The aim of this essay is to describe and analyse the legal complications that arise in connection with preliminary investigations involving several juvenile offenders, where all suspected persons have not attained the age of criminal liability. It is also intended to give a broad analysis of the concept preliminary investigation, with particular emphasis on juvenile offenders. It further analyses the legislation and legal complications on the basis of a rule of law perspective. The method previously used is court dogmatic, where in front law text, preparatory work, case law and legal doctrine have been used in order to present the existing sources relating to the subject matter of discussion. The criminal investigative bodies consider juvenile offenders are regulated under the Swedish RB 23 - 28 chapters, FUK and LUL. The fundamental basis used in deciding whether to commence a preliminary investigation, is that of evidence gathered and if it can be reasonably concluded that a crime has been committed under general legislation. A preliminary investigation is initiated and led by either the police authority or the prosecutor. The preliminary investigation is always led by the prosecutor in serious criminal matters. There are certain specific rules that apply when juvenile offenders become the subject of a criminal investigation. The rules applied vary dependant upon and with due regard to the age of the offenders. The age of criminal liability is a crucial and definite factor in this context, where by preliminary investigations can be initiated only against young people that have attained an age of 15 years, but not against those yet to have reached that age. Criminal investigations may however under certain circumstances be initiated against juvenile offenders that have not reached the age of 15 years, as per LUL 31§. The most significant conclusion reached is that the rule of law be applied and met when young people become subjects of a criminal investigation. A majority of the regulations contained within the legislation limit and make the investigative process problematic, particular emphasis being under the interrogation process and the use of means of compulsion. A discussion or inquiry should be entered with regard to the effectiveness of the preliminary investigative process pertaining to juvenile offenders, with a means to improving the procedure whilst maintaining rule of law.

Emily Dickinson, with a soul passing beyond the confines of mainstream gender ideology, religiosity, natural theology, transcendentalism, and literary conventions, creates the sublime in her poetry, which demonstrates her realization and manipulation of inspiring thoughts and liberating movements experienced where diverse conscience stirrings, ideologies, ideas, axioms and discourses intersect. Dickinsonian sublime offers an example for Jean-François Lyotard¡¦s discourses on the modern and postmodern sublime, which coincidentally mirror Dickinson¡¦s time, her personal response and reaction. Liberating herself from the confines of gender ideology as well as female literary conventions, Dickinson invents her own self and identity, suggesting differences among women, who can be discontinuous and multiple instead of being a category with ¡§ontological integrity¡¨ (Judith Butler, Gender Trouble 23). She embodies a writer who creates according to her nature and experience as a sensitive person constantly investigating inwardly and outwardly, blurring traditionally-assigned gender distinctions, alternating between various roles, and reversing gendered traits instead of just being a subordinate advocate of mainstream domesticity, gender identity, or religiosity. Not traveling on the path constructed by the traditional theological system but abolishing its authority over her thoughts, attitudes, deeds, or interpretations and manipulation of language, Dickinson interrogates received doctrines and develops her own understanding of religion, idiosyncratic employment of the Bible, and definition of language. Inspired but not dominated by new sciences, natural theology, or transcendentalism, Dickinson cultivates and reinforces her ability to analyze, judge, and examine things ¡§without respite, without rest, in one direction¡¨ but in all directions (Ralph Waldo Emerson, ¡§Intellect¡¨ 179), transcending the confines of both natural theology and optimistic transcendentalism while displaying her ¡§active soul,¡¨ "power of forming great conceptions¡¨ and ¡§vehement and inspired passion¡¨ (Longinus, ¡§On the Sublime¡¨ 80) and intending to be what is advocated in Emerson¡¦s ¡§The American Scholar¡¨¡X ¡§Man Thinking¡¨ (64). Not conforming to literary traditions, Dickinson enters a realm of artistic experiment, representing a great poet reflecting the individualism and potentiality of American poetry in her age as well as in the modern and postmodern periods. Not making her readers passive receivers of messages or meanings, her idiosyncratic methods in rhyme, language, images, and syntax promote ¡§the sense of palpitant vigor¡¨ (Amy Lowell 7) and sublimity, repeatedly challenging, deconstructing, or activating her readers¡¦ thinking and various faculties. As a self-reliant nonconformist experimenter with a Socratic philosophic spirit, her poetry of ¡§possibility¡¨ provokes ¡§polymorphous,¡¨ multiple, ¡§psychological¡¨ inspirations and creates a subjective, dynamical, and liberatory sublime.

