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Cardiovascular risk factors have expanded to include personality and other psychological characteristics. Negative affect (NA) has a longstanding history in cardiovascular health, but the path by which NA leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is yet to be defined. The following study examined the relationship of high NA and low extroversion (EX) with physiological cardiovascular markers in a sample of non-medical, professional adults. Our results indicated that individuals high in NA and low in EX displayed a significantly lower platelet count and a significantly higher mean platelet volume. Individuals high in NA displayed a significantly lower cholesterol risk ratio, while individuals high in EX displayed significantly higher platelet counts. Personality was not significantly related to blood pressure, high or low density lipoproteins. Understanding the relationships among psychological variables and physiological markers will help clinical researchers design interventions that reduce the likelihood of CVD.

This study was based on The Big Five theoretical framework with focus on the extraversion factor, and its purpose was to assess how we value introverted and extraverted personality traits. A hypothesis was that ratings of extraversion-related adjectives would be higher than ratings of introversion-related adjectives. Another hypothesis was established to test if the ratings would differ between genders. The study included sixty-three participants (Age M = 23, SD = 3,6; 37 females; 26 males) who rated adjective words related to personality traits on the spectrum of introversion and extraversion on a Likert scale from one through seven. Results showed that extraversion related adjectives were rated higher than introversion adjectives and in terms of gender, males did not differ in their ratings of introversion and extraversion adjectives, however, females rated extraversion higher than introversion. In addition to considering personality adjectives as positive or negative, participants also answered the 20-Item Mini IPIP personality test, to explore whether our preference can be associated with our own personality. Results showed that the ratings of extraverted personality adjectives had a significant positive correlation with the extraversion factor in the IPIP, and the ratings for introverted adjectives showed a negative correlation, however it did not remain significant after a Bonferroni correction.

The conceptualization of the personality construct of introversion has been problematic since the term's inception due to the complexity and seemingly self-contradictory nature of the collection of attributes of which it is comprised. To advance the understanding of introversion, I propose that it is a continuous segment of the non-clinical part of the autism spectrum, and that it is not the same as the inverse of extraversion. When introversion and autism are placed on the same continuum, the nature of the relationship of the traits becomes more apparent, and new possibilities are available for exploration of both autism and introversion. This review of literature traces the origins and development of the concept of introversion and places it on the autism spectrum, demonstrating the apparent synonymous nature of the traits despite varying degrees of severity in expression. The current factorial structure of introversion demonstrates how autistic features interact to produce the personality dimension. Other factors, including genetic predisposition, relationships to the clinical and non-clinical symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum expression, and neurological findings that support the correlation will be considered. Finally, suggestions for future research and possible theoretical and empirical implications and applications are explored.

This research aims to investigate the role of employee's personality type (most specifically introversion/extraversion) in the service recovery process. Toe literature review suggests that introverts and extraverts exhibit unique traits. Toe researcher hypothesizes that those traits associated with most extraverts may inhibit their performance in the service recovery process. It is believed their consistent tendencies to talk in argumentative tones, ill attention span, and disregard direction can have damaging results on the recovery process. Based on the research objectives, a survey was designed and data was collected from a sample of approximately 140 students in an Introduction to hospitality management or Guest service management class from the Rosen College of Hospitality Management, at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida. Toe participants who ranked in the extreme levels of introversion or extraversion responses were used. Their information was then analyzed using statistical programs and tested for main effects. Toe research findings suggest there is a relationship between personality and the service recovery process. Though two hypotheses were not supported by the data, the data analysis results supported the hypothesis that extraverts have a greater capability for empowerment. It is believed further investigation will reveal other human resource management issues for which personality will play a significant role in.

The purpose of this research is to investigate if there is a significant difference in literacy skills between Level-Two extroverts and introverts after three years of English instruction at the community-college level.

