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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse moral judgement in Newman's theology by examining his religious epistemology of the judgement of faith which he regularly illustrates with a moral analogy. Chapter one explains the philosophical and theological parameters of his religious epistemology in the 'University Sermons', and 'The Idea of a University'. This shows the primacy of the implicit reason of faith, and the secondary, but indispensable, function of explicit reason, manifest in Newmnan's explanation of liberal knowledge. Chapter two refines this by examining the 'Grammar of Assent, to show the objectivity and normativity of his epistemology in the concrete faith judgement of the illative sense. I show the primacy of personal assent in relation to the indispensable, but secondary, function of inferential investigation. Chapter three adopts the epistemology of the 'Grammar of Assent' to explain moral judgement. I introduce the term 'illative moral judgement' to show that concrete moral judgement can be a speculative truth of implicit reason which elicits a real assent of the imagination. There is a creative tension between concrete moral judgement and the abstract moral judgement entailed by the objective existence of the moral law; this is indicated by the moral sense of conscience within the context of his theology of a religious imagination. Moral judgement, action, and progress are connected by examining the role of the will and the influence of grace. The religious dimension of moral judgement is explained by understanding conscience's sense of duty in terms of intentionality within a horizon of belief. And his religious epistemology reveals the mode of reversing concrete moral judgement. Chapter four shows the relevance of Newman's proposals for moral judgement in contemporary moral theology.

Studier har visat att mäns våld mot kvinnor upplevs som mer allvarligt och bedöms hårdare i jämförelse med kvinnligt våld. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka om gärningsmannens kön och bakgrund påverkade empatin för gärningsmannen och våldshandlingens allvarlighetsgrad. Undersökningen utfördes på en högskola i Mellansverige samt inom hemvården i samma kommun. Fyra fiktiva vinjetter användes där gärningsmannens kön och bakgrund (tidigare dom/ingen tidigare dom) skiljde dem åt. Antal respondenter var totalt 186 varav 49 män. Resultaten av enkäterna analyserades med hjälp av ANOVOR och t-test och visade att manliga gärningsmäns våldshandlingar bedömdes allvarligare samt att det upplevdes mindre empati för dem jämfört med kvinnliga gärningsmän. Gärningsmannens bakgrund hade inte någon effekt på vare sig empati eller allvarlighetsbedömning Studiens resultat överensstämmer med tidigare forskning och slutsatsen blev att manligt våld anses vara mer allvarligt än kvinnligt.

Existing scholarship on Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker’s The Roaring Girl, or Moll Cutpurse primarily focuses on the title character and her unconventional gender presentation. This highlighting of Moll deemphasizes the other intriguing aspects of the play, including its thematic concerns involving issues of prejudice, reputation, gender, class, marriage, and sexuality. This thesis takes the spotlight off of Moll and shines it instead on a selection of other significant characters—including Sir Alexander Wengrave, Sebastian Wengrave, Mary Fitzallard, and a grouping of minor characters who have earned this play its designation as a city comedy: Laxton, Goshawk, the Openworks, and the Gallipots.

The aim of this study was to establish whether a relation between confidence in judgments and decisions is affected when individuals are made aware of their birth order position. Students from The University of Arizona were recruited and asked to give upper- and lower-bound ranges for a guess before and after a subtle birth order reminder. Participants also completed The General Decision Making Style questionnaire to determine whether any style correlated with birth order position. It was discovered that no statistically significant relationship was found between reminder of birth order position and confidence in decisions made. The General Decision Making Style Questionnaire indicated a significant relationship between age and the intuitive style.

This paper examines the determinants of firms’ non-reliance judgment and the effect of restatements disclosure venue choice on future litigation risk. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires firms to disclose any error that will undermine investors’ reliance on previously issued financial statements in Item 4.02 of Form 8-K starting on August 23, 2004. The requirements for non-reliance judgments lack clear guidelines; raising concerns that firms are cloaking errors and mistakes through opaque disclosure venues instead of the more prominent Form 8-K. This paper is the first to investigate the quantitative and qualitative criteria that firms use for non-reliance judgments and estimate the likelihood of specific disclosure venue choice. Applying this estimation into securities class-action litigation setting with controls for restatement characteristics and potential self-selection biases, I find that a more prominent restatement disclosure venue is associated with higher future litigation risk. This finding provides a plausible explanation for the current popularity of so-called ‘stealth restatements.’ These findings are robust to the exclusion of a transition period of the new regulation, firms with multiple restatements, and dismissed lawsuits.

Juveniles' right to be competent to stand trial has been increasingly recognized since In re Gault (1967) granted juveniles essential due process rights. One formulation of competence proposes two facets: competence to assist counsel (e.g., understanding the roles of legal actors, the adversarial system,) and decisional competence (Bonnie, 1992). The first goal of this project was to investigate the psychometric properties and relevant correlates of one instrument to assess competence to assist counsel, the Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (CAST-MR; this study used only the first two scales). Results indicated acceptable internal consistency, although concerns were raised regarding the appropriateness of some items. Scores were related to age and intelligence, as in prior research. No relationship was found with most mental health scale scores, prior legal system involvement, contact with defense counsel, or learning problems. The second goal of the study centered on decisional competence and the role of immaturity; specifically whether age is associated with immature judgment (assessed using the Judgment in Legal Contexts instrument) and if immature judgment predicts decisions made about one's own case. The current study found few significant relationships between age or intelligence and variables coded from the JILC (including authority compliance, risk recognition, risk appraisal, future recognition, resistance to peer influence). Additionally, age and the perceived strength of evidence were not predictive of individuals' decisions to confess, to fully disclose to defense counsel, or to accept a plea bargain. Juveniles who had confessed scored higher on future recognition, those who fully disclosed to their attorney scored lower on authority compliance, and those who would accept a plea bargain scored higher on risk recognition and appraisal. While the results were modest, they suggest that immature performance on a judgment measure may predict individuals' legal decision-making. If a juvenile fails to appreciate the potential consequences of legal decisions, his or her decisional competence may be questioned. Generally, immaturity may need to be recognized as a basis for findings of incompetence if performance on relevant skills is shown to improve with age and immature performance is shown to interfere with competency.

