Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Kristína Kapuscinská ŽALOBA A ROZSUDEK (VZÁJEMNÝ VZTAH) Diplomová práce Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce Action and Judgment (mutual relation) Action and judgment are the key instruments of procedural law. The central topic of my thesis is the mutual relation between them; nevertheless we can not define the mutual relation without the basic definitions and a brief description of the action and judgment as process instruments, especially concentrating on its requirements, so that it should be possible to formulate the essence of its procedural consistency. I tried to express its mutual relation and complex context in my thesis. The mutual relation is evident when interpreting the law action theories, which tried in more or less successful way to resolve the relation between substantive and procedural law. Finally, the whole development of the action is illustrated by the comparison with the system of actions in Roman law which were understood as pure substantive institutes. The mutual relation is reflected in the components of the action and judgment. It is clearly evident in the case of the petit and the body of judgment which follows. The mutual relation is also evident in the case of the dispositive acts, the applicant may within his procedural rights dispose of the...

Nosso trabalho consiste em investigar a relação entre formação do juízo e educação moral no Emílio de Rousseau. Para examinar esta relação, pretendemos, num primeiro momento, analisar, nos três primeiros livros da obra, como Rousseau concebe a preparação da criança, desde o nascimento até a idade da razão, para a formação moral. Trata-se aqui de acompanhar o processo de desenvolvimento da criança, tal como descrito por Rousseau, assinalando os aspectos deste desenvolvimento que irão possibilitar ao discípulo chegar ao momento de sua formação em que ele se torne capaz de formar juízos morais. Em segundo lugar, analisamos a questão mesma da relação entre formação do juízo e educação moral, tal como Rousseau a concebe no livro IV do Emílio. Esta análise exigirá o exame da distinção entre sensação e juízo, que está exposta na Profissão de Fé do vigário de Savóia, no mesmo livro IV / Our job is to investigate the relationship between formation of judgment and moral education in Emile Rousseau. To examine this relationship, we aim, at first, to analyze the first three books of the work, as Rousseau conceives the preparation of the child from birth to the age of reason, to moral education. it is to follow the process of the child as described by Rousseau, signaling aspects of this development that will enable the disciple to reach the moment of its formation in that it becomes capable of forming moral judgments. Secondly, we analyzed the same question of the relationship between formation of judgment and moral education as Rousseau conceives it in Book IV of Emilio. This analysis will require the examination of the distinction between sense and judgment, which is exposed in the Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar, in the same book IV

O objetivo geral da pesquisa é ranquear alguns contextos (frames) que impactam subjetivamente no julgamento de materialidade que os auditores ponderam, abordando, além da visão global das demonstrações contábeis apresentadas para asseguração, distorções materiais e não conformidades, procedimento analítico, perfil dos gestores e ambiente de controle de negócios. A pesquisa é quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando como coleta de dados a Metodologia Q (Stephenson, 1953) e Narrativa Oral (Llewellyn, 1999). Os participantes da pesquisa são sócios, gerentes e seniores de auditoria de firmas Big 5 e sócios de firmas de pequeno porte. O instrumento de pesquisa contou com a apresentação de 27 cenários (frames) dispostos em cartões livremente ordenáveis de forma decrescente em percepção de relevância pelo participante como situações que o faria alterar a materialidade em um cliente. A coleta de dados contou com 18 entrevistas. O tratamento estatístico dos dados contou com a análise fatorial exploratória (AFE), e o tratamento qualitativo com análise interpretativa e análise por templates. A materialidade é influenciada para níveis mais conservadores em dois momentos: no planejamento de auditoria ou durante a coleta de evidências em campo, de acordo com a percepção do auditor da relevância de informações negativas. Porém, é influenciada para níveis menos conservadores apenas no planejamento de auditoria, quando há uma percepção acumulada historicamente pelo auditor sobre a efetividade dos controles internos e do bom caráter dos gestores do cliente. Para os estudos acadêmicos, esta dissertação objetiva contribuir para o aumento de pesquisas nacionais na área. Para a profissão contábil, objetiva-se refletir sobre os conhecimentos do dia a dia dos auditores em campo, visto que qualquer contador pode ser um auditor independente (CFC, 1983). Para a sociedade, objetiva-se oferecer mais informações sobre o auditor para, potencialmente, milhões de shareholders (investidores, credores, prestadores de serviço, funcionários, governo etc.) que depositam confiança nesses profissionais em suas decisões. O estudo é pioneiro na apresentação da materialidade como uma probabilidade da percepção de um risco de exposição do auditor e na compreensão dos fatores de julgamento de materialidade ex ante a entrega do relatório final de auditoria. / This research aims to to rank contexts (frames), which subjectively shall impact the judgment of materiality that auditors assess, addressing, aside from the global view on the accounting statements report for assurance, material distortions and nonconformities, analytical procedure, profile of managers and business control environment. The research is both quantitative and qualitative, using for data collection purposes the Q Methodology (Stephenson, 1953) and Oral Narrative (Llewellyn, 1999). Participants were partners, managers and senior auditors from Big 5 companies and members of small-sized enterprises. The research instrument comprised the presentation of 27 scenarios (frames) presented in cards arranged in random randomly in descending order according to how relevance was perceived by the participant as situations that would change the materiality of a client. Data collection included 18 interviews. The statistical treatment of the data included the Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and the qualitative treatment of the information was through analysis both interpretative and by templates. Materiality is influenced at more conservative levels in two circumstances: in the audit planning or upon field evidence collection, and according to the perception by an auditor of the relevance of a negative piece of information. However, it is influenced at less conservative levels only in audit planning when there is a historically acquired perception by the auditor on the effectiveness of internal controls and concerning the good character of the client\'s managers. As for academic studies, this dissertation aims to contribute towards increasing nation wide research on the subject area. As for accounting as a profession, it aims to reflect on the daily knowledge of the auditing field, that is considering that any given accountant may be an independent auditor (CFC, 1983). To society, it aims to provide more education on the work of an auditor to potentially millions of shareholders (investors, creditors, service providers, employees, government, etc.) who depend upon the trust placed in such professionals to their decisions. The study is a pioneer in the subject regarding the presentation of the subject materiality as a probability of perception of exposion risk to an auditor and in the understanding of the factors involved in the materiality judgment ex ante to the delivery of a final audit report.

