L'immunité juridictionnelle des États a été pendant des siècles une question incontestée fondée sur le principe de l'égalité des Etats et sur leur indépendance absolue. Cette règle a été élaborée à une époque où tenter une action contre un État dans un pays étranger aurait été considéré comme une violation de sa souveraineté. Toutefois, les fonctions des Etats ont changé au cours des siècles. Désormais, les Etats s’engagent dans les activités commerciales comme une personne privée et jouent un rôle essentiel dans ce secteur.Alors, bien que le droit de l'immunité soit lié à l'octroi de l'immunité aux États pour leur permettre d'accomplir efficacement les fonctions publiques, le droit international moderne n'exige pas que les tribunaux d'un Etat s’abstiennent de connaître un litige simplement parce que l’État étranger n'a pas la volonté de défendre.Ce travail de recherche, est donc consacré à l’étude de l’immunité de juridiction et l’immunité d’exécution afin de montrer le droit international actuel sur la matière.Cette thèse vise à examiner une question spécifique qui a été mise en évidence au cours de ces dernières années. Comment et dans quelle mesure les États et ses démembrements devraient être soumis à des règles spécifiques de l'immunité d’Etat ? / The issue of jurisdictional immunity of states was for centuries an undisputed matter based on the principle of state equality and absolute independence of states. The rules were developed at a time when it was thought to be an infringement of a state's sovereignty to bring proceedings against it or its officials in a foreign country. However, the functions of states have changed over the centuries and nowadays states are involved in commercial activities as a private person and accordingly play an essential role in the commercial activities of the world. In fact, the issue of state immunities is an increasingly important and rapidly developing area of international law and practice. The state practice reflects the emerging global consensus that States and State enterprises can no longer claim absolute, unrestrained immunity from the proper jurisdiction of foreign courts, especially for their commercial activities. Therefore, although the law of state immunity is related to the grant of immunities to states to enable them to carry out their public functions effectively, modern international law does not require the courts of one state to refrain from deciding a case merely because a foreign state is an unwilling defendant. It is therefore important to know how a plea of state immunity may be made and to what type of dispute it applies.

This thesis examines the application of traditional jurisdictional doctrines to online activity. It analyses not only to what extent, and why, the Internet challenges existing principles allocating regulatory competence, but the factors which shape, and must shape, the regulatory responses to these challenges, in an attempt to create an analytical framework within which the search for viable solutions can begin. The overarching argument made in this thesis is that the keys to viable future Internet regulation are deeply embedded in past and present regulation and that we cannot simply look for the most efficient legal solutions, regardless of how they fit within existing laws. This would be inconsistent with the law's basic function to answer the need for certainty and predictability. Building upon this fundamental premise, it is further argued, and shown, that an understanding of the public law - private law dichotomy within the existing jurisdictional framework, as well as its deeply entrenched status, is essential for appreciating the severity of the jurisdictional problems caused by the Internet and actual and likely regulatory responses to them. It is argued that this explains why both sets of rules have consistently accommodated transnational online activity differently, giving rise to different problems - problems which ultimately touch upon fundamental legal notions, such as formal justice, the rule of law or obedience to law which cannot but set further outer parameters of the search for solutions to the jurisdictional problems triggered by the Internet.

This dissertation contributes to the definition of an analytical framework for the study of optimal jurisdictional size for local service delivery. We argue that the standard economics framework for the analysis of optimal jurisdictional size importantly neglects individual preferences for political accountability. Our theoretical model shows that once we take into account such preferences, the optimal jurisdictional size for the provision of local public goods is smaller than in the standard model. We obtain empirical evidence to support our hypothesis from a sample of 197 countries. Our results show that, in fact, demand for political accountability leads to higher jurisdictional fragmentation both in terms of greater number of jurisdictions and smaller average population per jurisdiction. In addition, a meta-analysis of the empirical contributions to the study of economies of scale in the provision of local services shows that the economies of scale expected from service provision to larger jurisdictional sizes may not be present except for a handful of local services, and limited to relatively small population sizes. The results of the meta-analysis signal moderately increasing to constant returns to scale in the provision of traditional local services. In light of these results, we argue that forced jurisdictional consolidation programs across the world justified by perceptions of excessive jurisdictional fragmentation, or by the expectation of large expenditure savings due to economies of scale may have been, thus, erroneously designed. From a policy perspective, multi-layered institutional frameworks for service delivery (including cooperation and privatization among other options) may allow targeting available efficiency gains more efficiently than consolidation.

