(in English): The thesis "Interaction of police investigators with selected participants of criminal proceedings and its impact on recognition" is studies the interaction and communication of criminal proceeding participants and its influence on the quality of those proceedings on recognition. The theoretical part deals with criminal proceedings such as all the trial requirements and factors which affect police investigation. Rights and responsibilities of all participants of trials are defined. Furthermore, communication, its types and categories and -most of all -its impact on successful police interrogation is examined. We also mention interpersonal perception. In the theoretical part of the thesis a lot of attention is devoted to the personality of police investigators and to significant characteristics which form the foundation of police profession. In conclusion of the theoretical part we describe the aspects which control the investigation and potential offender recognition. In the empirical part the aim was to find out what impact the quality of instructions has on successful offender recognition. The empirical part was performed in an experiment. The research participants were devided into categories according to chosen standards. Then they were presented with a video recording of a...

Ce mémoire présente l’étude et la conception d’électroniques d’interrogation de capteurs passifs de grandeurs physiques à base d’ondes élastiques se propageant à la surface de matériaux (SAW) piézoélectriques mono-cristallins. L’objectif consiste à réaliser une électronique d’interrogation capable de sonder la réponse d’un résonateur SAW au travers d’une liaison radiofréquence (RF) sans fils pour en extraire une information de température. [...] Les électroniques présentées dans ce manuscrit fonctionnent sur l’analyse de la puissance rétro-diffusée par le capteur en s’inspirant de l’architecture d’un analyseur de réseau à balayage de fréquence. Deux électroniques d’interrogation sont présentées. La première utilise une synthèse de fréquence directe. La souplesse de générer un signal RF pour exciter le résonateur a donnée naissance à divers algorithmes pour optimiser les performances de la mesure. La vitesse à laquelle le lecteur est capable de sonder le capteur permet l’interrogation de capteurs placés sur un support mobile (axe de moteur). La résolution de mesure obtenue atteint le dixième de degré Celsius. La seconde électronique vise à réaliser une électronique compacte dans le but de réduire le nombre et la consommation des composants en intégrant les chaînes d’émission et de réception. Cette électronique est construite autour d’un radio-modem : ce composant combinant fonctionnalités RF et numériques est détourné de sa fonction principale de communication numérique dansle but d’interroger un résonateur SAW. Les contraintes associées aux constantes de temps,à l’isolation nécessaire et à l’accès à l’étage de réception d’un radio-modem nécessitent une étude préalable approfondie. L’algorithme développé pour ce composant a nécessité l’utilisation de techniques de traitement RADAR pour obtenir la température résultante d’un capteur différentiel bi -résonateurs. Cette électronique a permis de mesurer une température / This report deals with the study and design of interrogation electronics for probing surface acoustic wave (SAW) transducers used as passive wireless sensors of physical quantities.The basic principle is to develop hardware aimed at probing the response of SAW resonators through a radiofrequency wireless link in order to extract a temperature information. Resonators whose operating frequency is centered on the 433.92 MHz ISM band are developed as part oft he SAWHOT project aimed at measuring high (650 oC) temperatures. SAW resonators load energy when stimulated at resonance frequency. Upon stopping emission, this power is returned as a radiofrequency signal. The presented electronic systems operate on the analysis of thepower returned by the sensor, based on a frequency-sweep network analyzer architecture. Twointerrogation units are presented. The former is based on a Direct Digital Synthesis frequency source : the flexibility of this digital approach allows for probing resonating sensors followings everal algorithms meeting various constraints including measurement speed and resolution.Sub-millisecond interrogation resonance frequency identification is compatible with probingthe response of sensors located on mobile targets such as a rotating motor axis. The achieved resolution lies in the 0.1 oC range. The latter approach aims at designing a compact readerwith a reduced number of components, including all the elements of the interrogation chain,and hence a lower power consumption. This approach is based around integrated, single chip,radiomodems : this components combines radiofrequency and digital functionalities and is diverted from its original digital communication purpose for probing SAW sensors. Timing andisolation constraints as well as accessing the analog receiver stage require a dedicated analysis of the functionalities of the various available chips[...]