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used for the study and characterization of catalytic and electrocatalytic processes occurring at electrodes. The Surface Interrogation mode (SI-SECM) was introduced for the detection and quantification of adsorbed intermediates and products of catalyzed chemical and electrochemical reactions at noble metals (Pt, Au). In SI-SECM two micro electrodes (i.e. an SECM tip and a substrate of the desired material) are aligned concentrically at a micrometric distance where SECM feedback effects operate. A contrast mechanism based on feedback effects allows for the detection of reactive adsorbed intermediates at the substrate: the SECM tip generates a reactive homogeneous species that “micro-titrates” the substrate adsorbates to yield an electrochemical signal that contains information about the amount of intermediate and about its kinetics of reaction with the redox mediator. The technique was used for the study of the reactivity of three model small adsorbates: 1) the reactivity of adsorbed oxygen on Au and Pt with a reducing mediator was explored and suggested the detection of “incipient oxides” at these surfaces; kinetic parameters of the reactivity of Pt oxides with mediators were obtained, fit to theory and used to explain observations about the electrocatalytic behavior of Pt under anodizing conditions; 2) the reactivity of oxidizing mediators with adsorbed hydrogen on Pt was studied and showed the cation of N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to be a successful interrogation agent, the detection of hydrogen generated by the decomposition of formic acid on Pt at open circuit was investigated; 3) electrogenerated bromine was used to catalytically interrogate carbon monoxide at Pt, this reaction was previously unreported. The mentioned applications of SECM were validated through the use of digital simulations of diffusion in the complex SECM geometry through flexible commercial finite element method software. / text

The treaty verification field is of renewed importance as continued nuclear weapons disarmament is prioritized nationally in partnership with other nuclear weapons states. This interest has led to research and development on technologies that could support future U.S. verification missions. A technology employing pulses of high-energy photons from an electron linear accelerator is one technique under consideration. High-energy photons are advantageous as an interrogation source because they penetrate thick shielding and can generate neutrons inside a measurement object. The neutrons would then multiply when presented with an object containing fissile material and allow for detection in a time domain immediately after the pulse. The purpose of this work was to develop an understanding of neutron behavior following a high-energy photon pulse and then develop a tool set to analyze data from this region to determine if a measurement object contains multiplying material, the mass of that material if present, and the moderation in the measurement object. Results indicate the tool sets developed were able to determine multiplication was present accurately in 3 out of 4 realistic verification objects. Additionally the state of the moderation in each object was able to be determined, and the mass could potentially be determined by calibrating to representative samples.

This thesis explores the inverse problem of optical tomography applied to two-dimensional heterogeneous domains. The neutral particle transport equation was used as the forward model to simulate how neutral particles stream through and interact within these heterogeneous domains. A constrained optimization technique that uses Newton's method served as the basis of the inverse problem. The capabilities and limitations of the presented method were explored through various two-dimensional domains. The major factors that influenced the ability of the optimization method to reconstruct the cross sections of these domains included the locations of the sources used to illuminate the domains, the number of separate experiments used in the reconstruction, the locations where measurements were collected, the optical thickness of the domain, the amount of signal noise and signal bias applied to the measurements, and the initial guess for the cross section distribution. All of these factors were explored for problems with and without scattering. Increasing the number of sources, measurements and experiments used in the reconstruction generally produced more successful reconstructions with less error. Using more sources, experiments and measurements also allowed for optically thicker domains to be reconstructed. The maximum optical thickness that could be reconstructed with this method was ten mean free paths for pure absorber domains and two mean free paths for domains with scattering. Applying signal noise and signal bias to the measured fluxes produced more error in the reconstructed image. Generally, Newton's method was more successful at reconstructing domains from an initial guess for the cross sections that was greater in magnitude than their true values than from an initial guess that was lower in magnitude.

