This thesis examines the interaction of hydrides of the group 13 metals aluminium and gallium with transition metal centres. Furthermore, a gallium-based system is developed which activates a wide range of E-H bonds, with the product of H₂ activation found to act as a catalyst for the reduction of CO₂ to a methanol derivative. Chapter 3 details the synthesis of a number of alane and gallane adducts of expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, which are more strongly σ-donating and sterically shielding analogues of classical NHCs. These NHC adducts are found to be apposite for the formation of σ-alane and σ-gallane complexes at group 6 metal carbonyl fragments, which has allowed the characterisation of the first κ² σ-gallane complexes. The attempted formation of a terminally coordinated κ³ σ-alane complex leads instead to the isolation of a novel dinuclear cluster featuring both μ:κ¹,κ¹ and μ:κ²,κ² coordination to Mo(CO)₃ units. The work presented in Chapter 4 probes the interaction of the β-diketiminate stabilised gallane Dipp₂NacNacGaH₂ with transition metal carbonyls. Far from simply mimicking the chemistry of the alane congener Dipp₂NacNacAlH₂, which forms simple κ¹ and κ² σ-alane complexes, the gallane shows a marked propensity towards dehydrogenation and formation of direct M-Ga(I) bonds. This represents a rare mode of reactivity among group 13 hydrides, being unprecedented beyond boron chemistry, and provides a new route to M-Ga bond formation. Experimental and computational investigations of the mechanism suggest that initial Ga-H oxidative addition is facile, and is generally followed by rate-limiting loss of H₂. The reaction of Dipp2NacNacAlH2 with Co₂(CO)₂ is shown to yield an unusual alane complex which displays an unprecedented degree of Al-H activation in a σ-alane complex. Chapter 5 represents an extension of the work described in Chapter 5, investigating the interaction of Dipp₂NacNacMH₂ (M = Al, Ga) with cationic group 9 transition metal fragments supported by ancillary phosphine ligands. While attempts to isolate unsupported, cationic σ-alane complexes prove unsuccessful, Dipp₂NacNacGaH₂ readily binds to cationic rhodium and iridium centres, forming the first cationic σ-gallane complexes as well as cationic gallylene complexes resulting from complete Ga-H oxidative addition. The extent of Ga-H bond activation is shown to be markedly dependent on the nature of the phosphine co-ligands. In particular, a series of rhodium complexes is reported which represents snapshots of the oxidative addition process, from a Rh(I) σ-gallane complex to a Rh(III) gallylene dihydride, with two further complexes which are on the cusp of these two oxidation states. Described in Chapter 6 are the synthesis and reactivity studies of an ambiphilic system, Dipp₂NacNac′Ga(^tBu), featuring a three-coordinate gallium centre supported by a deprotonated NacNac ligand. The combination of this electrophilic gallium centre with the highly nucleophilic exocyclic alkene functionality facilitates the cooperative activation of protic, hydridic and apolar E-H bonds. Accordingly, molecules including H₂, NH₃, H₂S and SiH4 may be cleaved under mild conditions. Moreover, the hydride product of H₂ activation is shown to be a competent catalyst in conjunction with HBpin for the reduction of CO₂ to the methanol derivative MeOBpin.