Esta tese busca investigar como alguns desdobramentos da filosofia transcendental de Kant permitem conjugar a relação entre a tarefa crítica e a sistemática. A hipótese geral da pesquisa visa destacar a função da noção de sistema, na medida em que essa noção é esboçada, a partir da Crítica da razão pura, sob um ideal de racionalidade que encontra seu modelo geral em figuras como o organismo, a arquitetônica e o ideal transcendental. Uma vez determinadas estas caracterizações, busca-se indicar o respaldo que elas ganham no interior da compreensão da subjetividade, tal como ela é construída pela empreitada analítica da filosofia kantiana. Trata-se assim de evidenciar a complementaridade, ou também a tensão, entre o procedimento sistemático, exigido como expressão essencial de racionalidade, e o estabelecimento de uma subjetividade que, para além das fissuras que nela possam ser descobertas, tem que ser possuidora de um recurso reflexivo que permita atender à demanda sistemática de autocompreensão da razão. O elemento fundamental dessa investigação é a crítica de Kant à faculdade do juízo, por onde se torna possível pensar as demandas sistemáticas aliadas à pressuposição de um sujeito crítico e reflexivo. / This thesis investigates how some implications of Kants transcendental philosophy allow combining the relationship between the critical and systematic task. The general hypothesis of the research aims to highlight the role of the concept of system, insofar as this notion is outlined, from the Critique of Pure Reason, under an ideal of rationality that finds its general model in elements like the organism, the architectonic and the transcendental ideal. Once you have determined these characterizations, we try to indicate the support that they gain within the understanding of subjectivity as it is constructed from analytical works of Kant\'s philosophy. It intends therefore to highlight the complementarity or also the tension between the systematic procedure, required as an essential expression of rationality, and the establishment of a subjectivity that, in addition to the breaches that can be discovered in it, must be in possession of a reflective resource to meet the systematic demand of selfunderstanding of reason. The key element of this research is Kants critique of judgment, by which it becomes possible to think of the systematic demands allied to the assumption of a critical and reflective subject.

by Lai Nai Pang. / Title also in Chinese. / Thesis (M.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1981. / Bibliography: leaves 119-123.

