Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Würzburg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 531-544).

La masse fissile dans les fûts de déchets radioactifs remplis de résidus métalliques compactés (coques et embouts des combustibles usés) produits à l'usine de retraitement de La Hague est mesurée par interrogation neutronique active, sut l'atelier de compactage de coques et embouts (ACC). Dans le futur, des déchets anciens de cette nature mélangés à des résines échangeuses d'ions seront traités dans cette installation. Ces résines ont pour effet d'augmenter la propriété de modération des neutrons dans la matrice du fût, en comparaison des déchets mesurés actuellement. Dans ce contexte, une méthode de correction des effets de matrice basée sur l'utilisation de la mesure associée d'un moniteur de fût (compteur proportionnel à 3He) a été étudiée. La faisabilité de la méthode a dans un premier temps été étudiée sur la maquette R&D PROMETHEE 6, permettant de mettre en évidence d'une part une bonne corrélation entre le signal du moniteur et les effets de matrice et d'autre part une capacité du code de transport de particule MCNP a reproduire les performances expérimentales de la méthode. Par la suite, les performances finales de l'implantation de cette méthode sur le poste industriel 0-2 en entrée d'ACC ont été évaluées par simulation numérique. Les résultats des calculs concluent à une estimation de la masse fissile résiduelle avec une erreur d'environ un facteur 2, alors que celle-ci pourrait atteindre 2 décades sans la méthode de correction. Par ailleurs, l'analyse des résultats expérimentaux sur la mesure des fûts de la production courante en présence d'un moniteur de fût, établit une corrélation satisfaisante entre des propriétés physiques connues de la matrice pour ce type de déchets (modération et absorption) et le signal du moniteur, démontrant ainsi la fiabilité de l'approche proposée. En conséquence, cette méthode de correction sera implantée sur le poste industriel peut être préconisée pour d'autres dispositifs d'interrogation neutronique active. / The fissile mass in radioactive waste drums filled with compacted metallic residues (spent fuel hulls and nozzles) produced at AREVA La Hague reprocessing plant is measured by neutron interrogation with the Differential Die-away measurement Technique, on the waste compaction facility (ACC). In the future, old hulls and nozzles mixed with ion-exchange resins will be measured. The ion-exchange resins increase neutron moderation in the matrix, compared to the waste measured in the current process. In this context, a matrix effect correction method based on a drum monitor (3He proportional counter) has been studied. The feasibility of the method was first performed with the R&D measurement cell PROMETHEE 6, showing a good correlation between the monitor signal and the matrix effect correction, and the capability of MCNP simulations to reproduce experiments and to estimate the performances of the proposed correction. Therefore, the industrial implementation of the method and the assessment of its final performances have been studied by numerical simulation. Calculations demonstrate that the method allows keeping the highest error on the measured fissile mass below roughly a factor of 2, while the matrix effect without correction ranges on 2 orders of magnitude. In addition, the analysis of experimental data from the current process shows a good correlation between known physical properties of the matrix (moderation and absorption) and the monitor signal, demonstrating the reliability of the proposed approach. According to these satisfactory results, this correction method will be implemented on the industrial station. More generally, this method could be applied to similar waste measurement systems.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-11-12T16:13:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcoaureliojucadasilvajunior.pdf: 2424952 bytes, checksum: 8217d429e23695cdfd64e035686f02db (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T11:04:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcoaureliojucadasilvajunior.pdf: 2424952 bytes, checksum: 8217d429e23695cdfd64e035686f02db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T11:04:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcoaureliojucadasilvajunior.pdf: 2424952 bytes, checksum: 8217d429e23695cdfd64e035686f02db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sensores a fibra óptica tornaram-se uma alternativa popular aos sensores eletrônicos tradicionais devido às suas inúmeras vantagens. Um desafio importante no emprego de sensores ópticos é a interrogação do sensor, isto é, recuperar o valor da medição a partir da saída do sensor. Este trabalho visa a apresentar uma forma simples e eficaz de interrogar um sensor baseado em grade de Bragg em fibra (FBG) utilizando filtros ópticos e métodos computacionais convenientes. Como exemplo, foi escolhido um sensor de temperatura, embora o sistema de