D'un côté, la démocratie et l'économie de marché changent la conception du pouvoir en Pologne, et de ce fait appellent un positionnement nouveau de l'enseignant-chercheur. De l'autre, la neurobiologie jette un éclairage nouveau sur le fonctionnement de l'individu en groupe et sur le traitement de l'information en cours d'apprentissage. L'étude du contexte scolaire polonais fait voir une possibilité de décentralisation des relations en classe, tout en prenant en compte les besoins sociaux et émotionnels de l'apprenant.Le présent projet de thèse, réalisé dans le cadre de la recherche-action, vise l'implication de l'élève par le biais d'un dispositif nommé : Discussion à Responsabilité Limitée (DARL). Grâce au dispositif, l'apprenant a la possibilité d'exercer des choix (documents de référence, groupe de discussion, prise de parole et son étendue); il a aussi l'occasion d'être dans une situation à responsabilité (choix du sujet et gestion d'une discussion). Les analyses des prises de parole en groupe ont démontré un lien entre la responsabilisation et l'augmentation du volume de prise de parole dans plusieurs cas décrits. Elles ont mis aussi en exergue des comportements d'auto-limitation de parole chez les apprenants-responsables qui, en tant que participants, étaient habituellement très actifs. Outre ces acquis d'ordre langagier, la recherche rend compte des attitudes des apprenants envers le travail et l'autorité.Le travail de thèse s'ouvre sur les Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) qui, tout en résolvant certains problèmes liés au dispositif proposé,initient des questions nouvelles, relatives à l'interaction en groupe et à l'évaluation. / On the one hand, democracy and market economy have changed the concept of powerin Poland and they thereby ask for a new positioning of the teacher-researcher. On the otherhand, neurobiology sheds new light on the way an individual functions in a group, and oninformation processing during learning.The study of the Polish educational context authorizes a wider implementation oflearner-centered rather than teacher-centered classroom practices, while paying attention tothe learner's social and emotional needs.The project, realized in the action-research framework, aims at involving the studentthrough an environment called : Limited Liability Discussion (LLD). Thanks to thisenvironment, the learner has a chance to choose (reference documents, discussion group,speaking out and its duration); he also has an opportunity to be in a situation with a certainlevel of responsibility (choice of a topic and management of the discussion).The analysis of speaking out in a group has established a connection betweenempowerment and the increase in oral production in the majority of the described cases. Theresults of the analysis have also emphasized specific behaviour of self-limitation in speakingin the case of "responsible" learners who, as participants, were usually very active. Apart fromlanguage acquisition gains, this research highlights learner attitudes to work and authority.The thesis opens on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) which solvesome of the problems connected with the proposed environment, but at the same time raisenew questions, related to interaction in a group as well as assessment.

Research on New Procedures Using a Method That Has Not Yet Been Used in Clinical Practice on a Living Human Abstract Uterus transplantation, use of hypothermia in acute myocardial infarction or gastric peroral endoscopic pyloromyotomy, these are the topics of three Czech on going researches of novel medical methods, to which this thesis is devoted. The aim of this thesis is to elaborate on the whole issue of new methods by presenting the Czech legislative framework and current clinical practice and to assess the overall situation in this area. In one of the chapters, attention is also paid to the potential legal ground for the possibility of compensating patients for injury, ie civil liability, most likely occurring as a liability for the non lege artis procedure or as a specific type of strict no-fault liability.

Subsidiarité de l’action en enrichissement sans cause, vocation subsidiaire du droit commun, demande subsidiaire, subsidiarité de l’obligation des associés de société à risque illimité, etc. : la subsidiarité est récurrente en droit privé. Pourtant, le mécanisme qu’elle met en oeuvre n’est pas clairement perçu. La subsidiarité met de l’ordre dans le droit : elle est une technique de coordination d’éléments concurrents, qui subordonne à la défaillance de l’élément appelé premier l’accès à l’élément qualifié de subsidiaire. Tant que l’élément premier n’est pas défaillant, c’est-à-dire tant qu’il peut produire son effet juridique, l’élément subsidiaire est bloqué. La subsidiarité a pour finalité d’instaurer une hiérarchie entre les éléments concernés : elle affirme la primauté de l’élément premier, vu avec faveur, sur l’élément subsidiaire, qui est une solution de secours. Ce mécanisme trouve une application majeure en matière d’obligation. Une obligation est subsidiaire lorsqu’elle est subordonnée à la défaillance d’une autre obligation ; elle est ainsi affectée d’une condition suspensive. Le débiteur premier est celui dont le paiement normal est attendu, le débiteur subsidiaire celui dont l’intervention est vue comme pathologique. Le débiteur subsidiaire peut opposer toutes les exceptions qui attestent de ce que l’obligation première n’est pas défaillante. Pour agir contre le débiteur subsidiaire, le créancier doit établir cette défaillance, qui est définie de manière variable selon les hypothèses. L’obligation subsidiaire tient une place importante dans les opérations juridiques à trois personnes ; elle permet également de porter un regard nouveau sur la solidarité. / Subsidiarity of unjustified enrichment claims, subsidiarity of the lex fori, subsidiary pleadings, subsidiary obligation of the members of companies with unlimited liability, etc. : subsidiarity is recurrent in private law. However, its mechanism is not clearly understood. Subsidiarity creates order in law. It is a coordination technique of rival elements, which makes access to the subsidiary element subject to the default of the first element. As long as the first element can produce its effect, the subsidiary element is blocked. The purpose of subsidiarity is to create a hierarchy between those elements: it states the primacy of the first element, seen with favor, on the subsidiary element, which is considered a backup. This mechanism is useful in contract law. An obligation is subsidiary when it is subject to the default of another obligation; it matches the pattern of a conditional obligation. Normal payment is expected from the debtor of the primary obligation; the intervention of the subsidiary debtor is seen as pathological. In order to sue the subsidiary debtor, the creditor must prove that the primary obligation is in default. The former can invoke all the exceptions which prove that this event, which can be defined in a variety of ways, has not occurred. The concept of subsidiary obligations is important in legal operations involving three persons, and encourages to reconsider our understanding of solidary obligations.