The researcher is concerned about the lack of attention given to withdrawn early adolescents (WEAs) at school. During early adolescence, the foundations for lasting character, personality traits and social interaction are laid. Learners exhibiting withdrawal behaviour are described as being quiet, reserved, removed or distant. Attempts by educators to get them involved in lessons often end in failure and this causes educators to become frustrated and confused about how to deal with these learners. The aim of this study is therefore to establish the factors that contribute to withdrawal behaviour in early adolescents. The researcher devised an identification instrument that makes the identification of WEAs much easier for educators. He also established the deep seated fears and anxieties of WEAs and ascertained how they would like to be treated by their educators. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

O Câncer de Esôfago é uma das neoplasias mais agressivas do trato gastrointestinal; é considerado como a nona neoplasia mais comum no mundo, além de ter altas taxas de mortalidade. A doença pode ser desencadeada por hábitos de vida, tais como etilismo e tabagismo, e também por fatores intrínsecos ao indivíduo. De todo modo, interfere significativamente em vários setores da vida do sujeito. Uma doença como o câncer pode conter uma tentativa simbólica para compensar uma atitude unilateral do indivíduo, ao relacionar-se com o ambiente e consigo mesmo. Acredita-se que conhecer aspectos do funcionamento e da dinâmica psíquica do sujeito pode contribuir para o foco do tratamento psicológico, de forma a propiciar intervenções psicológicas precoces e a auxiliar as demais equipes assistenciais nos cuidados e no modo de interação com o paciente. Entre elementos da estrutura psíquica do sujeito, buscou-se a tipologia psicológica dos referidos pacientes; para tanto, foi utilizado o Questionário de avaliação tipológica - QUATI (Zacharias, 2003). Além disso, valemo-nos de aspectos contidos na avaliação psicológica, rotina da instituição, com a finalidade de acessarmos as particularidades de cada um dos pacientes, especialmente no que se refere à reação ao diagnóstico e ao significado atribuído à doença. O estudo pode ser considerado como transversal, exploratório e descritivo. Foram incluídos 90 pacientes, derivados de análise estatística. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa pacientes maiores de 18 anos com diagnóstico de câncer de esôfago; com ensino fundamental completo; virgens de tratamento; atendidos em primeira consulta, no ambulatório de cirurgia do aparelho digestivo, do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP-HCFMUSP). Encontramos esses pacientes em sala de espera da consulta médica, onde foram informados sobre o objetivo da pesquisa; e, àqueles que aceitaram participar, foi aplicado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, seguido da avaliação psicológica (rotina da instituição) e aplicação do instrumento. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte da nossa amostra tem uma atitude introvertida. O tipo psicológico mais comum foi o introvertido sensação, com função auxiliar sentimento. A partir da avaliação psicológica, constatou-se uma variedade de mecanismos defensivos para minimização da angústia. A grande parte dos pacientes valeu-se de defesas adaptativas diante do processo de adoecimento. Conclui-se que, no atendimento com esses pacientes, torna-se necessária uma postura prática e objetiva dos profissionais de saúde, em que se busque fornecer orientações com base na realidade dos pacientes, assim como ter um modo de agir empático, com o estabelecimento de vínculo significativo, mas respeitando os limites dos pacientes, sobretudo ao que se refere à forma reservada e introspectiva de interagirem com o mundo e com as pessoas que os cercam / Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, and can be triggered by life habits such as alcoholism and smoking and factors intrinsic to the individual. A disease such as cancer can hold a symbolic attempt to compensate for a onesided attitude of the individual. It is believed that knowing aspects of the psychic dynamics of the person, can contribute to the focus of a psychological treatment, in order to provide early psychological interventions, as well as assisting other attending teams in the care of and interaction with the patient. Among the psychic structure elements of a subject, we looked for the psychological typology of these patients. Typological Assessment Questionnaire was used to evaluate the psychological typology. In addition, we drew on aspects from within the psychological assessment, routine of the institution, in order to access the particularities of each one of the patients, especially concerning their reaction to the diagnosis and the meaning attributed to the disease. Ninety patients were included. They were over 18 years old, having completed middle-school education, diagnosed with esophageal cancer, and interviewed during their first medical appointment at the Digestive Surgery Clinic at the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP-HCFMUSP). We met these patients in the waiting room, where they were informed of the purpose of the survey. Those who agreed to participate, were given the terms of free and informed consent, followed by a psychological evaluation and the application of the instrument used. The results indicated a predominant introverted attitude. The most common psychological type was the introverted feeling, with feeling as a secondary function. From this psychological evaluation, we found a variety of defensive mechanisms to minimize the anguish. Most of the patients made use of adaptive defenses when facing the illness process. Therefore, when attending these patients, health professionals must have a practical and objective posture, seeking to guide the patients according to their reality. In addition, they should be empathetic in their manner, establishing significant bond, but respecting the patients\' limits, especially when it comes to their reserved and introspective way of interacting with the world and the people around them