interrogação possa lidar com qualquer medição, sendo calibrado adequadamente. Esse sistema de interrogação é capaz de fornecer o valor preciso da temperatura sem medir diretamente o deslocamento do comprimento de onda de ressonância ou realizar qualquer cálculo de Fourier. Os métodos foram implementados e o treinamento realizado utilizando dados simulados. Resultados de simulação são apresentados e comparados a um método tradicional de interrogação. O sistema proposto neste trabalho mostrou um desempenho excelente ao identificar a temperatura a partir da saída do sensor e mostrou maior precisão em relação ao método tradicional apresentado. / Optical fiber sensors have become a popular alternative to traditional electronic sensors due to their numerous advantages. An important challenge in deploying optical sensors is the interrogation of the sensor, that is, recovering the measurement value from the sensor output. This work aims to present a simple yet effective way of interrogating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor using optical filters and suitable computational methods. As an example, a temperature sensor was analyzed, although the interrogation system is able to deal with any measurement, by calibrating it suitably. This interrogation system is capable of giving the precise temperature value without directly measuring the resonance wavelength shift or performing any Fourier calculations. The methods were implemented and the training was accomplished using simulated data. Simulation results are presented and compared to a traditional method of interrogation. The system proposed in this work showed excellent performance in identifying the temperature from the sensor output and showed higher precision than the traditional method presented.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le Web des données offre un environnement de partage et de diffusion des données, selon un cadre particulier qui permet une exploitation des données tant par l’humain que par la machine. Pour cela, le framework RDF propose de formater les données en phrases élémentaires de la forme (sujet, relation, objet) , appelées triplets. Les bases du Web des données, dites bases RDF, sont des ensembles de triplets. Dans une base RDF, l’ontologie – données structurelles – organise la description des données factuelles. Le nombre et la taille des bases du Web des données n’a pas cessé de croître depuis sa création en 2001. Cette croissance s’est même accélérée depuis l’apparition du mouvement du Linked Data en 2008 qui encourage le partage et l’interconnexion de bases publiquement accessibles sur Internet. Ces bases couvrent des domaines variés tels que les données encyclopédiques (e.g. Wikipédia), gouvernementales ou bibliographiques. L’utilisation et la mise à jour des données dans ces bases sont faits par des communautés d’utilisateurs liés par un domaine d’intérêt commun. Cette exploitation communautaire se fait avec le soutien d’outils insuffisamment matures pour diagnostiquer le contenu d’une base ou pour interroger ensemble les bases du Web des données. Notre thèse propose trois méthodes pour encadrer le développement, tant factuel qu’ontologique, et pour améliorer l’interrogation des bases du Web des données. Nous proposons d’abord une méthode pour évaluer la qualité des modifications des données factuelles lors d’une mise à jour par un contributeur. Nous proposons ensuite une méthode pour faciliter l’examen de la base par la mise en évidence de groupes de données factuelles en conflit avec l’ontologie. L’expert qui guide l’évolution de cette base peut ainsi modifier l’ontologie ou les données. Nous proposons enfin une méthode d’interrogation dans un environnement distribué qui interroge uniquement les bases susceptibles de fournir une réponse. / The web of data is a mean to share and broadcast data user-readable data as well as machine-readable data. This is possible thanks to rdf which propose the formatting of data into short sentences (subject, relation, object) called triples. Bases from the web of data, called rdf bases, are sets of triples. In a rdf base, the ontology – structural data – organize the description of factual data. Since the web of datacreation in 2001, the number and sizes of rdf bases have been constantly rising. This increase has accelerated since the apparition of linked data, which promote the sharing and interlinking of publicly available bases by user communities. The exploitation – interrogation and edition – by theses communities is made without adequateSolution to evaluate the quality of new data, check the current state of the bases or query together a set of bases. This thesis proposes three methods to help the expansion at factual and ontological level and the querying of bases from the web ofData. We propose a method designed to help an expert to check factual data in conflict with the ontology. Finally we propose a method for distributed querying limiting the sending of queries to bases that may contain answers.