This thesis has explored the context of police interviews with suspects of serious crimes. Focus group studies, a case study and additional interviews have shown several aspects of information flow, decision making, interviewing tactics, human rights and tacit knowledge as these interviews are planned, performed and evaluated. The informants, homicide investigators, describe their work as an information generating and information evaluating process. They apply a series of methods, e. g. different forms of tactics in the use of investigative information during the police interviews. Based on the informants’ description and the case study, their methods seem to have research evidence in general, where such is available. The informants specifically stress the important role of planning and evaluation. The investigative process generates a vast amount of situations where decision making is needed. In these, the bases for the decisions are mainly the information flow of the investigation, which tends to be obscure and in constant change. The investigators’ decision making is thereby exposed to the risk of confirmation bias. The informants express an ambition to work objectively and to presume the suspects’ innocence. However, this generates a psychological conflict, which might affect the human rights of the suspect in negative ways. The informants describe several ways to handle this conflict. The informants describe that they have several concerns when making decisions. These can be categorized as legal, organizational and tactical concerns. Taken together, legal rule conflicts and the organizational ambition to lead the investigators in a target oriented way using quantitative measures, result in strong incitements for investigations to be finalized when they are good enough, rather than when they are good. The informants describe their profession as one where it is possible to develop expertise and where tacit knowledge plays an important role. When previous research on tacit knowledge is combined with the interview results, there seems to be a level between the tacit and the explicit knowledge. I have called this low-key knowledge. This low-key knowledge can be verbalized in the proper context in communication among those initiated in the subject at hand. The low-key knowledge also seems to risk being over-voiced in certain contexts.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a new interrogation tactic named Mockingbird. The tactic is derived from a growing tradition within the science of interrogation. The tradition emphasizes creating a working relationship between the interviewer and the informant, while previous interrogation work has valued a more formal approach. The Mockingbird-tactic is developed to elicit specific information from the informant without the informant perceiving that this information has been shared. The aim of this study is to compare the Mockingbird-tactic against the tactic of asking an explicit question with regards to which information that is elicited. The aim of the study is also to compare the two tactics regarding the informant's perception of what information has been requested and shared. The research questions was formulated as follows: "Which of the interrogation tactics is more effective when it comes to generating specific information?" and "How does the tactics affect the informants perception of requested and shared information?" A total of 53 individuals participated in the experiment that was followed up by a verbal questionnaire. The data was analyzed with Chi2-tests and showed that asking an explicit question was more effective regarding generating specific information. The effectiveness of the Mockingbird tactic was dependent on the topic which the confederate was looking for. The informant’s perception of requested and shared information was not statistically analyzed due to inadequate data. Only eight out of 52 participants perceived that specific information was requested / Studiens syfte är att utforska en nyutvecklad förhörstaktik vid namn Mockingbird, vilken är sprungen ur en framväxande tradition inom forskning kring förhörstekniker. Traditionen grundar sig på att skapa en fungerande relation mellan parterna i ett förhör, medan tidigare förhörsarbete mer utgjorts av en formell intervjusituation. Mockingbird syftar till att få ut specifik information från informanten utan att informanten upplever sig ha lämnat denna specifika information. Syftet med studien är att jämföra Mockingbird-taktiken med taktiken explicit fråga med avseende på vilken information som utlämnas. Studiens syfte är även att jämföra informanternas upplevelse av efterfrågad och lämnad information vid de två taktikerna. Frågorna "Vilken av förhörstaktikerna är mest effektiv för att generera specifik information?" och "Hur påverkar de två olika taktikerna informanternas upplevelse av efterfrågad och lämnad information?" undersöktes med hjälp av ett experiment och uppföljande samtal i form av muntliga enkäter, med 53 deltagare. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av Chi-2-test vilka visade att den explicita frågan var mest effektiv i att generera specifik information. Vid användande av Mockingbird-taktiken var ämnet avgörande för svarsbenägenheten. Informanternas upplevelse av efterfrågad och lämnad information analyserades inte statistiskt på grund av otillräcklig data. Endast åtta av 52 försökspersoner upplevde att specifik information efterfrågades.

