The aim of my thesis is to describe and to compare individual aspects of invalid and putative marriage in the Czech Republic and the Netherlands and to analyse the reasons which lead to existence of these marriages. The reason for which I have chosen this topic is the fact that marriage is one of the most important legal institutions of family law and since the commencement of the new statute 89/2012 Sb., some requirements for marriage have been changed. The Dutch law is based on very similar principles as the Czech law, but the application of these principles is different in many ways. The thesis is composed of six chapters, the introduction and the conclusion. The first chapter of my thesis characterizes marriage as a legal institution in terms of its concept, purpose and function. It also compares marriage to other forms of living arrangements that are possible in the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on formation of marriage, the possible forms of entering into marriage, and analyses the conditions that must be met in the marriage to be valid, including special requirements for entering into marriage in unusual situations. The next chapter characterizes the legal consequences of marriage defects depending on their severity. The fourth chapter deals with invalid marriage and divides...

Most neural networks use a normal convolutional layer that assumes that all input pixels are valid pixels. However, pixels added to the input through padding result in adding extra information that was not initially present. This extra information can be considered invalid. Invalid pixels can also be inside the image where they are referred to as holes in completion tasks like image inpainting. In this work, we look for a method that can handle both types of invalid pixels. We compare on the same test bench two methods previously used to handle invalid pixels outside the image (Partial and Edge convolutions) and one method that was designed for invalid pixels inside the image (Gated convolution). We show that Partial convolution performs the best in image classification while Gated convolution has the advantage on semantic segmentation. As for hotel recognition with masked regions, none of the methods seem appropriate to generate embeddings that leverage the masked regions. / Master of Science / A module at the heart of deep neural networks built for Artificial Intelligence is the convolutional layer. When multiple convolutional layers are used together with other modules, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is obtained. These CNNs can be used for tasks such as image classification where they tell if the object in an image is a chair or a car, for example. Most CNNs use a normal convolutional layer that assumes that all parts of the image fed to the network are valid. However, most models zero pad the image at the beginning to maintain a certain output shape. Zero padding is equivalent to adding a black frame around the image. These added pixels result in adding information that was not initially present. Therefore, this extra information can be considered invalid. Invalid pixels can also be inside the image where they are referred to as holes in completion tasks like image inpainting where the network is asked to fill these holes and give a realistic image. In this work, we look for a method that can handle both types of invalid pixels. We compare on the same test bench two methods previously used to handle invalid pixels outside the image (Partial and Edge convolutions) and one method that was designed for invalid pixels inside the image (Gated convolution). We show that Partial convolution performs the best in image classification while Gated convolution has the advantage on semantic segmentation. As for hotel recognition with masked regions, none of the methods seem appropriate to generate embeddings that leverage the masked regions.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami sandorių, sudarytų dėl apgaulės ir suklydimo, pripažinimo negaliojančiais teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Lietuvos teisinėje literatūroje nagrinėjama tema nepakankamai analizuota, tačiau tema aktuali, kadangi vienas dažniausių teismų praktikoje pasitaikančių sandorių nuginčijimo pagrindų yra būtent sandorių sudarymas apgaulės ar suklydimo įtakoje. Darbe aptariama sandorio negaliojimo samprata, negaliojančių sandorių klasifikacija, analizuojamos sandorių sudarytų dėl suklydimo ir apgaulės pripažinimo negaliojančiais galimybės bei šių sandorių negaliojimo teisinės pasekmės. Pateikiama sandorių sudarytų dėl suklydimo ir sandorių sudarytų dėl apgaulės takoskyra. Daug dėmesio darbe skiriama teismų praktikos nagrinėjamu klausimu analizei, apibendrinama Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo praktika, susijusi su darbo tema. Kartu atskleidžiamos teisinio sureguliavimo problemos, iškylančios sandorių, sudarytų suklydimo ir apgaulės įtakoje, pripažinimo negaliojančiais metu. Naudojant lyginamąjį metodą, darbe atskleidžiama Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių - Vokietijos, Prancūzijos, Italijos, Lenkijos ir Rusijos - sandorių, sudarytų suklydimo ir apgaulės įtakoje, teisinis reglamentavimas. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos autoriaus išvados ir pasiūlymai dėl atitinkamų įstatymo normų tobulinimo. / This magistrate's study deals with theoretical and practical aspects of invalidity of transactions concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud. This theme has not been discussed enough in Lithuanian legal literature, but it is topical because one of the most common grounds to contest the transaction are mistake and fraud. This study analyse the concept of invalid transaction, the general classification of such transactions, possibilities to avoid a transaction concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud, also the differences of transactions which are concluded under the influence of mistake and which are concluded under the influence of fraud. Much attention is devoted to analysis of interpretation and application of legal rules found in Lithuanian Supreme Court's decisions. Moreover this study deals with the generalization of court decisions concerned to this study, also unclose of problems of law regulation during avoidance of transactions concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud. Comparative method is used to compare legal regulation of invalidity of transactions concluded under the influence of a mistake and fraud in Lithuania and other countries, like Germany, France, Italy, Poland and Russia. Finally author gives the conclusions and proposals to improve laws.

