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Two Essays on Empirical Tests Related to Capital Structure TheoryMa, Ning 02 December 2014 (has links)
This paper discusses capital structure theories, with special attention to partial-adjustment model. Strategic waiting theory of IPO firms and its relation to market timing theory are also discussed. Two empirical tests related to capital structure theory are included. First one is a test on the relation between a firm’s strategic waiting behavior in IPO market and its stock return. Second one is on the relation of a firm’s strategic waiting behavior in IPO market and its subsequent capital structure decision.
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The Price is Book-built: The Decision to Use Book-building Pricing Mechanisms for IPOs in the PhilippinesAyala, Gabriel A 01 January 2016 (has links)
In 1998, the Philippines introduced book-building pricing mechanisms for Initial Public Offerings. Almost all capital raised through IPOs in the Philippines is done using a book-building pricing method, however a significant number of IPOs still occur using non-book-building methods. Understanding why book-building has become the dominant pricing mechanism but yet non-book-building methods still survive is the aim of this paper. I find that unlike other countries where the introduction of book-building leads to higher total issue costs for individual issuers and unlike theory which suggests the increased effort of book-building should come with increased costs, IPOs that use book-built pricing in the Philippines actually have a lower total issue cost as a percentage of the total issue size compared to issuers who use non-book-building methods. This being the case, explaining why non-book-built IPOs still occur is even more interesting. I find that the large variance in size and the low volume of IPOs in the Philippines creates a bifurcated market where it is uneconomical for underwriters to use book-building to service small firms who want to IPO. The harder phenomenon to explain is the choice by firms who are large enough to book-build to use non-book-built methods. I suggest that the developing sophistication of the local market as well as the relationship driven aspect of business in the Philippines are two possible explanations.
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Abertura de capitais no Brasil : processos e custos para as empresas que ingressam no mercado de capitais através de Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO)Zorzan, Marcos Antonio January 2016 (has links)
Ao longo do tempo o contexto da economia mundial e brasileira é de expansão, salvo alguns períodos de retração, onde a economia fica estagnada, a exemplo do momento atual que vivemos. Apesar disso, as produções de riqueza vêm crescendo nos últimos anos e, por consequência, as empresas brasileiras, de um modo geral, têm buscado se desenvolver da mesma forma. Para financiar este desenvolvimento as empresas podem captar recursos através de instituições financeiras com que se relacionam. Entretanto este modelo apresenta limitações em relação ao volume de crédito disponível e também tem se mostrado um dos mais caros do mundo. Desta forma buscam-se outras alternativas de financiamentos não convencionais, como por exemplo o Mercado de Capitais. Este mercado tem amadurecido bastante no Brasil nos últimos anos, tornando-se uma alternativa para as empresas que buscam acompanhar este crescimento. São inúmeras as vantagens proporcionadas, mas, por outro lado, também são muitas as dificuldades do processo de preparação para acessar a este mercado, principalmente pelo pouco preparo das empresas para atender níveis elevados de governança corporativa. O objetivo, então, nesse contexto, na esfera do mercado de capitais é de identificar quais são as adaptações necessárias para as empresas ingressarem neste mercado, através da Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO), bem como identificar quais as mudanças necessárias na empresa, suas regras e principais custos que envolvem a operação, além das exigibilidades legais com a implantação de IPO. Conclui-se que alternativas e soluções existem para as dificuldades encontradas, e que o desafio é justamente enfrenta-las, para o próprio amadurecimento da empresa e também para criar diferencial competitivo frente à concorrência. / Over time, the context of the global and the Brazilian economy's has been the expansion, except for some periods of retraction or stagnant, like the current moment that we are living. Nevertheless, the wealth of productions has been growing in recent years ended, consequently, in general, Brazilian companies has sought to develop in the same way. To finance their development, companies can raise funds through financial institutions. However, this model has limitations, like line of credit and volume, and also Brazilian cost has been one of the most expensive in the world. Thus, some companies are seeking others alternatives for unconventional financing, such as Capital Markets. That market increase a lot in Brazil, in recent years and became an alternative for companies that are seeking to monitor this growth. There are many advantages provided, and by the other hand, many difficulties in preparation of process to access the market, especially in to meet high standards governance corporate. The goal, then, in this context, is to identify what are the adaptations necessary for companies to enter in this market through Initial Public Offering (IPO), just like identified the necessary changes in the company, their rules and main costs involving on the operation, and in addition, legal liabilities with the IPO deployment. It is concluded, that there are alternatives and solutions to the difficulties find, and the challenge is to confront them, for to get the own maturity and also to create a competitive over the competition.