Os Ensaios de Montaigne ainda apresentam desafios à interpretação. Na tentativa de abordá-los, procuramos nos concentrar na maneira como Montaigne constrói suas considerações e nas implicações objetivas de sentido da forma ensaio tal como ele a elabora, buscando encontrar neste nível a forma de seu próprio jugement em ato. Para tanto, selecionamos três ensaios para análise: Por diversos meios chega-se ao mesmo fim (I, 1), Da inconstância de nossas ações (II, 1) e Dos coxos (III, 11). Na análise do primeiro ensaio centramo-nos na pronunciada presença de exemplos e na curiosa dissonância entre estes e o contexto em que estão inseridos, o que permite caracterizar aspectos da relação entre autor e leitor, bem como a postura exigida deste último; no segundo, tomamos em consideração a construção sinuosa do texto e a incorporação dissimulada de trechos de Sêneca como referências que permitem compreender o sentido da crítica de Montaigne às formas tradicionais de avaliação de caráter; no terceiro, por fim, a discussão das relações entre o prólogo e o objeto específico, e entre continuidades e descontinuidades no texto, permite que se mostre a maneira como Montaigne incorpora em seu procedimento suas concepções críticas acerca do saber humano. Os resultados destas análises, bem com suas possíveis conseqüências para o restante da obra, são discutidos na conclusão. / Montaignes Essays still present challenges to the interpretation. In an attempt to approach them, we focus on how Montaigne constructs his considerations and on the objective implications of sense of the form essay, trying to find at this level the form of his own jugement in act. Thus, three essays are selected for analysis: \"By various means you get the same end\" (I, 1), \"The inconstancy of our actions\" (II, 1) and \"The lame\" (III, 11). In the analysis of the first essay we focus on the pronounced presence of examples and the curious dissonances between these and the context in which they are inserted, which allow us to characterize some aspects of the relationship between author and reader, as well as the position required from the latter; in the second, we take on account the sinuous construction of the text and the dissimulated incorporation of portions of Seneca as references that allow to understand the meaning of Montaigne criticism of the traditional forms of character evaluation; in the third, finally, the discussion of the relationship between the prologue and the specific object, and between continuities and discontinuities in the text, allow us to show how Montaigne incorporates in his procedure his critical conceptions about human knowledge. The results of these analyses, along with their possible consequences for the rest of the Essays, are discussed in the conclusion.

The detection of similar code can support many so ware engineering tasks such as program understanding and program classification. Many excellent approaches have been proposed to detect programs having similar syntactic features. However, these approaches are unable to identify programs dynamically or statistically close to each other, which we call behaviorally similar programs. We believe the detection of behaviorally similar programs can enhance or even automate the tasks relevant to program classification. In this thesis, we will discuss our current approaches to identify programs having similar behavioral features in multiple perspectives. We first discuss how to detect programs having similar functionality. While the definition of a program’s functionality is undecidable, we use inputs and outputs (I/Os) of programs as the proxy of their functionality. We then use I/Os of programs as a behavioral feature to detect which programs are functionally similar: two programs are functionally similar if they share similar inputs and outputs. This approach has been studied and developed in the C language to detect functionally equivalent programs having equivalent I/Os. Nevertheless, some natural problems in Object Oriented languages, such as input generation and comparisons between application-specific data types, hinder the development of this approach. We propose a new technique, in-vivo detection, which uses existing and meaningful inputs to drive applications systematically and then applies a novel similarity model considering both inputs and outputs of programs, to detect functionally similar programs. We develop the tool, HitoshiIO, based on our in-vivo detection. In the subjects that we study, HitoshiIO correctly detect 68.4% of functionally similar programs, where its false positive rate is only 16.6%. In addition to functional I/Os of programs, we attempt to discover programs having similar execution behavior. Again, the execution behavior of a program can be undecidable, so we use instructions executed at run-time as a behavioral feature of a program. We create DyCLINK, which observes program executions and encodes them in dynamic instruction graphs. A vertex in a dynamic instruction graph is an instruction and an edge is a type of dependency between two instructions. The problem to detect which programs have similar executions can then be reduced to a problem of solving inexact graph isomorphism. We propose a link analysis based algorithm, LinkSub, which vectorizes each dynamic instruction graph by the importance of every instruction, to solve this graph isomorphism problem efficiently. In a K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) based program classification experiment, DyCLINK achieves 90 + % precision. Because HitoshiIO and DyCLINK both rely on dynamic analysis to expose program behavior, they have better capability to locate and search for behaviorally similar programs than traditional static analysis tools. However, they suffer from some common problems of dynamic analysis, such as input generation and run-time overhead. These problems may make our approaches challenging to scale. Thus, we create the system, Macneto, which integrates static analysis with machine topic modeling and deep learning to approximate program behaviors from their binaries without truly executing programs. In our deobfuscation experiments considering two commercial obfuscators that alter lexical information and syntax in programs, Macneto achieves 90 + % precision, where the groundtruth is that the behavior of a program before and after obfuscation should be the same. In this thesis, we offer a more extensive view of similar programs than the traditional definitions. While the traditional definitions of similar programs mostly use static features, such as syntax and lexical information, we propose to leverage the power of dynamic analysis and machine learning models to trace/collect behavioral features of pro- grams. These behavioral features of programs can then apply to detect behaviorally similar programs. We believe the techniques we invented in this thesis to detect behaviorally similar programs can improve the development of software engineering and security applications, such as code search and deobfuscation.