Claims arising from invalid termination of employment Abstract The aim of this Master thesis is to analyse legislation concerning the invalid employment termination, to distinguish the invalid employment termination from putative employment termination established by Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code, as amended, and especially to summarize the legislation and case law concerning claims arising from invalid employment termination. The introductory chapter contains the aims of this thesis and represents the reasons why I think this topic is still relevant. Chapter two explains the employment briefly. Chapter three provides the brief introduction to employment termination and individual subchapters present the essentials of individual types of employment termination. Chapter four analyses invalid employment termination, and relation between the Civil Code and Labour Code and defines conditions necessary to qualify the employment termination as the act. Subchapter two analyses putative employment termination and its results in employment termination field. Subchapter three concerns the invalid employment termination, distinguishes between the void termination and voidable termination and represents its grounds. Chapter five summarizes selected aspects of court proceeding. Particular subchapters therefore...

<p>I riksdagsvalet 2006 fick Sverige en ny regering med borgerligt styre. Förslag som utlovades i valrörelsen, särskilt från folkpartiet, som rör grundskolans senare år var bland annat att man vill införa betyg tidigare, använda sig av ett ordningsomdöme och att den ogiltiga frånvaron ska synas i betyget.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vad lärare och elever tycker om dessa förslag. Metoden som jag använt mig av har varit en enkätundersökning som genomförts i tre sjätteklasser och tre sjundeklasser samt att intervjua fyra lärare som tjänstgjort olika länge på grundskolans senare år. Resultatet visar att antalet elever är jämnt fördelade om de vill ha betyg tidigare eller inte medan två av tre elever vill att ett ordningsomdöme ska införas och att skolk ska synas i betyget. Någon större skillnad mellan årskurserna och mellan pojkar och flickor kunde ej uppmätas. Resultatet hos lärarna är att de flesta är positiva till att ha betyg tidigare än i årskurs åtta, tycker att förslaget med ett ordningsomdöme är en bra idé medan de är tveksamma till att frånvaro ska stå med i betyget oavsett om den är giltig eller inte.</p> / <p>In the referendum of parliament 2006 Sweden got a new government when the alliance with moderaterna, folkpartiet, kristdemokraterna and centerpartiet won. Suggestions that was promised in the election campaign, especially from folkpartiet, that concerns the elementary school later years, was among others to give grades earlier, make use of a grade in order and that invalid absence shall be noticed in the grades.</p><p>The purpose with this paper is to examine what teachers and pupils thinks of these suggestions.</p><p>The method I have used is an opinion poll that’s been carried through in three classes of the sixth degree and three classes of the seventh degree. I also interviewed four teachers who been working varying times in the elementary schools later year.</p><p>The result shows that the number of pupils are equal divided among them who wants grades earlier or those who don’t. Two of three pupils wants to have a grade in order and the invalid absence shall be noticed in the grade. Any kind of difference between the grades and between boys and girls couldn’t be measured.</p><p>The result among the teachers shows that most of them are positive to earlier grades compared to today. The most of them think also that the suggestion to have grades in order is a good idea but they are uncertain if absence shall be noted in the grades no matter how it is invalid or not.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luiz Freire.pdf: 1348797 bytes, checksum: 2273fc7091f7edfedb991c0dacaff88d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-26 / The main purpose of this work is to argue about the ways to continue or terminate with the agreements executed by the Estate (or its companies) that were declared invalid ( Administrative Contracts ). Starting from the premise that Administrative Contracts, as any other legal actions, insert normative rulings on the statutory law system, it is necessary to know whenever they will be considerer valid or not valid. Therefore, it shall be important, under this work, to clarify the sense of the word