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IPOs on the Swedish Market : An investigation of underpricing and long-term underperformance on Nasdaq OMX StockholmÖverli, Anton, Wiklund, Anton January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Life after a merger : A case study about experiences from both sides of the organization after the establishment of the new / With reputation at stake : A quantitative and qualitative investigation of the investment bank´s role in underpricing of Swedish IPOsChristerson, Carl, Hallinder, Axel January 2018 (has links)
Bakgrund: Flertalet tidigare studier har undersökt fenomenet underprissättning vid börsintroduktioner utifrån en rad olika perspektiv och teorier. Däremot har ingen tidigare studie analyserat investmentbankernas direkta påverkan på utfallet och om det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan en viss typ av investmentbank och graden av underprissättning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att, med utgångspunkt i att validera tidigare teorier och studier, undersöka alternativa förklaringsgrunder till fenomenet genom att analysera sofistikeringsgraden av de underliggande processerna bland investmentbanker och därmed bidra med en mer holistisk och nyanserad förståelse. Metod: Då studien både ämnar fastställa utbredningen av ett fenomen samt undersöka dess alternativa förklaringsgrunder, kombineras en kvantitativ och kvalitativ metodik. Studien tar avstamp i en statistisk analys, följt av en kvantitativ klassificering samt slutligen en kvalitativ datainsamling i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med strategiskt utvalda respondenter. Slutsats: Studiens resultat lyckas både styrka och motsäga befintlig teori inom området och presenterar därtill en alternativ syn på bakomliggande förklaringsgrunder till underprissättning, vilka utgår från investmentbankens egna perspektiv. / Background: Several previous studies have investigated the phenomenon of underpricing based upon different theories and from various perspectives. However, none of these previous studies have analysed the direct impact of the investment bank on the final result and if there is a clear correlation between certain types of investment banks and the level of underpricing. Purpose: The purpose of this study is, based upon validating previous theories and studies, to investigate alternative explanations of the phenomenon by analysing the level of sophistication in the underlying processes of the investment bank and by doing this, contributing to a more holistic and nuanced understanding. Method: Since this study both intends to determine the scope of, and find alternative explanations of, a phenomenon, a combined quantitative and qualitative research method is applied. The study takes its starting point in a statistical analysis, followed by a quantitative classification and finally a qualitative data collection in terms of semi-structured interviews with a strategic selection of interviewees. Conclusion: The result of the study succeeds in both strengthening and contradicting existing theories within the field and presents in addition an alternative view on the underlying explanations of underpricing, from the perspective of the investment bank.