This dissertation contributes to the definition of an analytical framework for the study of optimal jurisdictional size for local service delivery. We argue that the standard economics framework for the analysis of optimal jurisdictional size importantly neglects individual preferences for political accountability. Our theoretical model shows that once we take into account such preferences, the optimal jurisdictional size for the provision of local public goods is smaller than in the standard model. We obtain empirical evidence to support our hypothesis from a sample of 197 countries. Our results show that, in fact, demand for political accountability leads to higher jurisdictional fragmentation both in terms of greater number of jurisdictions and smaller average population per jurisdiction. In addition, a meta-analysis of the empirical contributions to the study of economies of scale in the provision of local services shows that the economies of scale expected from service provision to larger jurisdictional sizes may not be present except for a handful of local services, and limited to relatively small population sizes. The results of the meta-analysis signal moderately increasing to constant returns to scale in the provision of traditional local services. In light of these results, we argue that forced jurisdictional consolidation programs across the world justified by perceptions of excessive jurisdictional fragmentation, or by the expectation of large expenditure savings due to economies of scale may have been, thus, erroneously designed. From a policy perspective, multi-layered institutional frameworks for service delivery (including cooperation and privatization among other options) may allow targeting available efficiency gains more efficiently than consolidation.

O presente estudo pretende analisar a relação entre direito material e direito processual à luz do paradigma do formalismo-valorativo, a fim de buscar a solução para intrigantes problemas existentes em matéria de tutela jurisdicional de urgência, em especial a delimitação dessa modalidade diferenciada de tutela, a adequação procedimental, suas técnicas e a influência que sofre do direito material quanto ao preenchimento dos requisitos autorizadores de sua aplicação e quanto à escolha do meio a ser empregado em sua efetivação. / The present study analyzes the relations between Material Law and Process in the light of the methodological paradigm of axiological formalism. It is aimed at seeking the solution to intriguing problems related to urgency jurisdictional tutelage, focusing on limiting this distinctive tutelage kind, its procedural adequacy and the influence it suffers from the Material Law in regards to meeting the authorization requirements to be applied and also in choosing the executive means to enforce it.

A evolução da digitalização e virtualização dos processos judiciais, aliado ao crescente investimento na área de tecnologia da informação (TI), permitiu ao sistema de justiça criar e armanezar uma vasta quantidade de informações. Porém, apesar de todo investimento realizado em TI e o reconhecido avanço na normatização da estrutura do ambiente informacional, as informações jurídicas não tem gerado o esperado valor à atividade jurisdicional do sistema de justiça, que muitas vezes ainda recorrem a buscas manuais, incorrendo em informações sem a qualidade necessária, com maior demora para acessar informações com a utilidade desejada. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como a Governança da Informação se relaciona com os desafios da atividade jurisdicional no modelo de governança judicial do sistema de justiça, considerando que a Governança da Informação surge para preencher esse espaço não atendido pela governança da Tecnologia da Informação (TI), primeiro recolocando a informação como o recurso essencial e, segundo, demonstrando que o uso da informação, e não apenas a sua produção e armazenamento, deve ser considerado no processo de governança. Sendo assim, a Governança da Informação é um instrumento para reduzir problemas entre os agentes interessados na informação, baseando-se na teoria da agência, aliando sua estrutura à governança corporativa. Para atingir o objetivo foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso único, em unidades do sistema de justiça localizadas no estado do Acre: Tribunal de Justiça, Ministério Público e Defensoria Pública. Como contribuições dessa pesquisa estão a análise dos fatores e elementos que se espera contribuir para os desafios do ambiente informacional das empresas no diagnóstico e eventual adoção de programas de Governança da Informação, provendo um modelo particularmente associado à gestão mais célere, ética e estratégica das informações no ambiente das organizações do sistema de justiça. / The evolution of the digitalization and virtualization of judicial processes, together with the increasing investment in the area of information technology (IT), allowed the justice system to create and armanezar a vast amount of information. However, despite all the investment made in IT and the acknowledged advance in the normalization of the structure of the information environment, legal information has not generated the expected value of the judicial activity of the justice system, which often still resort to manual searches, incurring information without the necessary quality, with more delay to access information with the desired utility. The objective of the research is to analyze how Information Governance relates to the challenges of judicial activity in the justice system model of judicial system, considering that Information Governance arises to fill this space not served by the governance of Information Technology ), first by replacing information as the essential resource and secondly by demonstrating that the use of information, not just its production and storage, should be considered in the governance process. Thus, Information Governance is an instrument to reduce problems among agents interested in information, relying on agency theory, combining its structure with corporate governance. In order to reach the objective, the single case study method was used in units of the justice system located in the state of Acre: Court of Justice, Public Prosecutor's Office and Public Defender's Office. As contributions of this research are the analysis of the factors and elements that are expected to contribute to the challenges of the informational environment of companies in the diagnosis and eventual adoption of Information Governance programs, providing a model particularly associated with the faster, ethical and strategic management of information in the environment of justice system organizations.

O presente estudo pretende analisar a relação entre direito material e direito processual à luz do paradigma do formalismo-valorativo, a fim de buscar a solução para intrigantes problemas existentes em matéria de tutela jurisdicional de urgência, em especial a delimitação dessa modalidade diferenciada de tutela, a adequação procedimental, suas técnicas e a influência que sofre do direito material quanto ao preenchimento dos requisitos autorizadores de sua aplicação e quanto à escolha do meio a ser empregado em sua efetivação. / The present study analyzes the relations between Material Law and Process in the light of the methodological paradigm of axiological formalism. It is aimed at seeking the solution to intriguing problems related to urgency jurisdictional tutelage, focusing on limiting this distinctive tutelage kind, its procedural adequacy and the influence it suffers from the Material Law in regards to meeting the authorization requirements to be applied and also in choosing the executive means to enforce it.