effectiveness . Afterwards, it will be stated the concept of Administrative Contract that is adopted herein, which is based on the principles and prerequisites of the public actions. This shall be useful for the discussion of the revalidation of the invalid Administrative Contract. Once we present, according to the Brazilian law, the concept of the invalidity and its varieties, it will broach the hypotheses for the maintenance of an invalid Administrative Contract on the statutory law, which are the revalidation, the conversion and the remedy. At last, the invalidation and the suspension of the enforcement of an invalid Administrative Contract by the Legislative Branch and by the Public Finance Court which both are means to cancel invalid Administrative Contracts shall be object of our analysis / Este trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer sobre as formas de manutenção e retirada dos contratos administrativos inválidos. Ao se partir da premissa de que um contrato administrativo, tal como qualquer outro ato jurídico, introduz normas jurídicas no sistema jurídico-positivo, será preciso antes de tudo saber quando uma norma existe para o ordenamento jurídico, bem como quando ela será considerada válida ou inválida. Além disso, será importante apontar o sentido do termo eficácia . Em seguida, indicar-se-á o conceito de contrato administrativo a ser adotado neste trabalho, procurando analisá-lo a partir dos elementos e pressupostos do ato administrativo, o que se revelará bastante útil ao se estudar a convalidação dos contratos administrativos inválidos. Depois de se apresentar o conceito de invalidade e suas espécies no direito brasileiro, abordar-se-á as hipóteses de manutenção, no direito positivo, dos contratos administrativos inválidos, quais sejam, a convalidação, a conversão e o saneamento. Ao final deste trabalho, a invalidação e a sustação dos contratos administrativos inválidos pelo Poder Legislativo e pelos Tribunais de Contas que são formas de retirada de contratos administrativos inválidos serão objeto de estudo

I riksdagsvalet 2006 fick Sverige en ny regering med borgerligt styre. Förslag som utlovades i valrörelsen, särskilt från folkpartiet, som rör grundskolans senare år var bland annat att man vill införa betyg tidigare, använda sig av ett ordningsomdöme och att den ogiltiga frånvaron ska synas i betyget. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vad lärare och elever tycker om dessa förslag. Metoden som jag använt mig av har varit en enkätundersökning som genomförts i tre sjätteklasser och tre sjundeklasser samt att intervjua fyra lärare som tjänstgjort olika länge på grundskolans senare år. Resultatet visar att antalet elever är jämnt fördelade om de vill ha betyg tidigare eller inte medan två av tre elever vill att ett ordningsomdöme ska införas och att skolk ska synas i betyget. Någon större skillnad mellan årskurserna och mellan pojkar och flickor kunde ej uppmätas. Resultatet hos lärarna är att de flesta är positiva till att ha betyg tidigare än i årskurs åtta, tycker att förslaget med ett ordningsomdöme är en bra idé medan de är tveksamma till att frånvaro ska stå med i betyget oavsett om den är giltig eller inte. / In the referendum of parliament 2006 Sweden got a new government when the alliance with moderaterna, folkpartiet, kristdemokraterna and centerpartiet won. Suggestions that was promised in the election campaign, especially from folkpartiet, that concerns the elementary school later years, was among others to give grades earlier, make use of a grade in order and that invalid absence shall be noticed in the grades. The purpose with this paper is to examine what teachers and pupils thinks of these suggestions. The method I have used is an opinion poll that’s been carried through in three classes of the sixth degree and three classes of the seventh degree. I also interviewed four teachers who been working varying times in the elementary schools later year. The result shows that the number of pupils are equal divided among them who wants grades earlier or those who don’t. Two of three pupils wants to have a grade in order and the invalid absence shall be noticed in the grade. Any kind of difference between the grades and between boys and girls couldn’t be measured. The result among the teachers shows that most of them are positive to earlier grades compared to today. The most of them think also that the suggestion to have grades in order is a good idea but they are uncertain if absence shall be noted in the grades no matter how it is invalid or not.

Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur involverad skolpersonal och samverkande socialsekreterare arbetar för att kartlägga och motverka elevers ogiltiga frånvaro. Genom att undersöka personalens upplevelse av orsaker till ogiltig frånvaro, hur de upplever att de arbetar med ogiltig frånvaro och hur de tillsammans arbetar för att motverka ogiltig frånvaro. Den aktuella publicerade forskning som använts är både internationell och nationell. Styrdokument, lagtext, allmänna råd samt forskning av Skolverket och Socialstyrelsen har även beaktats. Det teorietiska perspektiv som ligger till grund för analys är inklusion och exklusion. Utifrån kvalitativa halvstrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer med fem informanter som tillfrågats med utgångspunkt av dessas yrkesroll i skolan. De professioner som tillfrågats är rektor, kurator, socialpedagog, lärare samt samverkande socialsekreterare. Intervjuer med informanterna har spelats in med diktafon, transkriberats för att sedan analyseras. Analysen gjordes utifrån teman: orsaker, arbete med och arbete tillsammans med ogiltig frånvaro. Tolkningen av materialet har skett utifrån samstämmighet och olikheter i svaren. I studiens diskussion tas det upp att den främsta orsaken till ogiltig frånvaro är hemsituationen. I de fall eleven har en svår hemsituation visar forskningen att skolan kan vara en skyddsfaktor för att förhindra elevens exklusion. Där den ogiltiga frånvaron ändå är skolrelaterade beror det främst på andra elevers inflytande, grupptryck. Alla informanter upplever att de i sitt arbete har en medvetenhet om var eleverna med stor ogiltig frånvaro befinner sig utifrån skolans arbetsmodell. Studiens resultat är att de orsaker som ligger bakom ogiltig frånvaro huvudsakligen är relaterade till hemsituationen. Involverad personal upplever en förbättring utifrån arbetsrutinen i skoltrappan. Att arbeta tillsammans är en framgångsfaktor för att minska ogiltig frånvaro. / The aim of the study is to describe how school staff and social workers identify and prevent truancy in the Swedish compulsory school. The study explores the school workers professional experiances of the underlying causes of truancy and what measures are taken in collaboration with social authorities to prevent pupils´ absence from school. The study is based on current international and national research and takes into account policy documents, legal texts and general advice issued by the Swedish National Agency for Education and the National board of Health and Welfare. The theoretical perspective used in of the analyses are the terms inclusion and exclusion. Qualitative semi-structured lifeworld interviews with five professional categories (a school head master, a councelor, a  teacher and two social workers) working in school were performed. The interviews focused on causes of truancy and collaborative work involving both school professionals and social workers. The interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed and analysed. The analysis was performed thematically, causes of truancy and collaborative work to prevent truancy. The interpretation of the data was based on consensus and differences in the responses. As can be seen from the discussion, the primary cause of truancy is related to the pupil´s home situation. Research shows that school can be a protective factor to prevent exclusion. In cases where truancy is related to the school situation it is principally a result of group pressure from other pupils. All respondents in the interviews stated that they have an awareness of where pupils with extensive absenteeism are in relation to the school´s work model to prevent truancy. Collaborative work is a success factor to reduce truancy.

Sudarydami sandorius asmenys siekia tam tikro teisinio rezultato: sukurti naujas, pakeisti ar panaikinti turimas civilines teises ir pareigas. Laisva asmenų valia ir sutikimas su visomis konkretaus sandorio sąlygomis yra esminė kiekvieno sandorio galiojimo prielaida. Tačiau tai yra tik siekiamybė, kadangi praktikoje ne visuomet ir ne visi sandoriai sudaromi esant teisingai išreikštai šalių valiai dėl sandorio objekto, terminų, atlygintinumo, sandorio įvykdymo pobūdžio ar kitų būtinųjų sąlygų. Nors kiekviena demokratinė teisinė valstybė įstatymais ir kitais teisės aktais stengiasi užtikrinti sandorių bei tarp sandorio šalių susiklosčiusių civilinių teisinių santykių stabilumą, ji taip pat privalo nustatyti sąlygas, kuriomis šalis, sandoriu neišreiškusi tikrosios savo valios ar išreiškusi ją klaidingai, įgyja teisę visiškai ar iš dalies atsisakyti ir paties sandorio, ir iš jo kylančių teisių bei pareigų. Tiek civilinės teisės tradicijos valstybėse, tiek ir bendrosios teisės tradicijos valstybėse tarp tokių sandorio pripažinimo negaliojančiu pagrindų kaip apgaulė, prievarta, asmens neveiksnumas, įgaliojimų viršijimas bei kitų yra ir vienos ar abiejų sandorio šalių