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil eines Forschungsprojekts zur Entwicklung eines neuartigen Systems zur zerstörungsfreien und bildgebenden Untersuchung von Luftfracht mittels Neutronen- und Gammastrahlung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Strahlungsquelle entwickelt, die optimal auf die Anwendung angepasst ist: Ein gepulster Deuteronenstrahl wird in einer Ionenquelle erzeugt und mittels eines niederenergetischen Strahltransportsystems zum Hauptbeschleuniger geführt. Dieser besteht aus einem Radiofrequenz Quadrupol (RFQ) mit einer finalen Energie von 6 MeV. Da für die Anwendung sehr kurze Pulse der Strahlung in der Größenordnung einiger Nanosekunden unabdingbar sind, musste eine neuartige Lösung zur Pulsung des Deuteronenstrahls gefunden werden. Eine große Herausforderung bestand hierbei im Zusammenspiel der kurzen Pulsdauer und hohen Pulsladung in Kombination mit der hohen Wiederholrate. Dieses wurde erreicht, indem ein spezielles Pulsungssystem innerhalb des Strahlentransportes zwischen Ionenquelle und RFQ eingefügt wurde. Dieses System enthält neben einem strahlablenkenden auch ein strahlbündelndes Element. Der Deuteronenstrahl wird hinter dem RFQ auf ein Target geführt, welches aus Borcarbid besteht. In dieser Arbeit wird das komplette physikalische Design der Strahlungsquelle diskutiert sowie Simulationen zum Pulsungssystem bzw. dem RFQ-Beschleuniger präsentiert. Weiterhin werden Proof-of-Principle Experimente beschrieben, die mithilfe eines Prototypen-Pulsungssystems entwickelt im Rahmen dieser Arbeit und gefertigt von der RI Research Instruments GmbH an einem speziell für diesen Zweck errichteten Teststands durchgeführt wurden. Außerdem wurden mehrere Experimente sowohl an der Beschleunigeranlage der Physikalisch- Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) Braunschweig als auch am RFQ Beschleuniger der Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) in Pelindaba durchgeführt, um das Target zu optimieren und das erzeugte Strahlungsfeld zu charakterisieren. / This thesis is part of a research project whose goal is to develop a novel, non-destructive imaging system to be employed for air freight security. The screening will be performed employing neutron- and gamma-radiation based techniques. One of the critical issues in this project was the absence of an adequate particle source. Thus, a new type of source was developed during this work. The new source consists of four main parts: A pulsed deuteron beam is formed in an ion source (IS) and is fed, via a matching low energy beam transport system (LEBT), into the main accelerator. The latter comprises a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) that produces a deuteron beam with a final energy of 6 MeV. Since pulsing of this beam in the regime of several nanoseconds is mandatory for the application, a novel solution had to be found to apply the required pulsing scheme, without undershoot the required beam charge per pulse. A major challenge in doing so was the combination of pulse length, high bunch charge as well as high repetition rate. This could be achieved by adding a pulsing system in between the LEBT section and RFQ: it consists of a beam-deflection, as well as a beam-bunching element. The deuteron beam is ultimately directed to a wobbling, plasma sprayed boron carbide (B4C) target. This work focuses on an entire physical design as well as simulation work of the pulsing system and RFQ. Furthermore, proof-of-principle experiments concerning a prototype of the pulsing system developed in the framework of this thesis and manufactured by RI Research Instruments GmbH could be performed at a test bench dedicated to this project. To round up the study, the suitability of the target and target reaction was demonstrated during multiple experiments performed at Physikalisch- Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) at Braunschweig as well as the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) in Pelindaba.

