One of the most complicated areas of the law is rem. The reason behind such a statement is the fact that the legislature never completed a collective overhaul of the area. Rem is intended to deal with and clear up third party conflicts where multiple party’s have claims on the same property. Equally legitimate interest collides and it is more or less impossible to in advance determine whose interest is the most worth. It seems there has been a tendency from the legislature to ignore the rem and instead deal with concrete problems as they arise. Lag (1944:181) om redovisningsmedel is one of those phenomenon’s where middleman’s have been given the possibility to separate mixed property for their principals. In the preparatory work to the law multiple requisites has been left open for the courts to determine. The law is not intended to be applied conversely and it is therefore possible to obtain the right to separate property outside of the laws applicability. This bachelor thesis primary focus is to investigate if Lag om redovisningsmedels shape gives satisfying predictability. In addition to this an examination of unique cases has been done where the right to separate mixed property has been given outside of the area of Lag om redovisningsmedels applicability. The method of legal dogmatic is being used to interpret and analyze the compiled material. The research shows that the legal system to which rem belongs to is unclear. Lagen om redovisningsmedels requisites are far from clear and the current state of the preceding judgments are ambiguous. The courts haven’t despite the unique cases NJA 1994 s. 506 and NJA 2009 s. 500 managed to establish a general principle. It’s a necessity for the business life to be able to predict the consequences of their actions and thus dare to entrust others with their property. With a limited amount of legislation about mixed property it is important that preceding judgments can create satisfying predictability. The fact that in multiple of cases the judges divert amongst themselves about the grounds of judgment creates only more uncertainty. It is however possible to recognize that theft and practical reasons can lead to a more outstretched possibility to separate mixed property. The Supreme Court has however expressed that these conditions hasn’t led to a general principle about which circumstances has a higher value of protection. The underlying thoughts from the legislative has been to hand over the responsibility for the development of the area to the courts. The current state of this area of the law is throughout uncertain and no satisfying predictability can be found. / Rättsområdet benämnt som sakrätt utgör ett av juridikens mest komplicerade områden. Anledningen till ett sådant påstående är det faktum att lagstiftaren aldrig genomfört en samlad systematisk översyn av området. Sakrätten är avsedd att behandla och utreda tredjemanskonflikter där flera parter har anspråk på samma egendom. Jämbördigt legitima intressen kolliderar och det är mer eller mindre omöjligt att på förhand avgöra vems intresse som är värt mest. Det verkar ha funnits en tendens att ignorera sakrätten från lagstiftarens sida och istället tagit tag i konkreta problem när de dykt upp. Lag (1944:181) om redovisningsmedel utgör ett sådant fenomen där sysslomän getts möjligheten att avskilja egendom för huvudmans räkning. I förarbetena till lagen har dock flertalet av rekvisiten lämnats till rättskiparen att fastställa. Lagen är dock inte avsedd att tillämpas é contrario och det är därför möjligt att erhålla separationsrätt även utanför lagens tillämpningsområde. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga fokus ligger på att undersöka om Lag om redovisningsmedels utformning ger en tillfredsställande förutsebarhet. Därutöver undersöks unika fall där separationsrätt medgetts utanför lag om redovisningsmedels tillämpbarhet. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden har använts för att tolka och analysera framtaget material. Utredningen visar på att rättsläget beträffande sammanblandad egendom genomgående är oklart. Lagen om redovisningsmedels rekvisit är långt ifrån uttömmande och rättspraxis är mångtydigt. Domstolarna har inte trots de unika fallen NJA 1994 s. 506 och NJA 2009 s. 500 lyckats fastställa en allmän princip. Det är nödvändigt för affärslivet att kunna förutse konsekvenserna av sina förehavanden och således våga anförtro annan sin egendom. Med en begränsad lagstiftning avseende sammanblandad egendom är det viktigt att de prejudikat som skapas ger en tillfredsställande förutsebarhet. Faktumet att det i ett flertal domar råder skiljaktiga meningar bland justitieråden påvisar ytterligare osäkerhet. Det går emellertid urskilja att stöld och praktiska skäl kan leda till en mer långtgående separationsrätt. Högsta domstolen har dock uttalat att dessa förutsättningar inte lett till någon generell princip om vilka omständigheter som är att anse som mer skyddsvärda. Utgångspunkten från lagstiftarens sida har varit att överlämna ansvaret för rättsutvecklingen på rättskiparen. Rättsläget är dock genomgående oklart och någon tillfredsställande förutsebarhet kan inte konstateras.