There are two transport systems used by agricultural businesses engaged in primary production. These are transport systems involving tractors and motorized vehicles. Transport systems involving tractors are made up of motorized vehicles and vehicles that are Toled Grand Super , or more specifically, a motor vehicle plus one or more vehicles that are towed along. A motorized vehicle refers to an agricultural traktor John Deere 6620. Motorized transport systems are comprised of Lorries Tatra 815 Agro. A lorry can only have one additional vehicle connected to itself. The transport systems mentioned above can be used in agricultural businesses engaged in primary production along with similar or identical productions. Motorized transport systems used in agricultural primary production are in the majority of cases applied to additional productions. This is the given transport system framework, which can be setup with adaptations for various uses. It therefore follows that the possibilities of comparing transport systems using universal undercarriages are increased. Expenditure associated with these transport systems, are easily compared. It is also possible to easily compare transport systems involving tractors with motorized transport systems as long as there is no need for more vehicles connected to them. It is obvious that the use of motorized transport systems for longer distances is preferable to transport systems involving tractors. Expenses for every driven kilometre with the comparable transport systems show a significant difference in cost. This difference is 36,85 Kč. On the other hand, it is preferable to use tractors for shorter distances involving a larger amount of material. he cost of one tonne of material transported is different about 11,55 Kč.