In 2019, the two Swedish banks Swedbank and SEB was involved in what has been called one of the largest money laundry scandals. Money laundering is a critical sustainability issue for banks since their operations enable money from corrupt activities to be laundered into the financial system, hence diverts resources from education and health services. Corruption is a difficult topic to manage due to its invisible nature, making it hard to detect and measure compared to emissions or compliance with human rights. In the last decades, there has been an increasing demand for organizations to communicate their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) considerations. However, the flexibility allowed by standards and regulation in this area regarding what to disclose have been argued to undermine the reliability of CSR information. There have been discussions whether the banks had informed stakeholders about the anticorruption risks sufficiently, information that primarily should be communicated through sustainability and annual reports. Previous studies examining CSR reporting quality have found that companies present information in different ways, complicating a comparison of information. They have also found that such disclosure has been used as a strategy to highlight only the good work of a company and omit negative disclosures. This study examines the quality of CSR information that is communicated in annual and sustainability reports of the four largest banks operating in Sweden; Nordea, Handelsbanken, Swedbank, and SEB. Our focus is limited to disclosure about anti-corruption for which the Global reporting initiative (GRI) provides principles in terms of what they asses to be good content and quality. We will use these principles when structuring our categories in our qualitative content analysis with quantitative elements and when we analyse and make conclusions of our results regarding the quality. We use a content analysis model called the Consolidated Narrative Interrogation Model (CONI) which integrate both qualitative and quantitative measures of CSR reporting quality. Our result show that anti-corruption disclosure differs in terms of presentation structure, which requirements from GRI that are applied and how much information that is disclosed. The overall conclusion regarding its quality is that it does not meet the reporting quality principles stated in GRI 101: foundation. We find indications of strategic legitimacy in terms of how banks disclose anti-corruption activities which is critical for the overall reporting practise since its purpose it to constitute an accurate and reliable source of information to stakeholders.

<p>This dissertation addresses a key 21st Century Grand Challenge – "Combatting Nuclear Terrorism”. A principal component associated with addressing this challenge pertains to timely and near real-time detection and tracking of small quantities of special nuclear materials (SNMs); the isotopes of uranium (U-235), and Plutonium (Pu) which constitute the key components of nuclear warheads. Such detection and tracking, especially for shielded U-235 using passive means is virtually impossible due to the extremely faint neutron-photon emission signals from radioactive decay which can be readily masked. Active photon and/or neutron interrogation methods are the only viable means for HEU detection but the field suffers from detector saturation in extreme 10⁴ R h^-1 radiation fields. Pu isotopes in multi-kg levels emanate neutrons from spontaneous fission that offer a means for passive interrogation with directionality, even at low levels assuming novel, high-efficiency detectors are available. Both U-235 and Pu isotopes also emit Rn gas (an alpha radiation emitter) at trace levels, during decay - which offers a possible novel means for identifying the presence of SNMs – from the faint multi Bq m^-3(pCi L^-1) alpha emitting gas and progeny in air - if only a real time sensitive enough detector were available. </p> <p> </p> <p>This thesis work was aimed at filling critical technology gaps, via researching and advancing the field of metastable fluid detector (TMFD) technology pertaining to novel/transformational passive and active (photoneutron) interrogation of SNMs. The results of R&D from this dissertation provide evidence for rapidly and conclusively monitoring for the presence of Rn-222 and progeny in air at ultra-trace (pCi L^-1) levels – even below the action levels mandated by the U.S. EPA by the development of protocols for sampling and detection using centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detectors (CTMFD). </p> <p> </p> <p>For SNM neutron emission (either spontaneous or induced) based active and passive interrogation this dissertation presents evidence for advancing into novel designs, and schemes resulting in 100-1000x enhancements in detection efficiency for the acoustically driven ATMFD architecture in single and array forms. Novel drive modes: a direct (fixed and sweep) resonance mode, and radically novel indirect traveling wave mode were used to expand ATMFD capabilities and efficiencies beyond previous iterations of ATMFD technology. The experimentation work has been coupled with multi-physics theoretical modeling and simulations benchmarked against experimental data. ATMFDs in single and array-based architectures are being investigated for offering a novel, high-efficiency means for passive interrogation of SNMs. Coupled together with the Rn-alpha sensing approach, the ATMFD sensors for neutron monitoring enable a first-of-a-kind transformational dual mode architecture for monitoring both HEU (U-235) and Pu based SNMs.