Det är sedan tidigare tydligt att det funnits problem och delade åsikter kring arbetet med markanvisningar innan lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Arbetets syfte var att undersöka om arbetet har förändrats efter att lag 2014:899 trädde i kraft. Målet med arbetet är att utreda de valda kommunernas markanvisningspolicyer och deras erfarenheter av arbetet med dessa. Förbättringsåtgärder föreslås efter att ha belyst svagheter i de markanvisningspolicyer som undersöktes, med utgångspunkt i lag 2014:899 samt punkter specificerade av Caesar et al. (2013).  Ett dokument med förslag till vad en markanvisningspolicy bör innehålla har tagits fram. Dokumentet kan underlätta kommuners arbete med markanvisningspolicyer i fortsättningen.

The purpose of this study was to bibliometrically investigate and describe the research area called “extrasolar planets”. The research questions were: Which authors were mostly cited within the area when the first authors (and their co-authors) were considered? Which authors were found in most co-occurrences? Did particular author collaborations emerge?To which institutions were most authors affiliated and did the size of the institution have an influence on whether an author was cited?What was the geographic distribution of authors and institutions and were there any patterns of collaboration?Did the image of dominating institutions and countries depend on the viewpoint?How applicable was Lotka’s law on the collected data? The data was collected from citation lists in documents from the database Arxiv.org. The documents were extracted by using the search term “extrasolar planets”. By using citation analysis and the method a)”first author counting”, complimented by the method b)”fractional counting” used on a material screened by method a), for accrediting publications to authors and countries, an image of the research area was depicted. Method b) was also used for extracting information about author collaboration and geographic distributions. The most quoted first author, also found in most co-occurrences, was attached to the largest institution, located in USA. Most quoted authors, almost 60%, were attached to USA. However, the results were inconclusive when the viewpoints were changed. Apart from the fact that 57.8% of the quoted documents originated from 9.5% of the first authors, Lotka’s law was not applicable.

A aplicação da madeira como material estrutural na construção civil é amplamente difundida em coberturas residenciais e comerciais, construção de residências ou em obras de grande porte como pontes. Freqüentemente ocorre a necessidade de ligações entre peças estruturais. Uma das possibilidades de ligação é a utilização de parafusos auto-atarraxantes solicitados por esforços de tração, diferente da maioria dos casos de ligações, nas quais pinos estão solicitados por forças laterais. Um tipo particular de parafuso auto-atarraxante é o torx, que possui rosca em toda a sua extensão, possibilitando uma outra forma de arranjo de ligação que facilita a execução das ligações entre as peças estruturais. Este parafuso possui uma grande resistência que traz à industrialização das estruturas de madeiras. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar, de maneira experimental, a resistência de ligações utilizando parafusos torx auto-atarraxantes submetidos a esforços axiais de tração, em peças de madeira, avaliando a influência de diversos fatores, tais como: direção de fixação dos parafusos em relação às fibras, efeito de grupo teor de umidade, massa específica da madeira e espaçamentos entre parafusos. Foram utilizadas as espécies: Pinus Taeda (Pinus taeda L.), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis) e Cupiúba (Goupia glabra). / Timber as a structural material civil in construction is widely used in framework, construction of houses or larger construction as bridges. The use of connections among structural members is frequently required. One of the connection possibilities is the use of lag screws in axial withdrawal load, differently from most cases of connections in which they are laterally loaded. A peculiar type of lag screw is the torx, which possesses thread along its extension, making possible another form of connection arrangement that facilitates the execution of the connections among the structural pieces. This lag screw has a high strength and facilitates the industrialization of timber structures. The aim of this research is to determine, in an experimental way, the strength of connections using torx lag screws in withdrawal loads, evaluating the influence of several factors, such as direction of the lag screws in relation to grain, group effect, moisture content, density of wood and spacings among screws. The species used were: Pinus Taeda (Pinus taeda L.), Eucalipto Grandis (Eucalyptus grandis) and Cupiúba (Goupia glabra).