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IPO och finansiell prestation : En kvantitativ studie om börsnoteringars inverkan på företags lönsamhet och tillväxtÖman, Erik, Vikström, Daniel January 2018 (has links)
Huruvida ett företag gynnas av att börsnotera sig är många gånger en fråga som är svår att svara på. Det finns fördelar såväl som nackdelar med att gå från att vara ett privatägt till ett publikt bolag noterat på den svenska aktiemarknaden. Företagets bransch, finansiella ställning, framtida mål och övriga förutsättningar har alla en inverkan på ett eventuellt beslut att genomföra en börsnotering. Det finns studier som framhäver fördelarna med att vara börsnoterad. Främsta motivet är ofta att få förbättrad tillgång till kapital - både i form av bättre tillgång till krediter och lån, men också en utökad möjlighet för företaget att även efter noteringen resa nytt kapital via till exempel nyemissioner. Samtidigt så säger Pecking order theory (Majluf & Myers, 1984) att ett företag endast som sista utväg bör sälja av aktier för att finansiera verksamheten. Pecking order theory anser att en börsnotering är ett sub-optimalt val om syftet med noteringen är att lösa företagets finansiering. Agency cost theory (Fama & Jensen, 1983, s. 304-307) är en annan teori som antyder att effektiviteten i styrningen av ett företag kan minska efter en börsnotering. Detta beror på att styrningen och ägandet blir mer separerad och att ledningen efter en börsnotering därför ofta har mindre incitament att agera i aktieägarnas bästa intresse. Studien har utgått från studier som visar på fördelar/nackdelar och motiv med börsnoteringar samt Pecking order theory och Agency cost theory som båda antyder att en börsnotering inte är ett bra val utan istället riskerar att försämra företagets finansiella prestation. Syftet med studien är att granska den effekt en börsnotering har på den finansiella prestationen för företag på den svenska aktiemarknaden. I den aktuella studien förklaras den finansiella prestationen av fyra nyckeltal, där dessa är omsättningstillväxt, vinsttillväxt, avkastning på eget kapital och avkastning på totalt kapital. En granskning av 103 bolag som noterades på den svenska aktiemarknaden under perioden 2008 till 2013 genomfördes. Sammanställning av finansiella data från företagen i kombination med uträkning av finansiella nyckeltal samt användande av statistiska tester gjorde att studiens syfte kunde uppfyllas. Resultatet visade att omsättningstillväxt, med en signifikansnivå på 5 %, uppvisade en svagare utveckling efter en börsnotering jämfört med innan. Enbart 6 av de 24 statistiska testerna som genomförts blev signifikanta, vilket medförde att det inte gick att fastställa att en börsnotering leder till en förändring av ett företags finansiella prestation. De icke- signifikanta testerna indikerade dock även dem att den finansiella prestationen blev sämre efter noteringen, då en majoritet av företagen i urvalet uppvisade sämre värden på de finansiella nyckeltalen efter börsnoteringen. Dock kan inga slutsatser angående målpopulationen som helhet dras från de testerna.
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Ekvitní a dluhové projektové financováníNěmcová, Edita January 2016 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of equity and debt financing the development of the company according to pre-defined criteria such as cost, PR and marketing, debt and autonomy. Attention is also paid to the underpricing on the Czech capital market. The result of the work will assess the appropriate way of financing a particular company. It will also be calculated above underpricing the selected company on the basis of two selected methods.
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Bookbuilding como instrumento de precificação e alocação estratégica nas emissões de ações de empresas brasileirasPeres, Mauro Andrade 11 March 2003 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2003-03-11T00:00:00Z / A dissertação analisa a utilização do bookbuilding como redutor do deságio no preço das emissões dos IPOs brasileiros. A literatura internacional sobre bookbuilding é apresentada e, no caso brasileiro, exemplos de emissões são discutidas, particularmente no que se refere à alocação das ações entre os investidores. Favorecimento na alocação parece ocorrer para os maiores investidores, para os Fundos de Pensão e para os que fazem suas ofertas diretamente ao bookrunner. A análise de uma amostra de IPOs brasileiros, precificados por bookbuilding, revelou que o retorno médio ajustado ao mercado é de 2,46%, no final do primeiro dia de negociação na Bolsa de Valores. O resultado confirma que o bookbuilding é um poderoso instrumento de redução de underpricing. Após 135 dias úteis a amostra apresentou retorno médio de -77,29%.