</p> <p> </p> <p>Successful results were also demonstrated for rapid and convincing 9 MeV (end point x-ray) photoneutron based active interrogation of 4.5 kg of depleted uranium in ultra-high gamma background of ~10⁴ R h^-1 using a single CTMFD or ATMFD sensor. Under such intense gamma backgrounds, conventional detectors are known to get saturated and have presented a major challenge. The research from this thesis offers a novel solution for both passive and active SNM interrogation. </p>

Syftet med förekommande studie var att undersöka om polisens attityder till två olika typer av brottslingar, ekobrottslingar respektive sexualbrottslingar skiljde sig åt och om attityden till dessa brottslingar påverkade deras inställning till vilken förhörsstil som borde användas samt om polisen förespråkade en mer dominant förhörsstil vid förhör med misstänkta för sexualbrott jämfört med misstänkta för ekobrott. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar användes en kvantitativ metod med en mellangruppsdesign. En webbenkät i två olika versioner användes, en för ekobrottslingar och en för sexualbrottslingar. Varje enkät bestod sedan av två delar, en som avsåg attityder och en som avsåg förhör. 55 poliser deltog i studien och fördelades genom ett slumpmässigt urval till respektive betingelse. Resultaten visade att det inte fanns några signifikanta skillnader i polisens attityder till ekobrottslingar respektive sexualbrottslingar, inte heller förespråkade polisen en specifik förhörsstil för någon av brottstyperna. Dock visade resultaten på en signifikant prediktion mellan attityd och förhörsstil när det gäller sexualbrottslingar men inte för ekobrottslingar, vilket innebär att attityd predicerar förhörsstilen för sexualbrottslingar men inte för ekobrottslingar. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether police attitudes towards two different types of offenders, economic offenders and sex offenders differed and whether the attitudes towards these offenders influenced their choice of interrogation style and if the police advocated a more dominant interrogation style when questioning suspects for sexual offences compared to suspects of economic offences. In order to answer the study's questions, a quantitative method was used with a between group design. One online survey in two different versions were used, one for economic offenders and one for sex offenders. Each survey then consisted of two parts, one related to attitudes and one related to interrogation. 55 police officers participated in the study and were distributed by random sampling to each condition. The results showed that there were no significant differences in police officer´s attitudes between economic offenders and sexual offenders, nor did the police officer´s advocate a certain interrogation style for any of the crime types. But the results showed a significant prediction between attitude and interrogation style when it comes to sex offenders but not to economic offenders, which means that attitude predict the interrogation style for sex offenders but not for economic offenders.

La littérature sur les entrevues d’enquête du milieu policier a mis en évidence les facteurs associés à la confession. Des recherches ont montré que la confession est associée à des suspects plus jeunes (Deslauriers-Varin & St-Yves, 2010; Viljoen, et al., 2005); des personnes d'origine caucasienne (St-Yves, 2002; Viljoen, et al., 2005); des célibataires (St-Yves, 2002); et le type de crime (Moston et coll., 1992; Phillips et Brown, 1998). La recherche a également examiné le rôle de la quantité et la nature de la preuve (p.ex., Brimbal & Luke, 2019 ; Deslauriers-Varin, et al., 2011, 2020 ; Moston & Engelberg, 2011), la manière dont les preuves sont présentées (p.ex., l'utilisation stratégique des preuves; Clemens et al., 2020 ; Granhag et al., 2013), et le rôle des enquêteurs et des techniques d'enquête (p.ex., May, et al., 2017; Snook et al., 2015; Wachi, et al., 2014). Cependant, la littérature sur l'entrevue d’enquête a mis l'accent sur les mesures de corrélation entre la confession et les variables qui peuvent l'influencer comme si elle était stable dans le temps. Pourtant, il existe des preuves que la confession pourrait être un processus instable influencé par des éléments contextuels. Par exemple, des chercheurs ont évoqué le changement de décision (vers l'aveu ou vers le déni) qui s'opère avec les suspects dans le cadre d'un interrogatoire (Bull & Soukara, 2010; Deslauriers-Varin, et al., 2011a ; Walsh et Bull, 2012). Plus récemment, dans la littérature, les chercheurs se sont engagés dans un virage clair vers une analyse de l'entrevue d’enquête qui prenait en compte des différents aspects dynamiques de la situation tel que l’ordre des comportements dans le temps (p.ex., Kelly, et al., 2016 ; Yang, et al., 2017). Pour participer à ce virage et contribuer à la