Estágio realizado na empresa CIN - Corporação Industrial do Norte, S.A. e orientado pela Eng.ª Catarina Carneiro / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Química. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2010

Interest in mediation analysis has increased over time, with particular excitement in the social and behavioral sciences. A mediator is defined as an intermediate in the causal sequence between an independent and dependent variable. Previous research has demonstrated that the cross-sectional form of mediation analysis is inherently flawed, evidenced by the inability of the cross-sectional mediation model to account for temporal precedence and estimation of the indirect effect being biased in nearly all situations. For these reasons, a longitudinal model is recommended. However, a method for determining the exact time points to measure the variables used in mediation analysis has not been adequately examined. In this study, we examined methods for determining an appropriate time lag when designing a mediation study. The methods implemented include correlation analysis, the quadratic and exponential forms of the lag as a moderator approach, and knot estimation using basis splines. The data for the study was simulated for three distinct trends generated using a linear piecewise model, a sigmoid model, and a sigmoid piecewise model. Additionally, two sampling approaches, an intense sampling approach and a three-measure approach, were examined as well as six sample sizes and three effect sizes for the total effect on the outcome. The estimation methods were additionally compared by considering different types of error structures used in data generation as well as by examining equal and unequal time lag lengths between the predictor and mediator, and the mediator and outcome. The intent of the study is to provide methods so that researchers can estimate the best time to evaluate mediator and outcome measurements that will be used in mediation analysis. The results from this study showed that the best estimation method varied depending on the lag being estimated, the sampling approach, and the length of the lag. However, the knot estimation approach worked reasonably well in most scenarios considered even with small sample sizes of 5 or 10 per group. The findings from this study have the potential to improve study design for research implementing longitudinal mediation analysis by reducing bias in the estimate of the indirect effect when adequate time points are used.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis (TB). While approximately one third of the world’s population is infected with this pathogen, only a small minority of these individuals has active TB infection, where these individuals are able to transmit the pathogen to others. In previous microarrays performed in our lab from lung tissue of non-human primates (NHPs), it was noted that animals undergoing the activation of TB showed greatly increased expression of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3). This protein performs immunomodulatory roles, which include: increased function of regulatory T cells, decreased function of Th1 effector T cells, and decreased monocyte differentiation. When studied in rhesus macaques infected with Mtb, RNA expression and protein levels of LAG-3 in lung tissue of active TB animals was found to be greatly increased when compared to lung from animals with latent TB. Interestingly enough, there was a bimodal distribution of LAG-3 expression in animals undergoing reactivation of the disease; the animals with greater levels of LAG-3 were the fast reactivators. LAG-3 expression in the lung tissue of animals with Mtb infections was mainly isolated to the outer periphery of the Mtb induced lung granuloma, where predictably, LAG-3 was expressed by lymphocyte populations of immune cells; mainly NK cells and various populations of T cells. To gain a greater understanding of the function of LAG-3, we created a co-culture system where CD4 T cells derived from blood and lung of Mtb infected NHPs were supplemented to Mtb infected differentiated monocytes. With this co-culture model, we utilized short interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence LAG-3. We observed a decreased bacterial burden, as well as decreased frequencies of IL-10 and IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. This illustrates that the silencing of LAG-3 in CD4 T cells resulted in increased bacterial clearance, not due to up-regulation of IFN-γ. We believe that the bacterial reduction may be due to increased T cell proliferation, along with production of another proinflammatory cytokines. In the near future, we will utilize cytokine assays and microarrays to better understand the mechanism of action through which increased bacterial killing is occurring. / acase@tulane.edu

No description available.