Post-modern feminist security studies explore how our discourse about gender and war affects the construction of security as a concept. Military narratives valorizing the masculine over the feminine have long marginalized women warriors. In recent years, images of the torture and abuse of detainees have appropriated the representation of women interrogators during the Global War on Terrorism in particular. This research applied interpretative phenomenological analysis to the narratives of women interrogators in order to challenge the silence concerning their lived experiences by addressing how women interrogators understand their experiences both as woman and as interrogators, and how they negotiated socially constructed contradictions between these identities. Based on an analysis of semi-structured interviews with eight participants, the findings produced seven, interrelated themes. First, the findings explored the integration of gender with other markers of identity. Next, the findings demonstrated women interrogators recognize gender as a context-dependent role negotiated within the military institution through the development and demonstration of technical prowess. Then, the findings described interrogation as a complex adaptive system in which women interrogators harnessed to achieve their goals. Finally, the findings determined that the intersection of women interrogators’ identities and their interactions in the context of interrogation operations generated the perception of women interrogators as non-threatening. Women interrogators learned to exploit the meaning of this emergent phenomenon through introspection and the development of self-awareness.

It has been two decades since the terrorist attacks on September 11. These events were the starting shot for the US war on terrorism, which has resulted in extreme challenges for human rights treaties. Several people have fallen victim to the US protection measures, which have included a detention and interrogation program and extraordinary renditions. The US protection measures have resulted in military invasions, kidnappings, detentions, and acts of torture. Even though black sites are no longer secret, has nobody ever been held responsible for these crimes. The question of who should be held responsible for the systematic violations of the United States is therefore necessary to discuss as this is a problem that characterizes the international legal system still today. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the US legal argument for justifying enhanced interrogation techniques and extraordinary renditions is consistent with the human rights treaties. The study examines the extent to which the US exercises jurisdiction over people who are subject to extraordinary renditions. Furthermore, it is also important to investigate if extraordinary renditions conflict with two treaties that have been approved in the United States and consequently the legitimacy of the arguments will be tested against CAT and ICCPR. The problem has been analysed in the light of jurisdiction. The interpretation of the concept of jurisdiction in general international law and human rights treaties constitutes an essential issue regarding states’ responsibilities to uphold and respect the human rights within the research area and research questions. The study focuses primarily on the question of when a state has obligations under human right treaties outside of its own territory. The issue of jurisdiction has been discussed primarily in international courts since Bankovic. The investigation shows that people that have been subject to extraordinary renditions as well as the detention and interrogation program fall under US jurisdiction. According to case law, the study establishes that the United States exercises effective control over the people in the event of extraordinary renditions. Moreover, the study claims that state responsibility can be attributed to the US for having failed in its obligations to respect and protect human rights in the war on terrorism.

No description available.

Miranda abilities, individual characteristics, and contextual factors are critical elements to evaluate in determining the validity of Miranda rights waivers and confessions. Research indicates that many individuals waive their Miranda rights without adequate comprehension or reasoning. In addition, personality characteristics of suggestibility and compliance are key factors influencing waiver decisions. Furthermore, scholars found that situational anxiety likewise impairs Miranda abilities and waiver decisions. Previous research has investigated the effects of Miranda abilities, individual characteristics, and contextual factors on Miranda waivers and confessions by utilizing confession paradigms. A methodological limitation of these paradigms is the lack of volition and autonomy in committing the accused acts of wrongdoings. The current study of undergraduate students advances previous research through examining the detrimental impact of false accusations of wrongdoings committed independently and intentionally using a novel paradigm. This thesis sought to further the understanding of the effects of Miranda abilities (i.e., comprehension and reasoning), personality characteristics (i.e., suggestibility and compliance), and situational factors (i.e., false accusation) in relation to Miranda waivers and confession decisions. The final sample included 87 undergraduate students, of whom approximately 97% waived their rights and 40% falsely confessed to the wrongdoing. The results indicate that Miranda reasoning, suggestibility, and compliance significantly predict the likelihood of false confession. These findings can be used to inform policy changes as well as the evaluations of the validity of Miranda waivers and confessions.

While much research has shown that some linguistic features can indicate a person is lying, this line of research has led to conflicting results. Furthermore, very little research has been done to verify that these supposed linguistic features of deception are universal. In addition, few studies have researched the cross-cultural perceptions of deception, which knowledge could greatly improve the detection of deception across cultures. The current study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing and comparing truthful and deceptive discourse of eight native English-speaking Americans and eight non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The discourse was elicited in one-on-one interviews where each interviewee spontaneously responded to questions about themselves. Later, interviewee responses were judged by 47 native English-speaking Americans and 35 non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The results showed that Americans and Ghanaians lie differently—Americans' lies were more superfluous and redundant; had more pronoun inconsistencies, adjectives, adverbs, and modal verbs; and had fewer negative emotion words than their truths. Ghanaians' lies, on the other hand, also had more pronoun inconsistencies but had fewer negations than their truths. Furthermore, the groups' baseline speech differed in superfluousness, positive emotion words, word count, and response latency. Regarding detecting deception, Ghanaians were slightly more accurate and significantly more confident in detecting lies than Americans. Both groups were slightly more accurate and confident in judging the veracity of statements within their own cultures. Neither group, however, demonstrated truth- or lie-bias cross-culturally. These results have implications for law enforcement investigators and analysts who can learn the differences between Americans' and Ghanaians' truthful and deceptive speech so as to more accurately detect deception through language. In addition, cross-cultural deception perception research can improve cross-cultural communication and understanding.