recherche dans le domaine, nous proposons une nouvelle conceptualisation de l'entrevue d’enquête à travers une nouvelle perspective théorique : la Théorie des Jeux. Une discussion sur la théorie et ses concepts est suivie de deux articles empiriques qui visent à mieux étudier les entrevues. Le premier article explore l'influence mutuelle des deux participants sur l’obtention d’information pertinente à l’enquête. Des entretiens enregistrés sur vidéo liés à l'exploitation sexuelle d'enfants sur internet (n = 130) ont été utilisés et les différents comportements des suspects et des enquêteurs ont été analysés pour déterminer s'ils impliquaient (1) l'établissement d'un rapport/le déni actif, (2) la collaboration, (3) la confrontation, (4) l’émotion/réponse, et (5) l’obtention d'informations liées à l’enquête. Les résultats ont montré que les informations pertinentes à l'enquête sont souvent fournies peu de temps après qu'un suspect a offert des informations supplémentaires ou s’est montré émotif (par exemple, pleure). Lorsque l’enquêteur présente des preuves, la probabilité que des informations supplémentaires soient fournies par le suspect augmente immédiatement. Cependant, établir un rapport avec le suspect est efficace à plus long terme alors qu’un effet positif n'est pas immédiatement observé. En utilisant le même échantillon, la deuxième étude explore l'hétérogénéité des stratégies et des comportements des suspects lors d’une entrevue d’enquête ainsi que la stabilité de ces profils dans le temps puisque les comportements des suspects est un sujet rarement abordé dans la littérature contrairement aux comportements de l’interviewer. L'analyse a permis d'identifier la présence de cinq profils différents : 1) Positif ; 2) Justifiant ; 3) Accepter ; 4) Contrôler ; 5) Irrité. L'analyse temporelle montre également que la majorité des suspects restent dans le même profil au cours de l'entretien. Cette thèse a permis d’instaurer une base théorique et méthodologique pour l'étude des interactions sociales asymétriques à travers l'utilisation de la perspective de la Théorie des Jeux. Plus particulièrement, le contexte de l'entrevue d’enquête des délinquants sexuels en ligne a été observé et les résultats pointent vers le fait que l'interaction sociale qui a lieu dans la salle d'interrogatoire est influencée par les stratégies de l’interviewer et du suspect. De plus, les décisions prises par le suspect aux cours de l’entrevue sont explorées et semblent être associés à leurs préférences. La thèse accorde également une attention particulière à la notion complexe de temps ainsi que son impact sur les comportements et propose une évaluation temporelle continue de l'interaction plutôt que de segmenter l’entrevue tel que vu dans la littérature. Les résultats visent à développer une nouvelle façon d’étudier l’entrevue d’enquête afin d’éventuellement fournir des outils pratiques aux policiers sur le type de stratégies à utiliser selon le temps dont ils disposent et sur le type de suspect avec lequel ils travaillent. Les résultats contribuent également à établir des méthodologies pour l’analyse de d'autres types d'interactions asymétriques qui sont courantes dans le domaine de la criminologie. Considérer l’entrevue d’enquête comme étant une interaction sociale représentant un processus qui évolue dans le temps fournit un point de départ pour la création de directives pratiques pour aider les praticiens à accroître la collaboration des suspects. / The literature on police investigative interviewing has highlighted the factors associated with confession. Research has shown that confession is associated with younger suspects (Deslauriers-Varin & St-Yves, 2010; Viljoen, et al., 2005); individuals of Caucasian origin (St-Yves, 2002; Viljoen, et al., 2005); single individuals (St-Yves, 2002); and individuals who have committed less serious crime (Moston et al., 1992; Phillips & Brown, 1998). Research also examines the role of evidence strength (e.g., Brimbal & Luke, 2019; Deslauriers-Varin, et al., 2011, 2020; Moston & Engelberg, 2011), the way in which evidence is presented (e.g., strategic use of evidence; Clemens et al., 2020; Granhag et al., 2013), and the role of police investigators and investigative techniques (e.g., May, et al., 2017; Snook et al., 2015; Wachi, et al., 2014). However, the literature on investigative interviewing has emphasized measures of correlation between confession and the variables that may influence it as if they were stable over time. Yet, there is evidence that confession could be an unstable process influenced by contextual elements. For example, researchers have raised the change in decision (towards confession or even towards denial) that operates with suspects in the context of an interrogation (Bull & Soukara, 2010, Deslauriers-Varin, et al., 2011a; Walsh & Bull, 2012; Verhoeven, 2018). More recently in the literature, researchers engaged in a clear shift toward a more dynamic analysis of investigative interview (e.g., Kelly, et al., 2016; Yang, et al., 2017). To contribute to the research in this field, we propose a new conceptualization of the investigative interview through a new theoretical perspective: Game Theory. A discussion on the theory and its concept leads to two empirical articles