translation commissions resulting from the mentioned imperfections. In a competitive practice where translation accuracy and deadlines are formidable role-players, translators/interpreters in this industry need a dictionary that is the ideal user instrument. Such a dictionary can be a translator's dictionary with field specific, unambiguous and clear data that can significantly facilitate the task of translators/interpreters in the South African wine industry as such. Specific problems with recent general dictionaries come under investigation in this thesis. On grounds of the identified problems, recommendations are made for the compilation of a translator's dictionary for the South African wine industry.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In this study the problems surrounding the source language orientated translation of metaphors in general, and more specifically the source language orientated translation of Biblical metaphors, is investigated. A new Afrikaans translation of the Bible will soon be undertaken. This translation is meant to be source language orientated. The translators responsible for the translation are in need of guidelines to ensure the effective source language orientated translation of metaphors. In the literature study a general overview of the phenomenon called ‘metaphor’ is given, in order to equip translators with the required theoretical knowledge to successfully identify, analyse and describe metaphors. It is followed by an overview of metaphor translation in general. The theoretical approach to metaphor translation of Dagut, Stienstra and Schäffner relies heavily on the difference between conceptual and linguistic metaphors. This approach is identified as useful for source language orientated metaphor translation. The background and translation principles of the Ou Afrikaanse Vertaling (OAV) and the Nuwe Afrikaanse Vertaling (NAV) are investigated after the literature study. The distinctive approaches of these two Bible translations are criticised by virtue of the knowledge gained from the literature study in the previous chapters. Furthermore, a working hypothesis regarding the source language orientated translation of metaphors is formulated. This hypothesis is tested during the empirical study by means of nine metaphors from the Psalms. The nine metaphors are translated using a model which analyses the metaphors and translates them in a source language orientated way. On the basis of the literature and empirical study, a series of conclusions are made. These are applicable to metaphor translation in general, as well as specifically source language orientated metaphor translation. Suggestions that apply specifically to the new Afrikaans translation of the Bible are also made.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series is the latest popular addition to translated Afrikaans children’s literature. Although these books have a double readership, the Afrikaans translations are primarily aimed at young Afrikaans children who either can’t speak English, or whose English is too poor to understand the original text on their own. Translating for children makes specific demands on the translator. One such demand involves the choices the translator is forced to make during the translation process by taking into account the child reader’s limited cultural experience and world knowledge. This implies that the translator cannot translate automatically by merely transferring synonyms from one language to another, but should take on the role of a cultural mediator who bridges the gaps between the source and the target cultures and takes responsibility for successful intercultural communication. This study investigates the culturally mediating role of the Afrikaans translators, Janie Oosthuysen and Kobus Geldenhuys, in a comparative study of the target texts, Harry Potter en die beker vol vuur and Harry Potter en die halfbloed prins. The proposed translation method is a functionalist approach with loyalty. According to this apporach, the translator should have a thorough background knowledge of both the source and target cultures and the functions these texts perform in their respective cultures, as well as the range of available translation strategies for a specific translation situation. Care should also be taken not to mislead the target reader. A descriptive methodology is followed, pointing out the absence of consistent translation norms and a well-planned translation strategy in both target texts, thus increasing the cultural divide between the source and the target cultures which could confuse the young Afrikaans reader.