黃浩麒. / "2003年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 97-98). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 8 yue". / Huang Haoqi. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 97-98). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 摘要 --- p.4 / Abstract --- p.5 / 康德原著縮寫 --- p.7 / 康德原著引文的翻譯 --- p.8 / 引言 --- p.10 / Chapter 第一章 --- ´ؤ´ؤ簡述反省性判斷力 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二章 --- ´ؤ´ؤ在可能性與現實性之間 --- p.30 / 可能性與現實性 --- p.31 / 曲行的悟性與直觀的悟性 --- p.36 / 實然及應然 --- p.42 / 實在性及其在實踐上的指示 --- p.47 / 人文世界之建立 --- p.56 / Chapter 第三章 --- 吾人的界域 --- p.59 / 康德的界域理論 --- p.59 / 理性的建築術 --- p.62 / 「經驗最大可能的延續及擴展性的原則」 --- p.66 / 「域」、「境」、「界」及實在性之人文意涵 --- p.71 / 「神」所統治下的世界作爲最闊的界域 --- p.74 / Chapter 第四章 --- ´ؤ´ؤ結論：反省性判斷力與人的定位 --- p.83 / 人文世界之闡釋 --- p.84 / 人作爲自然與自由的連結者之意涵 --- p.89 / 參考書目 --- p.97

Resumo: O uso abusivo de álcool por adolescentes é uma questão que vem preocupando os envolvidos com a Educação, pois as conseqüências desse fato têm invadido os bancos escolares trazendo sérios prejuízos ao processo ensino-aprendizagem e ao adolescente que abusa. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o debate na busca de uma intervenção efetiva que possa ser utilizada, sobretudo nas escolas, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa onde procuramos detectar a possível relação entre uso abusivo de álcool e raciocínio moral. Para tanto, tivemos como participantes alunos do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública da cidade de Assis (SP) que vêm se envolvendo com uso abusivo de álcool. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, selecionamos os participantes através da aplicação de dois instrumentos que avaliam o uso e as conseqüências do uso abusivo de álcool, denominados Audit e Rapi. Dos 171 alunos que responderam aos questionários, 27 deles tiveram resultados que revelam uso abusivo de álcool com conseqüências negativas. Esses adolescentes foram entrevistados tendo como referencial a teoria de Lawrence Kohlberg (1992) onde buscamos identificar seu nível e estágio de desenvolvimento moral (analisando sua teoria ética, seus valores, etc) por meio de uma entrevista semi-estruturada proposta por Kohlberg e colaboradores: a moral judgment interview (MJI) e a concepção que esses têm do seu ato de beber e do uso abusivo de álcool. Os resultados obtidos nos apontam que esses adolescentes apresentam um nível de raciocínio moral pré-convencional e convencional, sendo que a maioria (56%) encontra-se no estágio 02 do nível pré-convencional. Dessa forma, concluímos que a prevenção possa ser pensada por meio da Educação Moral como uma proposta de intervenção efetiva contra o uso abusivo de álcool, buscando a construção da autonomia e, conseqüentemente, uma maior reflexão acerca do envolvimento com as drogas. / Abstract: The abuse of alcohol by teenagers is an issue which has caused the worry of those involved in education, since its consequences have affected schools and caused serious damage to the teaching-learning process and consequently to those teenagers who abuse it. In order to contribute to the discussion of such an issue and to try to find out an effective intervention which may be used mainly in schools, we have developed a research in which we tried to establish a relation between the abuse of alcohol and moral judgment. Therefore, our subjects were junior/senior high school students attending a public school in Assis (SP) who have got into such a trouble. In order to achieve the aims of our research we have chosen the subjects by applying two indices called Audit and Rapi, which evaluate the use and the consequences of alcohol abuse. 171 students have completed the questionnaires, and 27 of them presented results confirming the abuse of alcohol with serious consequences. Such teenagers were interviewed seeing that the Lawrence Kohlberg's theory (1992) was used to identify their level and phase of moral development (analyzing their ethical theory, values, etc), by using semi-structured interview proposed by Kohlberg and his collaborators: the Moral Judgment Interview (MJI) and the conception they have about drinking. The results obtained in the research reveal that such teenagers present a pre-conventional and conventional level of moral judgment, seeing that most of them (56%) have reached the 02 phase of the pre-conventional level. Thus we come to the conclusion that prevention should be implemented by means of Social Awareness viewed as an effective intervention proposal against the abuse of alcohol, aiming at developing autonomy and, consequently, at encouraging them to ponder over their involvement with drugs. / Orientador: Raul Aragão Martins / Coorientador: Maria Suzana S. Menin / Doutor

As school choice opportunities have become more prevalent and information about schools more readily available, there is still a lack of understanding of how parents use information to evaluate schools. The discussion around school judgment-making predominately focuses on whether parents know about school choice and the constraints parents face which limit choice, but I investigate, using 91 interviews of parents living in a low socio-economic community, how parents make judgments and evaluate schools past the discussion of what schools are available to parents and the constraints those parents face. The results of this study are that parents use heuristics—specifically familiarity, endorsement, and representativeness—to help them make judgments about schools. Knowing that parents use heuristics, policy-makers and educators can better address these parents needs and provide information that is more beneficial to them for making judgments about schools.