suklydimas. Kaip ir kitų sandorio pripažinimo negaliojančiu pagrindų atveju, taip ir esant suklydimui, teismo sprendimas priklauso ne tik nuo teisingo faktinių aplinkybių nustatymo ir įvertinimo, bet ir nuo tinkamo aktualių teisės normų išaiškinimo bei pritaikymo. Suklydimo doktriną ir jos sąsają su sandorių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / When entering into contracts persons expect some kind of legal result: either to create new civil rights and duties, or to change or withdraw those they already have. Free will of the persons and consent towards all provisions set out in a particular contract is the essence of the validity of that contract. However, it can only be considered to be an aim, whereas in practice not each and every contract is concluded having as a pre-condition correctly expressed will with regard to the object, terms, nature of execution or other material provisions of the contract. Even though each democratic judicial state is aiming at securing the stability of contracts, civil rights and duties of persons, it also has to determine rules when and under what conditions persons having mistakenly expressed their will are entitled to fully or partially rescind the contract as well as rights and duties arising out of it. Both, civil law countries and common law countries among such grounds as fraud, duress, incapability, entitling one to make the contract voidable, also have a ground called mistake, whether it be unilateral or mutual. Law with regard to doctrine of mistake is very complex and not always clear. Courts not just have to interpret and apply those unclear laws correctly, they also have to find the balance between two conflicting basic statutory principles: principle stating that “contract is valuable, therefore if there is a possibility not to declare it invalid, it should be left as... [to full text]

Magistro darbo ,,Pedagogų, profesijos mokytojų, dirbančių su neįgaliaisiais, kvalifikacijos poreikių tyrimas“ tikslas – ištirti pedagogų, dirbančių su negalę turinčiais mokiniais, kvalifikacijos kėlimo poreikius ir galimybes. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamos pedagogų, dirbančių su negalę turinčiais mokiniais, darbo specifikos teorinės prielaidos, akcentuojama stipri pedagogų, mokančių neįgaliuosius, darbo motyvacija, aktualus ir įtikinamas profesinių žinių perteikimas neįgaliesiems, taikant efektyviausius teorinio ir praktinio mokymo metodus, geras negalę turinčių mokinių fizinių ir psichologinių ypatumų pažinimas ir jų įvertinimas organizuojant ugdymą, neįgaliųjų mokymas mokytis ir reflektuoti mokymosi veiklą ir kt. Antrojoje dalyje analizuojama neįgaliųjų profesinio rengimo situacija Lietuvoje ir Alytaus apskrityje pasaulio ir ES kontekste, trečiojoje – pateikiama pedagogų kvalifikacijos tobulinimo analizė socialinių paslaugų neįgaliesiems Alytaus apskrities infrastruktūroje: aptariama socialinių paslaugų infrastruktūra negalę turintiems mokiniams, nagrinėjama Alytaus profesinio rengimo centro veikla organizuojant neįgaliųjų profesinį rengimą ir pedagogų kvalifikacijos kėlimą. Ketvirtojoje darbo dalyje pateiktas neįgaliųjų profesinio rengimo pedagogų kvalifikacijos tobulinimo poreikių ir galimybių tyrimas (anketinių duomenų kiekybinė ir kokybinė analizė) konstatuojama, jog pasitvirtino iškelta hipotezė: ,,Jeigu kiekviename regione būtų išaiškinami pedagogų ir profesijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master work “Analysis of qualification needs and possibilities of teachers and profession teachers, working with invalid students”. The aim of the work is to analyze qualification improvement possibilities and needs of teachers, working with invalid students. In the first part of the work there are presented theoretical preconditions of the work of teachers, working with invalid students, accentuated strong motivation of the teachers, rendering of the professional knowledge to the invalid, the most effective theoretical and practical teaching methods, knowledge of physical and psychological peculiarities of the invalid and their evaluation as well as organization of their education. In the second part of the work it is analyzed the situation of professional training of the invalid in Lihtuania, Alytus district and EU. In the third part of the work it is presented analysis of the pedagogical qualification improvement in Alytus district, there are discussed social services to the invalid students, it is analyzed work of the Alytus vocational training centre when organizing the professional training of the invalid and the improvement of the pedagogical qualification of the teachers. In the fourth part of the work it is presented the analysis of the qualification improvement needs and possibilities of the professional training teachers (analysis of the questionnaire data), it is stated that the hypothesis “If the qualification improvement needs and possibilities of... [to full text]