This thesis entitled "Psychological Aspects of Interrogation of Children" deals with the psychological aspects of interrogation of sexually abused children aged six to twelve. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first section consists of five chapters and it focuses on theoretical knowledge. There is described expert knowledge about children´s development, interrogation, the output interrogation, i.e. testimony, and specifics of interrogation of children. The second part processes the results of the actual research. The research objective of the thesis was to identify psychological aspects which affect the interrogation of children, to determine and describe them. In this thesis qualitative research was used to achieve the aim, especially a part of the grounded theory method. In my research I termed eleven categories aspects which influence the interrogation of children. These categories are described in detail in the chapters entitled Result and they are discussed in detail. This thesis can serve to individual institutions involved in criminal proceedings concerning juvenile offenders as well as to general public.

Les ontologies sont utilisées pour la représentation et l’interrogation de connaissances d’un domaine précis et peuvent être représentées en partie à l’aide des logiques de description légères. Ces ontologies peuvent être issues de plusieurs sources dont les données sont plus ou moins complétés, ainsi certaines données peuvent être incomplètes ou incohérentes empêchant la déduction d’autres données. L’Answer Set Programming (ASP) est un langage de programmation logique non-monotone à base de règles permettant de représenter des données incomplètes mais il ne permet pas de représenter les logiques de description légères. Les règles existentielles généralisent les logiques de description légères et forment aussi un langage de programmation logique mais ne permettant pas la définition d’exceptions. A partir d’une étude théorique d’ASP et des règles existentielles nous proposons de regrouper en un seul formalisme ces deux langages, nous définissons le formalisme des programmes non-monotones existentiels permettant de traiter un programme provenant d’une ontologie avec exceptions. Cette extension a pour but de généraliser à la fois ASP et les règles existentielles et d’utiliser la puissance des solveurs ASP pour raisonner sur des ontologies avec exceptions. Cette étude propose d’approfondir les travaux sur la décidabilité d’un programme avec l’extension aux programmes non-monotones existentiels. Nous proposons aussi d’améliorer les résultats lies à l’interrogation d’un programme ASP ainsi qu’une implémentation d’une extension du solveur ASPeRiX pour traiter les programmes non-monotones existentiels. / Ontologies are meant to represent or to queryknowledge from a precise domain and can berepresented, in part, by logic formalisms such thatdescription logics. These ontologies can be providedby several sources where knowledge is more or lesscomplete, hence some data can be incomplete orincoherent preventing the deduction of other data.Answer Set Programming (ASP) formalism is anon-monotonic logic programming language based onrules, often used in knowledge representation, whichhas the feature to represent incomplete data.However, it’s impossible to represent lite descriptionlogics in ASP, because of existential variables in rules.Existential rules generalize lite description logics andalso form a programmation logic language that butdoesn’t offer the possibility to represent exceptions.Based on a theoritical study of ASP and existentialrules, we propose to gather both languages in aunique formalism, we define non-monotonic existentialprogram allowing to deal with ontology withexceptions. This extension aims to generalize bothASP and existential rules program and to use theefficiency of ASP solvers to reason on ontologies withexceptions. This thesis propose to deepen worksabout entailment and decidability of a non-monotonicexistential program. Another result from this study isthe improvement of interrogation in ASP and theimplementation of an extension of the ASPeRiX solverto deal with non-monotonic existential programs.

This thesis deals with the description of the human voice from the forensic phonetic perspective. At the beginning of the theoretical part, some important cases from the history of this field are mentioned, as well as the attitude of judges to the voice as evidence.The main tasks of forensic phonetics are then briefly presented. The remainder of the theoretical part is devoted to summarizing the existing knowledge from the field of audiovisual perception and comparison of voice description and face description, including several concrete examples of systematic approaches to obtaining these descriptions, both for professional purposes and for the needs of investigators in practise. The aim of the practical part is to compare the initial uninstructed, naive description of the voice of selected speakers, obtained from the respondents in a simulated police questioning, followed by an instructed systematic description according to the interrogation protocol, which uses the layman's formulation of the individual questions instead of the original phonetic terminology, and illustrative sound samples to make it easier for the respondents to understand the protocol and to give a more detailed account of the heard voice. The first part of the results analysis is devoted primarily to the naive testimony of the...