Många av Sveriges badhus byggda i slutet av 1900-talet börjar idag visa tecken på kraftiga fuktskador på grund av extrema inomhusklimat. Denna rapport förklarar den allmänna problematiken kring högt fuktbelastade byggnader och berör det fuktskadade badhuset Aquarena i Katrineholm.  Extrem noggrannhet krävs vid montering av ångspärr i en konstruktion, speciellt vid högt invändigt fukttillskott. Optimal placering av fuktspärren i konstruktionens varmare del innebär att fukt aldrig tillåts kondensera och därmed minimeras risken för fuktskador och negativa konsekvenser. Verkligheten visar också att om kunskaper om fukt och fuktskador prioriteras redan i ett tidigt stadium under projektering kan många hundratusentals kronor sparas. Beräkningar av fukttransport har gjorts för tidigare ytterväggskonstruktion i Aquarena (den som drabbats av skador) och nybyggd ytterväggskonstruktion (nyframtagen till återuppbyggnaden) i datorprogrammet WUFI Pro 4.2 och analyserats i WUFI Bio 3.0.  Beräkningarna visar att den tidigare väggkonstruktionen får de skador som undersökningar av den visat och att skadorna hade kunnat undgås om genomförningar i ångspärren hade utförts på ett korrekt sätt.  Vi har med beräkningar inte kunnat bevisa att alla delar i den nybyggda ytterväggskonstruktionen kommer fungera perfekt. Främst beror osäkerheten i beräkningar utförda i WUFI på att beräkningsmodellen inte är färdigutvecklad. Osäkerheter beror också på otillräcklig kännedom av egenskaper hos de simulerade materialen. Beräkningar för den nyframtagna väggkonstruktionen visar dock entydigt på bättre resultat än för den tidigare väggkonstruktionen. Det finns därför anledning att vidare utreda vilka värden på fukt och temperatur som kommer att råda över de närmaste åren. Detta bland annat för att senare kunna korrigera beräkningsmodellen efter verkligheten. / Many of Sweden's public indoor swimming pools built in the late 1900’s are beginning to show signs of excessive moisture damage due to extreme indoor climate. This report explains the general problem of high moisture-loaded buildings and involves the moisture-damaged public indoor swimming pool Aquarena in Katrineholm. Extreme care is required when assembling the moisture barrier in a structure, especially with high internal moisture content. Optimal placement of the moisture barrier in the warmer parts of the construction means that moisture is never allowed to condense, thus minimizing the risk of moisture damage and negative consequences. Reality also shows that if risks of moisture and moisture damages are assessed early in the planning process, amounts in the range of hundreds of thousands of Swedish crowns can be saved. Calculations of moisture transport have been made for the previous exterior wall structure (the one that suffered damage) and new exterior wall structure the (new design for the reconstruction) using the computer program WUFI Pro 4.2 and analyzed in WUFI Bio 3.0. Calculations show that the old exterior wall structure in Aquarena would have been able to withstand moisture damage and damages due to moisture if joints and transitions in the moisture barrier had been correctly performed.  Calculations have not proven that all elements of the newly built wall design will work perfectly. The main reason for uncertainty in calculations when using WUFI is that the calculation model is not fully developed. Uncertainty is also due to insufficient knowledge of properties of the simulated materials. However, calculations show unambiguously better results than the previous wall construction. It is therefore necessary to further investigate what values of humidity and temperature will exist over the next few years to be able to later on correct the calculation model after reality.

Implications for student dropouts include fewer career options and lower earning potential. The purpose of this study was to investigate faculty perceptions of their roles in the student retention process at a Historically Black College and University (HBCU) in the Southeast United States. Guiding the phenomenological study was Lewin's theory of change model. Data were collected using a questionnaire, interviews, and faculty-student intervention logs. The questionnaire was completed by 32 full-time faculty at the study site. Interviews with 5 participants were conducted after the completion of the questionnaire, and 5 participants provided information via a faculty-student intervention log about strategies used to retain students. Data were analyzed through coding of responses and recorded frequencies to identify themes. Participants reported that they should be involved in retention efforts, and primary retention efforts occurred through the student success program, the retention coordinator, first-year experience course, retention committee, and advising. Participants also reported that their role in student retention is as an advisor, and faculty engagement with students inside and outside of class improves student retention. A process change paper with recommendations for improving student retention was shared with the administration of the HBCU. Findings may be used by leadership at HBCUs to increase retention and graduation rates thereby allowing graduates to pursue careers and function effectively in society.

No description available.