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In its Preface the WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH claims to be suitable for both native and foreign speakers of Afrikaans and German. This study presents an evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/ WÖRTERBUCH to determine to what extent the dictionary can be regarded as a helpful and up-to-date tool for the user, whether he or she is a native or foreign speaker of the language pair treated in this dictionary. This ultimate aim is to determine to what degree WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH can serve as a helpful tool in translation. Theoretically and methodically the study is based on the dictionary usage research by HE Wiegand, with the genuine purpose of the dictionary as the main principle. The genuine purpose of the dictionary forms the basis of the theoretical and practical analysis. The study contains a short overview of the development of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH from when it was first published as a monolingual dictionary for native speakers of Afrikaans who wanted to learn German in 1925 to the publication of the eighth edition in 1983, which claims to be a new and more effective source of information for both languages, to enable closer relations between South Africa and Germany. This is followed by a lexicographic discussion on the concepts underlying the planning of a dictionary, with the emphasis on lexicographic processes and lexicographic functions. The problematic issue of active and passive dictionaries is discussed, concluding with the preference for a dictionary orientated towards text production in the case of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH, which would enable translation from Afrikaans into German and vice versa. The problematic nature of equivalent relations is discussed in detail and forms the main focus of the empirical study and the practical study. The evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH is continued in the practical study, where the genuine purpose of the dictionary and the lexicographic functions are the main criteria. The empirical study analyses the actual problems target users have when consulting the dictionary in the context of the genuine purpose of the dictionary. The study is concluded with the statement that WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH should be revised thoroughly and that this revision can only be successful if it is based on an up-to-date, representative corpus of both Afrikaans and German; and when the lexicographer is steered by the lexicographic functions and the needs of the target user, which determine the genuine purpose of the dictionary.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / In this thesis the translating strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Antjie Krog’s anthology die sterre sê ‘tsau’ (2004) are investigated. A descriptive approach is followed in the analysis, with the main focus on Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and the poststructuralist concept différance (Derrida 1982). The researcher states that Krog, in her translation of the /Xam narratives, 1) follows a foreignising strategy by moving the target reader towards the source text; 2) is visible as translator as a result of her use of annotations, for example; and 3) that, in addition to foreignisation, she moves the source text towards the target reader by domesticating towards her own poetic style. The introductory chapter is followed by a discussion of those translational models relevant to the analysis. The discussion focuses on Venuti’s (1995) model of domestication/ foreignisation, as well as on some aspects of deconstruction and différance. Lambert and Van Gorp’s (1985) descriptive model is expounded as the primary model for the analysis of the anthology. The following chapter involves a literary historic overview of the language and culture of the /Xam in order to fully contextualise both the source and target texts. In the following chapter the most relevant aspects of Krog’s poetics and translational strategy are discussed as far as they coincide with the main argument of the thesis. In the practical part of the thesis five poems from the anthology are discussed on macro-, micro- and systemic level in order to establish Krog’s translational strategy as well as the presence in the translation of her poetic style. In the final chapter the extent to which the findings in the analysis correspond to the hypothesis is concluded.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past decade many studies have shown that ad hoc interpreting services are still the norm for the health care sector in the South African context. The health care sector of South Africa, specifically in the Western Cape, is characterised by primarily Afrikaans- and English-speaking doctors, or medical practitioners in general, who do not understand Xhosaspeaking patients. In order to bridge this language gap, ad hoc interpreting services are employed, which are rendered by family members of a patient, nurses, or at times, even by porters or cleaners. As a result of the fact that these ad hoc interpreters lack training in interpreting theory and practice, they tend to distort communication, which impact negatively on the quality of the health care that the patient receives. This consequent lack of quality in health care can therefore directly be related to the quality of the interpreted utterances or product that the interpreter renders. Even though ad hoc interpreters are generally more used in the health care sector, some hospitals employ professionally trained interpreters to relieve the burden of a language barrier. In 1996, due