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Aftermarket short covering in ipos and long-term stock liquidityTolentino, Rodrigo Andrade 28 July 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-28T00:00:00Z / This study investigates the effect of the aftermarket short covering (ASC) carried out by the underwriter during the price stabilization period on stock long-term liquidity. Because the ASC increases liquidity during the stabilization period and liquidity is a persistent characteristic of stocks, the ASC can increase long-term liquidity. In fact, we show that the ASC has a positive effect on liquidity over the 6 months subsequent to the stabilization period. This positive relation holds true even after controlling for many variables found important to explain liquidity by previous authors and the instrumentalization of the ASC. / Este trabalho investiga o efeito da recompra de ações no mercado secundário (ASC), realizada pelo banco de investimento no período de estabilização, sobre a liquidez de longo prazo. Devido ao fato da recompra aumentar a liquidez no período de estabilização e da liquidez seguir processo com dependência de trajetória, a recompra pode elevar a liquidez de longo prazo. Mostramos, neste trabalho, que a recompra tem um efeito positivo sobre a liquidez nos 6 meses subseqüentes ao período de estabilização. Esta relação positiva se mantém mesmo quando as variáveis utilizadas na literatura para explicar a liquidez são usadas como controle e após a instrumentalização da recompra.
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Abertura de capitais no Brasil : processos e custos para as empresas que ingressam no mercado de capitais através de Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO)Zorzan, Marcos Antonio January 2016 (has links)
Ao longo do tempo o contexto da economia mundial e brasileira é de expansão, salvo alguns períodos de retração, onde a economia fica estagnada, a exemplo do momento atual que vivemos. Apesar disso, as produções de riqueza vêm crescendo nos últimos anos e, por consequência, as empresas brasileiras, de um modo geral, têm buscado se desenvolver da mesma forma. Para financiar este desenvolvimento as empresas podem captar recursos através de instituições financeiras com que se relacionam. Entretanto este modelo apresenta limitações em relação ao volume de crédito disponível e também tem se mostrado um dos mais caros do mundo. Desta forma buscam-se outras alternativas de financiamentos não convencionais, como por exemplo o Mercado de Capitais. Este mercado tem amadurecido bastante no Brasil nos últimos anos, tornando-se uma alternativa para as empresas que buscam acompanhar este crescimento. São inúmeras as vantagens proporcionadas, mas, por outro lado, também são muitas as dificuldades do processo de preparação para acessar a este mercado, principalmente pelo pouco preparo das empresas para atender níveis elevados de governança corporativa. O objetivo, então, nesse contexto, na esfera do mercado de capitais é de identificar quais são as adaptações necessárias para as empresas ingressarem neste mercado, através da Oferta Pública de Ações (IPO), bem como identificar quais as mudanças necessárias na empresa, suas regras e principais custos que envolvem a operação, além das exigibilidades legais com a implantação de IPO. Conclui-se que alternativas e soluções existem para as dificuldades encontradas, e que o desafio é justamente enfrenta-las, para o próprio amadurecimento da empresa e também para criar diferencial competitivo frente à concorrência. / Over time, the context of the global and the Brazilian economy's has been the expansion, except for some periods of retraction or stagnant, like the current moment that we are living. Nevertheless, the wealth of productions has been growing in recent years ended, consequently, in general, Brazilian companies has sought to develop in the same way. To finance their development, companies can raise funds through financial institutions. However, this model has limitations, like line of credit and volume, and also Brazilian cost has been one of the most expensive in the world. Thus, some companies are seeking others alternatives for unconventional financing, such as Capital Markets. That market increase a lot in Brazil, in recent years and became an alternative for companies that are seeking to monitor this growth. There are many advantages provided, and by the other hand, many difficulties in preparation of process to access the market, especially in to meet high standards governance corporate. The goal, then, in this context, is to identify what are the adaptations necessary for companies to enter in this market through Initial Public Offering (IPO), just like identified the necessary changes in the company, their rules and main costs involving on the operation, and in addition, legal liabilities with the IPO deployment. It is concluded, that there are alternatives and solutions to the difficulties find, and the challenge is to confront them, for to get the own maturity and also to create a competitive over the competition.
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