that aim to study interviews more effectively. The first one explores the dynamic influence of both participants, the interviewer and the suspect, on suspect's disclosure. Videotaped interviews related to online child sexual exploitation (n=130) were analyzed and the different behaviors of suspects and interviewers were analyzed to determine if they involved (1) rapport building/active denial, (2) collaboration, (3) confrontation, (4) emotion/response, and (5) elicitation of information related to the case. Results showed that information relevant to the investigation is often provided shortly after a suspect has offered additional information or given responses that meet emotional needs (e.g., justifications). The interviewer’s use of available evidence increases the likelihood that additional information will be provided, while the ability to build a rapport with the suspect is effective in the longer term, even if a positive effect is not immediately observed. The second study explores the heterogeneity of strategies and behaviors of suspects during an interview as well as the stability of those profiles as suspects behaviors is a subject that have been overlooked in the literature contrarily to interviewers behaviors. The analysis helped identify the presence of five different profiles: 1) Positive; 2) Justifying; 3) Accepting; 4) Controlling; 5) Irritated. The temporal analysis also shows that the probability that a suspect will continue to exhibit the same profile over the course of the interview is high. This thesis allows to set a theoretical and methodological basis to the study of asymmetrical interaction through the use of the Game Theory perspective. More particularly, the context of investigative interviewing of online sex offenders has been observed and the results point toward the fact that both the suspect and the interviewer influence the course of the social interaction that takes place in the interrogation room. Moreover, the decisions of the suspects have been explored and seems to be taken according to their preferences. The thesis also gives particular attention to the complex notion of time and its influence on behavior and proposes, in the fourth chapter, a continuous timeline evaluation of the interaction instead of a segmented analysis. The findings help develop a new line of research with innovative methods in order to eventually provide practical tools to police investigators on the matter of the type of strategies to use according to the amount of time they have and on the type of suspect they are working with. The findings also contribute to setting methodologies for other types of asymmetrical interaction which are common in the field of criminology. Seeing the interviews as being an interaction process provides a starting point for the creation of practical guidelines to help practitioners increase suspect collaboration during investigative interviews.

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This work presents the development of a novel and non-invasive method that measures fluid flow rate and temperature in pipes. While current non-invasive flow meters are able to measure pipe flow rate, they cannot simultaneously measure the internal temperature of the fluid flow, which limits their widespread application. Moreover, devices that are able to determine flow temperature are primarily intrusive and require constant maintenance, which can shut down operation, resulting in downtime and economic loss. Consequently, non-invasive flow rate and temperature measurement systems are becoming increasingly attractive for a variety of operations, including for use in leak detection, energy metering, energy optimization, and oil and gas production, to name a few. In this work, a new solution method and parameter estimation scheme are developed and deployed to non-invasively determine fluid flow rate and temperature in a pipe. This new method is utilized in conjunction with a sensor-based apparatus--"namely, the Combined Heat Flux and Temperature Sensor (CHFT+), which employs simultaneous heat flux and temperature measurements for non-invasive thermal interrogation (NITI). In this work, the CHFT+ sensor embodiment is referred to as the British Thermal Unit (BTU) Meter. The fluid's flow rate and temperature are determined by estimating the fluid's convection heat transfer coefficient and the sensor-pipe thermal contact resistance. The new solution method and parameter estimation scheme were validated using both simulated and experimental data. The experimental data was validated for accuracy using a commercially available FR1118P10 Inline Flowmeter by Sotera Systems (Fort Wayne, IN) and a ThermaGate sensor by ThermaSENSE Corp. (Roanoke, VA). This study's experimental results displayed excellent agreement with values estimated from the aforementioned methods. Once tested in conjunction with the non-invasive BTU Meter, the proposed solution and parameter estimation scheme displayed an excellent level of validity and reliability in the results. Given the proposed BTU Meter's non-invasive design and experimental results, the developed solution and parameter estimation scheme shows promise for use in a variety of different residential, commercial, and industrial applications. / MS