to the erratic nature of health care interpreting services and language barriers between medical practitioners and patients, the National Language Project trained 22 community interpreters to be placed in hospitals within the boundaries of the Western Cape. Three of these interpreters were placed at Tygerberg Hospital, three at Groote Schuur Hospital, and three at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. By 2008 none remained in Tygerberg Hospital, one was still employed by Groote Schuur Hospital, and two employed by Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. In 2007, Groote Schuur Hospital identified a need to train and place interpreters within the hospital, due to the language barrier between medical practitioners and patients, as well as to optimise health care. These trainees were formerly employed by the hospital in positions such as cleaners. Even though they were then professionally trained, they were still remunerated as cleaners, for example. In addition to the two interpreters employed at Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, another interpreter was employed on a full-time basis. Some departments within the hospital make use of their own interpreters, who are not employed by the hospital. Tygerberg Hospital has one officially employed interpreter who is a nursing assistant by profession, and who has received no training in interpreting whatsoever. The aim of this study was firstly to investigate interpreting practices within these three tertiary hospitals, and secondly to investigate the quality of the interpreted product delivered by the interpreters at these hospitals, whether on an ad hoc basis or as professionally trained interpreters. The outcomes of the quality of the interpreted product, measured against a quality table, were compared with the attitudes of medical practitioners, interpreters and patients present in an interpreting session. This was done to determine whether the actual quality of the interpreted product took precedence over the attitudes of the role players, or vice versa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope dekade het ’n aantal studies aangedui dat ad hoc-tolkdienste steeds die norm vir die gesondheidsektor binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse gesondheidsektor, veral in die Wes-Kaap, word hoofsaaklik gekenmerk deur Afrikaans- en Engelssprekende dokters, of mediese praktisyns oor die algemeen, wat nie hul Xhosasprekende pasiënte verstaan nie. Om hierdie taalgaping te oorbrug, word ad hoc-tolkdienste gebruik wat gelewer word deur ’n pasiënt se familielede, verpleegsters en soms selfs portiers of skoonmakers. Omdat hierdie ad hoc-tolke geen opleiding in tolkteorie en -praktyk ontvang het nie, is hulle geneig om kommunikasie te verdraai. Dit lei daartoe dat die gesondheidsorg wat die pasiënt kry, nie na wense is nie. Die gebrek aan kwaliteit van die gesondheidsorg wat die pasiënt ontvang, hou dus direk verband met die kwaliteit van die tolkuitinge of -produk wat die tolk lewer. Ten spyte daarvan dat ad hoc-tolke meer algemeen in die gesondheidsektor gebruik word, het sommige hospitale tolke aangestel wat professioneel opgelei is om die taalgaping te verminder. As gevolg van die wisselvallige gehalte van tolking in die gesondheidsektor en taalgapings tussen mediese praktisyns en pasiënte, het die National Language Project (NLP) in 1996 22 gemeenskapstolke opgelei wat in hospitale binne die Wes-Kaap geplaas sou word. Drie van hierdie tolke is by die Tygerberg Hospitaal geplaas, drie by die Groote Schuur Hospitaal en drie by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal. In 2008 was daar nie meer een van hierdie tolke by die Tygerberg Hospitaal nie, een was steeds in diens by die Groote Schuur Hospitaal en twee by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal. In 2007 het die Groote Schuur Hospitaal ’n behoefte geïdentifiseer om tolke op te lei en binne die hospitaal te plaas omdat daar ’n taalgaping was tussen mediese praktisyns en pasiënte, asook om gesondheidsorg te optimaliseer. Hierdie persone wat opleiding ontvang het, was voorheen in diens van die hospitaal as byvoorbeeld skoonmakers. Selfs nadat hulle professionele tolkopleiding ontvang het, het hulle steeds besoldiging as skoonmakers ontvang. Buiten die twee tolke wat by die Rooikruis Kinderhospitaal in diens is, is nog ’n tolk voltyds aangestel. Sommige departemente binne die hospitaal gebruik hul eie tolke wat nie deur die hospitaal aangestel is nie. Tygerberg Hospitaal het een amptelike tolk, wat eintlik ’n verpleegassistent is, en wat hoegenaamd geen tolkopleiding ontvang het nie. Hierdie studie het dit ten doel om tolkpraktyk eerstens binne bogenoemde drie tersiêre hospitale te ondersoek, en tweedens om die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk by hierdie hospitale te ondersoek, hetsy die opleiding op ’n ad hoc- of professionele basis geskied het. Die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk, gemeet teen ’n kwaliteitstabel, is vergelyk met die sienswyses van die mediese praktisyns, tolke en pasiënte wat teenwoordig was in ’n tolksessie, om te bepaal of die kwaliteit van die tolkproduk voorkeur geniet het bo die sienswyses van die rolspelers, en omgekeerd.