La stratégie du créancier face à l'inexécution est une réalité masquée par les théories, elle est tacite dans les analyses. Les éléments qui la composent sont étudiés tour à tour de façon à découvrir une institution qui est composée de mécanismes interdépendants ayant chacun son propre ressort. À partir de l'article 1184 du Code civil, il a fallu saisir l'esprit de la résolution, des qualifications qu'elle comprend, expressément et tacitement, dans l'optique de vérifier les connaissances présentés comme certaines afin de projeter l'institution dans une perspective d'avenir.À travers huit thématiques constitutives de la résolution, il est question d'opérer un tri dans les connaissances relatives au domaine de l'action, à la disqualification de la force majeure, à l'inexécution du contrat par le débiteur dûment constatée par une mise en demeure. Le juge une fois saisi, le créancier bénéficie ainsi de l'option entre résolution ou exécution forcée conférée par l'article 1184 alinéa 2, amenant au caractère judiciaire - fort discuté - de l'action. Enfin, la résolution produit des effets apparents sur le contrat : la rétroactivité mais surtout des effets caractéristiques : l'extinction et les restitutions qui sont issues de la décision judiciaire de résolution.Si le concept de résolution a été étudié à travers son fondement, son histoire ou encore ses formes diverses, il restait à explorer l'envers de cette théorie dans une relecture critique rappelant sa fonction première : permettre au créancier de protéger le contrat face au phénomène d'inexécution. / Creditor's strategy in case of breach of contract is often avoided because of full theories.It could be described as a tacit phenomenon. Elements of judicial dissolution are studied in a way to discover a legal institution made by independent mechanisms which each have their own spring. Starting with article 1184 of French Civil Code, the aim of the study was to grasp the spirit of "judicial dissolution" of contract, also the legal institutions it contains, formally or tacitly, checking all the law doctrinal knowledge, supposed to be certain and proposing a perspective for this particular judicial termination of contract.Judicial dissolution composed of eight themes is a study trying to share into a mass knowledge relative to the action's area, the fortuitous event (irresistible force), the breach of contract itself, which is officially established into a formal notice. When the judge is seized, the creditor has a legal option between dissolution or enforced performance offered by article 1184 paragraph 2, which leads to the question of judicial characteristic - involving an important argument - of the dissolution.Finally, judicial dissolution causes apparent consequences : retrospective effect on contract but, overall, there are specific effects : termination of contract involving return of goods, values and performances between parties coming from the judicial decision.If dissolution's concept had been studied before into its fundamentals, its story or its diverse forms, it allows to explore the reverse side of this theory into as a new critical reading which recalls the original function of this legal action : to permit creditor to defend in case of breach of contract

紐倫堡法典之後，生物醫學研究中人類受試者的處境開始受到關注。為避免受試者遭到濫用，進而保障其權益，國際間陸續頒佈與人體研究受試者保護相關之倫理規範，而各國亦逐步將倫理規範落實為國內法規，作為管制手段。涉及受試者之人體研究倫理規範與法規中，自紐倫堡法典以降，逐步確立以告知後同意以及倫理審查為核心，建立確保受試者自主權之管制機制，作為平衡受試者與研究者兩方在知識與處境上的不平等的關係。 本文以當代生物醫學上告知後同意法則發展，以及人體研究受試者保護之相關行政管制為取徑，首先，考察人體研究所涉及的法律、倫理的爭議，以及相關倫理規範發展。進而探討告知後同意在當代生命倫理與醫療法律之意義、內涵，以及如何實踐於生物醫學人體研究上作為確保受試者自主權之手段及所遭遇之限制。其次，分析並比較美國、荷蘭以及我國受試者保護之法規體系，並進一步討論其特色與優、劣。最後，探討我國人體研究受試者保護法規範之現況與不足，並提出法律修正上的建議。 / Since Nuremberg Code, the biomedical researches involving human subjects, based upon the informed consent and human autonomy, has drawn the increasing public attention. The related normative restrictions as well as legal regulations have been regarded as a significant way to abuse-avoidance and interest-protection on the part of human subjects involved. Thus, it becomes a confirmed tendency that the constitution of normative and legal foundation with a consideration of informed consent and ethico-medical review can ensure the human autonomy and strike a balance between the researchers and human subjects. In this thesis, we focus on the development of informed consent and the related normative/legal regulations. Several issues which we will deal with can list as follows: firstly, the trajectory and its legal/ethical controversies, with which the biomedical researches involving human subjects develop and revolve, will be clarified, so as to investigate the ethical/legal implications of informed consent and human autonomy. Secondly, by making a comparison of legal regulations among the United States, Holland and Taiwan, we will illustrate the advantages and drawbacks that different legal systems have on the biomedical researches involving human subjects. At the last part of this thesis, several possible suggestions will be provided to the future legislation on the biomedical researches involving human subjects.