This thesis explores the nature of linguistic introspection through the phenomenon known in the literature as the Syntactic Satiation Effect, where the perceived unacceptability of some syntactic structures is attenuated on repeated exposure. Recent findings suggest that rating change in experimental settings may not reveal the underlying grammatical status of syntactic objects by mitigating performance factors related to memory limitations, as initially proposed, but rather arise as a response bias conditioned by characteristics of some experimental designs, in effect introducing task-based performance factors. Findings from rating and reading times suggest that there is evidence supporting both accounts of rating change in experimental designs and highlights areas of development for the Experimental Syntax program. Exploring anecdotal reports, Snyder (2000) found that in as few as five exposures, participants found some types of wh-extraction anomaly (‘weak Islands’) significantly more acceptable at the end of the session compared to the beginning whereas others (‘strong Islands’) did not experience any rating improvement. Varied success in replicating initial results casts doubts on the proposal that rating data, experimentally elicited, can tease apart grammatical from performance sources of unacceptability. Sprouse (2009) suggests an alternative –Satiation arises as an artifact of a disproportionate number of ungrammatical to grammatical sentences in the testing session. This approach provides an explanation for the apparent mismatch in findings, but also highlights issues regarding the advances of experimental syntax: do experimental methods provide better data or do aspects of some designs systematically introduce extraneous influences themselves? Evidence from three rating and two self-paced reading tasks suggests that although robust evidence supporting the memory-based claim is not found, evidence that Satiation is strictly task-based is not substantiated either; sentences that satiate are similar across experiments. A novel observation is made that satiating sentences are also more readily interpretable than non-satiating sentences – providing some explanation for the apparent mismatch between Satiation studies, and also points to another source of variability associated with experimental approaches to linguistic intuition. In sum, evidence here underlines the composite nature of introspection, points areas of refinement for experimental techniques and advocates for the adoption of cross-methodological procedures to enhance syntactic investigation.

Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på vilka kunskapsformer som kan synliggöras i Skolverkets kursplan för ämnet musik samt hur dessa kunskapsformer kan relateras till Skolverkets offentliga dokument kring bedömning och innehåll av musikämnet. Uppsatsen bygger på textanalys och litteraturstudier. Med metoden genomför jag en djupgående analys av dokumenten Kunskapsbedömning i skolan – praxis begrepp, problem och möjligheter, Bedömning i yrkesämnen – dilemman och möjligheter  samt ämnesplanen för instrument- eller sångkursen på gymnasieskolans estetiska program. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter utgörs av ett tredelat kunskapsperspektiv. I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras även perspektiv på bedömning och tillhörande metoder som används av yrkesverksamma lärare. I resultatdelen presenteras den analys som har gjorts  av Skolverkets texter om vad musikalisk kunskap innebär. I resultatet framgår att musikämnet innefattar flera olika kunskapsformer och att varje kunskapsform kräver sin egen form av bedömningspraktik vilken också kan fungera som ett effektivt verktyg för att nå kunskapsmålen i kursen. / The purpose of this study is to investigate those approaches to knowledge that exist in music in the Swedish curriculum, and how these approaches are related to the recommendations about content and judgment for teachers in aesthetic subjects written by the National Agency for Education.    The study is a literary and conceptual study presenting analyses of selected documents from the National Agency for Education in how to make judgements of knowledge in school, and the curriculum for instrumental and voice instruction in the upper secondary school. The theoretical framework of the study is based on three different perspectives concerning the concept of knowledge. In the chapter on background there is also a presentation regarding methods on judgement as applied by current professionals in the field of music education. The chapter containing the findings presents analyses in how a knowledge of music is represented in the documents from the National Agency for Education. It is clear that music is actually a consolidation of several types of approaches to knowledge. To categorize knowledge it is necessary to clarify what type of judgment that is best suited for a specific occasion. This study calls attention to the fact that judgments often used are an effective tool for teachers in encouraging students to improve their performance.

The aim of the essay is to show that Albert Camus’ novel The Fall despite the seriousness of the subjects it deals with can be read as a satirical work. To support thisargument a brief explanation of the term satire will be made and the definitions itholds will likewise be discussed.A careful textual analysis shows that satirical ruses are evident in The Fall.Another aim of the paper is to depict how the satirical devises that are used, confront and discuss the objects of “attack”. The essay will focus on finding satirical instances in relation to two major themes that are targeted in the novel: Christianity and modernity. The research method is based on a close reading and the support of secondary sources. The conclusions made, based on argumentative and analytical explorations, are that The Fall in fact can be read as a satirical novel; that the book, through mockery and satire, tries to criticize Christian and Modern values.