A evolução da digitalização e virtualização dos processos judiciais, aliado ao crescente investimento na área de tecnologia da informação (TI), permitiu ao sistema de justiça criar e armanezar uma vasta quantidade de informações. Porém, apesar de todo investimento realizado em TI e o reconhecido avanço na normatização da estrutura do ambiente informacional, as informações jurídicas não tem gerado o esperado valor à atividade jurisdicional do sistema de justiça, que muitas vezes ainda recorrem a buscas manuais, incorrendo em informações sem a qualidade necessária, com maior demora para acessar informações com a utilidade desejada. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como a Governança da Informação se relaciona com os desafios da atividade jurisdicional no modelo de governança judicial do sistema de justiça, considerando que a Governança da Informação surge para preencher esse espaço não atendido pela governança da Tecnologia da Informação (TI), primeiro recolocando a informação como o recurso essencial e, segundo, demonstrando que o uso da informação, e não apenas a sua produção e armazenamento, deve ser considerado no processo de governança. Sendo assim, a Governança da Informação é um instrumento para reduzir problemas entre os agentes interessados na informação, baseando-se na teoria da agência, aliando sua estrutura à governança corporativa. Para atingir o objetivo foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso único, em unidades do sistema de justiça localizadas no estado do Acre: Tribunal de Justiça, Ministério Público e Defensoria Pública. Como contribuições dessa pesquisa estão a análise dos fatores e elementos que se espera contribuir para os desafios do ambiente informacional das empresas no diagnóstico e eventual adoção de programas de Governança da Informação, provendo um modelo particularmente associado à gestão mais célere, ética e estratégica das informações no ambiente das organizações do sistema de justiça. / The evolution of the digitalization and virtualization of judicial processes, together with the increasing investment in the area of information technology (IT), allowed the justice system to create and armanezar a vast amount of information. However, despite all the investment made in IT and the acknowledged advance in the normalization of the structure of the information environment, legal information has not generated the expected value of the judicial activity of the justice system, which often still resort to manual searches, incurring information without the necessary quality, with more delay to access information with the desired utility. The objective of the research is to analyze how Information Governance relates to the challenges of judicial activity in the justice system model of judicial system, considering that Information Governance arises to fill this space not served by the governance of Information Technology ), first by replacing information as the essential resource and secondly by demonstrating that the use of information, not just its production and storage, should be considered in the governance process. Thus, Information Governance is an instrument to reduce problems among agents interested in information, relying on agency theory, combining its structure with corporate governance. In order to reach the objective, the single case study method was used in units of the justice system located in the state of Acre: Court of Justice, Public Prosecutor's Office and Public Defender's Office. As contributions of this research are the analysis of the factors and elements that are expected to contribute to the challenges of the informational environment of companies in the diagnosis and eventual adoption of Information Governance programs, providing a model particularly associated with the faster, ethical and strategic management of information in the environment of justice system organizations.

O presente estudo pretende analisar a relação entre direito material e direito processual à luz do paradigma do formalismo-valorativo, a fim de buscar a solução para intrigantes problemas existentes em matéria de tutela jurisdicional de urgência, em especial a delimitação dessa modalidade diferenciada de tutela, a adequação procedimental, suas técnicas e a influência que sofre do direito material quanto ao preenchimento dos requisitos autorizadores de sua aplicação e quanto à escolha do meio a ser empregado em sua efetivação. / The present study analyzes the relations between Material Law and Process in the light of the methodological paradigm of axiological formalism. It is aimed at seeking the solution to intriguing problems related to urgency jurisdictional tutelage, focusing on limiting this distinctive tutelage kind, its procedural adequacy and the influence it suffers from the Material Law in regards to meeting the authorization requirements to be applied and also in choosing the executive means to enforce it.

77 Resumé The topic of this thesis is Relation between Arbitration proceedings and Rules of Civil Procedural Law. The thesis focuses on arbitration regulated by Act No. 216/1996 Coll., On Arbitration Proceedings and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards and looks for similarities in the proceedings in front of the ordinary courts, which is primarily regulated by the Act no. 99/1963 Coll., Civil Procedure Code. Arbitration uses provisions of the Civil Procedure Code in cases where the legislation provided by Act. No. 216/1996 is missing completely or is not sufficient. The work is divided into seven main chapters, which are further divided into sub- chapters. The first chapter describes rules for procedural managements of the arbitration proceedings. It draws attention to the legal possibility for the parties to agree on their own rules of procedure in the management and suggests that the parties' agreement may also directly refer to the legal provisions of the court proceedings. The next two chapters deal with theoretical introduction to the use of the Code of Civil Procedure in arbitration. They analyze the possibility of using the Civil Procedure Code from the perspective of the two major theoretical concepts of arbitration and define grammatical and teleological meaning of the provisions of the Arbitration Act...