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis the importance of knowledge about translation theories during the preparatory phase of a translation project is examined. Theorists agree that translated children’s literature in general and children’s Bibles in particular are transmitters of cultural and ideological norms, and that source texts are therefore to a greater or lesser degree manipulated when they are translated. This thesis is an attempt to ascertain in which ways insight into various translation theories regarding translation as manipulation as well as theories about Bible translation empowers a translator to deliver a functional target text in which she can motivate and defend her translation choices and strategies. For this reason manipulation theories, Venuti’s insights about domestication and foreignisation and the theories of Nida, Nord and Gutt about Bible translation are described. A particular translation project is then analysed by comparing the source text, the Read and Learn Bible by Eva Moore, with the target text, the Lees-en-Leer Bybel, to discover in which ways insight into the various translation theories can lead to a functional translation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die belangrikheid van kennis omtrent vertaalteorieë tydens die voorbereidingsfase van ’n vertaalprojek ondersoek. Teoretici is dit eens dat vertaalde kinderliteratuur in die algemeen en Kinderbybels in die besonder draers is van kulturele en ideologiese norme, en dat brontekste daarom in mindere of meerdere mate herskryf word wanneer hulle vertaal word. Hierdie tesis is ’n poging om vas te stel in watter mate kennis van verskeie teorieë wat insigte lewer oor vertaling as herskrywing en ook vertaalteorieë wat meer spesifiek op Bybelvertaling fokus, ’n vertaler in die voorbereidingsfase in staat kan stel om uiteindelik ’n deurdagte produk te lewer waarin sy haar vertaalkeuses en -strategieë kan motiveer en verantwoord. Om dit te kan doen word eerstens die teorieë van die Manipulasieskool, Venuti se insigte oor domestikering en vervreemding en die teorieë van Nida, Nord en Gutt oor Bybelvertaling beskryf. Daarna word ’n gevallestudie van ’n vertaalprojek gedoen deur die bronteks, die Read and Learn Bible deur Eva Moore, en die doelteks, die Lees-en- Leer Bybel, te analiseer en vas te stel in watter mate kennis van die verskillende vertaalteorieë kan lei tot ’n funksionele vertaling.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In lexicography different types of equivalent relations can be identified regarding bilingual dictionaries namely full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Zero equivalence prevails where the target language has no item to be co-coordinated as a translation equivalent with a lemma representing a source language item. Lexical gaps occur where a language lacks a word for a given concept. Dagut (1981) identifies different types of semantic gaps in the transfer of a text from one language to another. He distinguishes between gaps due to linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. These two categories are called linguistic and referential gaps respectively. A solution for the above mentioned lexicographic problem is given in the present theory of zero equivalence namely surrogate equivalents. The present theory of zero equivalence is expanded in this thesis by making specific reference to its occurrence in Pharos (2005). Different factors that lead to zero-equivalence are discussed and these factors are used to identify different types of zero equivalence. These types of zero equivalence are the following: zero equivalence caused by linguistic and referential gaps as well as grammatical zero equivalence and partial zero equivalence. In a multilingual society like South Africa where many different culture groups exist and people are encouraged to learn an additional language many different types of bilingual dictionaries are needed. When two languages are compared with each other during the compilation of a bilingual dictionary the lexicographer will always be confronted with zero equivalence, especially when the users of the two languages have vastly different cultures. Thus it is necessary to expand on the present theory of zero equivalence within the South African context. In the last section of the thesis the different options at the lexicographer‟s disposal in dealing with the different types of zero equivalence are discussed. Another aspect that gets attention throughout this thesis is the dictionary users of certain dictionaries, among others Pharos (2005), and their specific needs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die leksikografie word daar tussen verskillende ekwivalentverhoudinge wat in tweetalige woordeboeke voorkom, onderskei, naamlik absolute ekwivalensie, gedeeltelike ekwivalensie en zero-ekwivalensie. Zero-ekwivalensie ontstaan wanneer die doeltaal nie ‟n item het wat as ‟n vertaalekwivalent gekoördineer kan word met ‟n lemma van die brontaal nie. Leksikale gapings kom voor wanneer ‟n taal nie ‟n woord vir ‟n spesifieke konsep het nie. Dagut (1981) identifiseer