Ett stort antal studier har visat att samma vardagsuppfattningar om fysikfenomen är återkommande bland studenter i olika länder och på olika utbildningsnivåer. Newtons tredje lag är bland det mest utmanande att förstå i fysikens innehåll. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att jämföra vad studier visat om svårigheter med att förstå Newtons tredje lag och forskningsfrågorna är: Vilka faktorer påverkar förståelsen för Newtons tredje lag? Hur har dessa faktorer påverkat förståelsen och vad har det haft för konsekvenser? Artiklarna som ligger till grund för resultatet har tagits fram med hjälp av en systematisk informationssökning och en urvalsprocess med bestämda inkluderingskriterier. I materialanalysen framträdde tre faktorer som påverkar förståelsen av N3 (Newtons tredje lag) och vi har valt att benämna dessa som naiva uppfattningar, kontext och språk. Dessa faktorer ledde till svårigheter med att identifiera N3-kraftparet - kraft och motkraft - samt att skilja N3-kraftparet från jämviktskrafter. Studierna visade även att människors uppfattningar inte överensstämde med den vetenskapligt accepterade idén om N3, utan att de istället uppfattade en ojämlikhet mellan krafterna på det ena eller andra sättet. Litteraturstudiens resultat diskuteras i relation till undervisning och styrdokument.

A soil climate monitoring network, consisting of seven automated weather stations, was established between 1999 and 2003 in the McMurdo Sound region of Antarctica. Soil temperature, soil water content, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed and direction are recorded hourly and downloaded annually. Two 30 m deep permafrost temperature monitoring boreholes were established adjacent to the soil climate stations in the Wright Valley and at Marble Point in January 2007. Sixteen thermistors (accurate to ±0.1°C) were installed in each borehole measuring temperature once every hour and recording the mean every six hours. One year of permafrost temperatures were available (January 2007 to January 2008). The overall aim of this thesis was to make use of the soil climate monitoring database from 1999 to 2007 to investigate Antarctic soil climate. Active layer depth (depth of thawing) varied inter-annually, with no significant trend between 1999 and 2007. The active layer increased with decreasing latitude (R2 = 0.94), and decreased with increasing altitude (R2 = 0.95). A multiple regression model was produced whereby active layer depth was predicted as a function of mean summer air temperature, mean winter air temperature, total summer solar radiation and mean summer wind speed (R2 = 0.73). Annual temperature cycles were observed at all depths in the boreholes. At Marble Point, an annual temperature range of lt;1°C occurred at 15.2 m, lt;0.5°C at 18.4 m and lt;0.1°C at 26.4 m and at Wright Valley, an annual temperature range of lt;1°C occurred at 14.0 m, lt;0.5°C at 17.2 m and lt;0.1°C at 25.2 m. Given that the depth of Zero Annual Amplitude determined depends on the sensitivity of the measurement method, it is suggested that instead of referring to a depth of Zero Annual Amplitude , the depth at which the annual temperature range is less than a given value is a more useful concept. Mean annual and mean seasonal air and soil temperatures varied inter-annually and there was no significant trend of warming or cooling over the 1999 - 2007 period. Mean annual air temperatures were primarily influenced by winter air temperatures. Mean annual and mean summer soil temperatures were warmer than air temperatures due to heating by solar radiation. Mean summer air temperatures correlated well with the Southern Annular Mode Index (SAMI) at all sites (0.61 lt; R2 lt; 0.73) except Victoria Valley; however there was no correlation between mean annual or mean winter temperatures and the SAMI. Air temperature was linearly correlated with near-surface soil temperature (1.3 - 7.5 cm) (R2 gt; 0.79). Near-surface soil temperature was strongly correlated with incoming solar radiation at Victoria Valley (0.14 lt; R2 lt; 0.76) and Granite Harbour (0.49 lt; R2 lt; 0.82), but was not significantly correlated at other sites (0 lt; R2 lt; 0.57). There was no significant correlation between air temperature and wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation and near-surface soil temperature and wind speed, despite occasions of strong correlation on the diurnal time scale. Diurnal summer cycles in air and soil temperatures were driven by solar radiation. Multiple regressions combining the effects of air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed approximated near-surface soil temperatures well at every site during both summer and winter (0.88 lt; R2 lt; 0.98).