O conhecimento de características das pessoas auxilia a individualizar a maneira de estruturar a prática de tarefas, o fornecimento de informação e a seleção de pessoas mais aptas a desempenhar certas funções. Há evidências de que essas características individuais, como traços de personalidade, podem afetar a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Investigar o efeito de diferentes estruturas de prática na aquisição de uma habilidade motora em indivíduos extrovertidos e introvertidos foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Noventa e seis universitários de ambos os sexos foram selecionados depois de responder o EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). A tarefa envolveu o pressionamento seqüencial de teclas em duas fases: aquisição (108 tentativas, em três variações da tarefa, exceto os grupos de prática constante, que executaram apenas uma variação) e transferência (imediata e atrasada, cada uma com 12 tentativas). Os participantes foram alocados em seis grupos de prática, formados com a combinação do traço Extroversão/Introversão e a estrutura de prática (constante, blocos e aleatória). As medidas envolveram o erro global, o erro de timing relativo e o erro de timing absoluto. Os resultados indicaram que, além de ter havido aprendizagem da tarefa motora, o desempenho dos introvertidos em relação aos extrovertidos foi melhor no início da aquisição e pior na transferência. Conclui-se que, independentemente da estrutura de prática, as características individuais relativas à Extroversão/Introversão influenciam não só o desempenho, mas também a aprendizagem motora / The knowledge of personal characteristics aids to individualize the way practice is scheduled and information is provided, as well as to selecting better suitable people to carry out certain functions. There is evidence that these individual characteristics, for instance personality traits, might affect the learning of motor skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different practice schedules on the acquisition of a motor skill in extraverts and introverts. 96 undergraduate students were selected after answering the EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). The task involved a sequential key-press and the design comprised two phases: acquisition (108 trials, at three task variations, except the constant groups, which performed only one variation) and transfer (immediate and delayed, 12 trials each). The participants were allocated in one of six practice groups, formed by the combination of Extraversion/Introversion trait and the practice schedule (constant, blocked and random). Measurement involved global error, relative timing error and absolute timing error. The results showed that, not only did learning occur, but also the performance of introverts, in comparison with extraverts, was higher at the beginning of acquisition and lower on transfer. As a conclusion, regardless of the practice schedule, individual characteristics of Extraversion/Introversion have influence over motor performance, as well as over motor learning

O conhecimento de características das pessoas auxilia a individualizar a maneira de estruturar a prática de tarefas, o fornecimento de informação e a seleção de pessoas mais aptas a desempenhar certas funções. Há evidências de que essas características individuais, como traços de personalidade, podem afetar a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras. Investigar o efeito de diferentes estruturas de prática na aquisição de uma habilidade motora em indivíduos extrovertidos e introvertidos foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Noventa e seis universitários de ambos os sexos foram selecionados depois de responder o EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). A tarefa envolveu o pressionamento seqüencial de teclas em duas fases: aquisição (108 tentativas, em três variações da tarefa, exceto os grupos de prática constante, que executaram apenas uma variação) e transferência (imediata e atrasada, cada uma com 12 tentativas). Os participantes foram alocados em seis grupos de prática, formados com a combinação do traço Extroversão/Introversão e a estrutura de prática (constante, blocos e aleatória). As medidas envolveram o erro global, o erro de timing relativo e o erro de timing absoluto. Os resultados indicaram que, além de ter havido aprendizagem da tarefa motora, o desempenho dos introvertidos em relação aos extrovertidos foi melhor no início da aquisição e pior na transferência. Conclui-se que, independentemente da estrutura de prática, as características individuais relativas à Extroversão/Introversão influenciam não só o desempenho, mas também a aprendizagem motora / The knowledge of personal characteristics aids to individualize the way practice is scheduled and information is provided, as well as to selecting better suitable people to carry out certain functions. There is evidence that these individual characteristics, for instance personality traits, might affect the learning of motor skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different practice schedules on the acquisition of a motor skill in extraverts and introverts. 96 undergraduate students were selected after answering the EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). The task involved a sequential key-press and the design comprised two phases: acquisition (108 trials, at three task variations, except the constant groups, which performed only one variation) and transfer (immediate and delayed, 12 trials each). The participants were allocated in one of six practice groups, formed by the combination of Extraversion/Introversion trait and the practice schedule (constant, blocked and random). Measurement involved global error, relative timing error and absolute timing error. The results showed that, not only did learning occur, but also the performance of introverts, in comparison with extraverts, was higher at the beginning of acquisition and lower on transfer. As a conclusion, regardless of the practice schedule, individual characteristics of Extraversion/Introversion have influence over motor performance, as well as over motor learning