verskillende semantiese gapings na aanleiding van linguistiese en ekstra-linguistiese faktore. Hierdie twee kategorieë staan afsonderlik as linguistiese en referensiële gapings bekend. ‟n Oplossing vir dié leksikografiese probleem is surrogaatekwivalente, wat in die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie aanbeveel word. Hierdie tesis brei uit op die bestaande teorie van zero-ekwivalensie in die leksikografie deur onder andere spesifiek na die hantering daarvan in Pharos (2005) te verwys. Daar word aandag geskenk aan die verskillende faktore wat aanleiding tot die verskynsel van zero-ekwivalensie gee. Op grond van hierdie faktore word verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie geïdentifiseer; naamlik zero-ekwivalensie wat as gevolg van linguistiese of referensiële gapings ontstaan asook grammatiese zero-ekwivalensie en gedeeltelike zero-ekwivalensie. In ‟n meertalige gemeenskap soos Suid-Afrika waar daar verskeie kultuurgroepe voorkom en mense aangemoedig word om ‟n addisionele taal aan te leer, word verskeie soorte tweetalige woordeboeke benodig. Wanneer enige twee tale vergelyk word, word die leksikograaf met zero-ekwivalensie gekonfronteer veral wanneer die taalpaar wat in die tweetalige woordeboek aan bod kom wat kultuur betref uitermate van mekaar verskil. Dit is dus nodig om binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks die teorie van zero-ekwivalensie uit te brei. Daar word in die laaste afdeling van hierdie tesis aandag geskenk aan die verskillende opsies wat die leksikograaf tot sy beskikking het om die verskillende tipes zero-ekwivalensie te hanteer. Nog ‟n aspek wat deurgaans aandag geniet, is die gebruikers van spesifieke woordeboeke, byvoorbeeld Pharos (2005), en die behoeftes van dié gebruikers.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to produce an English translation of the first part of Karel Schoeman's novel Hierdie lewe, translated as This Life. The thought processes of the translator are illustrated by means of descriptive annotations. The choice of source text is motivated and the specifications of the target text are formulated. The problem is stated that relatively few of Schoeman's fictional works have been translated into English or other languages and it is suggested that this might be because Schoeman's work is difficult to translate, or even untranslatable. A possible reason for this may be Schoeman's distinctive style: rhythmic, lyrical and rich in imagery. The source culture may also be too specific and the cultural gap too wide. A hypothesis is formulated that translation is possible if the translational problems are identified. Certain strategies are devised and solutions suggested. A hermeneutic interpretation of the source text and an overall strategy of resistancy are advocated, resulting in a target text with a marked source-text inscription. However, a measure of domestication is unavoidable in the light of the final goal to create an equivalent text which is still readable and will not alienate its addressees. A discussion of relevant concepts from translation studies theory substantiates and motivates the choice of translation strategies and solutions. A thorough reading analysis of the source text supplies the context for an interpretation. Descriptive annotations focus on the translator's methodology. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of the chosen strategies and suggestions are made for further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is die produksie van 'n vertaling in Engels van die eerste deel van Karel Schoeman se roman Hierdie lewe, vertaal as This Life. Daarby word deur middel van beskrywende annotasies verslag gedoen oor die denkprosesse van die vertaler tydens die vertaalproses. Die keuse van bronteks word gemotiveer en die vereistes vir die doelteks word geformuleer. Die probleem word gestel dat relatief min van Schoeman se fiksie reeds in Engels en ander tale vertaal is, moontlik as gevolg van 'n persepsie dat Schoeman se werk moeilik vertaalbaar, of selfs onvertaalbaar is. Een rede hiervoor is 'n besondere beeldryke, liriese, ritmiese skryfwyse, kenmerkend van Schoeman. Dat die bronkultuur te spesifiek en die kulturele gaping te groot is, kan ook 'n rol speel. 'n Hipotese word gestel dat vertaling wel moontlik is mits die vertaalprobleme geïdentifiseer word en strategieë om die probleme op te los, bedink word. 'n Hermeneutiese interpretasie van die bronteks word aanbeveel en 'n oorhoofse weerstandstrategie word voorgestel, met die bronteksinskripsie duidelik in die doelteks waarneembaar. Sekere toegewings aan die brontekskultuur (domestication) is egter onvermydelik in die lig van die einddoelom 'n ekwivalente teks te skep wat tog ook leesbaar is en nie die teikenlesers sal vervreem nie. 'n Bespreking van relevante konsepte uit die vertaalteorie ondersteun en motiveer die keuse van vertaalstrategieë en -oplossings. 'n Deeglike analise van die bronteks verskaf die konteks vir 'n interpretasie. Beskrywende annotasies bevat inligting oor die werkwyse van die vertaler en afleidings word gemaak oor die doeltreffendheid van die gekose strategieë. Die moontlikheid van verdere studie word aangedui.