Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T11:01:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Eula Regia Sena-2013-dissertação.pdf: 10585135 bytes, checksum: 32c96ce088e2286ba7e8544984b09538 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T15:33:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Eula Regia Sena-2013-dissertação.pdf: 10585135 bytes, checksum: 32c96ce088e2286ba7e8544984b09538 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T15:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Eula Regia Sena-2013-dissertação.pdf: 10585135 bytes, checksum: 32c96ce088e2286ba7e8544984b09538 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Brazil has presented a rapid demographic growth in urban areas during the last decades; in fact, the urbanization process was so intense in this country (principally in the twentieth cen-tury, since 1950) that many cities rapidly became connected in a metropolitan conurbation of their urban networks, as a part of a not so succeed national development policy. Currently, this phenomenon is not only observed in large urban centers (as São Paulo and Rio de Janei-ro), but also in medium-sized cities (as Goiânia and Brasília). The intensity of this dynamic transformation of the Brazilian landscape tends to result in an unification of highly urbanized areas, as occur along the BR 060 (a federal road that connects Goiânia to Brasília - Federal District), converging in an axis of biotechnology industries and services, with significant eco-nomic importance to the country and adjacent municipalities. In this sense, this research aimed to analyze the dynamic expansion of urban patches in this development axis (i.e., Goi-ânia-Brasília), through a spatial growth vectors modeling and simulation of future scenarios. Among the results, the study shows a clear trend of urban density in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia and the Federal District in the coming decades (until 2050). It also highlights the needing to monitor this specific axe, especially at the federal and state government level, in-tending to guarantee a sustainable urban growth, which includes an adequate management of the natural resources, as water and soil availability. / O Brasil tem apresentado um rápido crescimento demográfico nas últimas décadas em áreas urbanas. Em fato, o processo de urbanização foi tão intenso neste país (principalmente no século XX, a partir de 1950), que muitas cidades logo se tornaram metrópoles interligadas pela conurbação de suas malhas urbanas, devido aos fluxos de bens e serviços, e por uma po-lítica de desenvolvimento nacional questionável. Atualmente, este fenômeno não se restringe apenas aos grandes centros urbanos (como São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro), mas também nas ci-dades médias (como Goiânia e Brasília). A intensidade dessa transformação dinâmica da pai-sagem tende a resultar na unificação de áreas extremamente urbanizadas, como no trecho da BR 060 que interliga a Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG) ao Distrito Federal, concen-trando um eixo de desenvolvimento biotecnológico de suma importância econômica para o país e municípios adjacentes. Neste sentido, a referida pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar a dinâmica de expansão das manchas urbanas no eixo de desenvolvimento Goiânia-Brasília, através de uma modelagem espacial com vetores de crescimento e simulação de ce-nários futuros. Dentre os resultados, este estudo aponta uma tendência de adensamento urbano na RMG e no entorno do Distrito Federal pelas próximas décadas (até 2050). Aponta-se tam-bém para a necessidade de acompanhamento desta área de estudo, sobretudo pelo poder pú-blico federal e estadual, com vistas ao uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, tais como a dis-ponibilidade de água e solo nestas áreas.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-13T14:55:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDPT.pdf: 7221144 bytes, checksum: b8da9157f06d303e00d97e567ceb10cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-13T20:42:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDPT.pdf: 7221144 bytes, checksum: b8da9157f06d303e00d97e567ceb10cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-13T20:42:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDPT.pdf: 7221144 bytes, checksum: b8da9157f06d303e00d97e567ceb10cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T20:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDPT.pdf: 7221144 bytes, checksum: b8da9157f06d303e00d97e567ceb10cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Anthropogenic impacts tend to simplify natural ecosystems, reducing the inherent resistance to change and breaking their resilience thresholds in more than one place at a time. Such interference in the landscape converts extensive and continuous areas of forest cover in forest fragments, affecting the availability and quality of natural resources. It is essential to analyze the municipality in its local and regional geographical context as well as the study of typically urban and agricultural structures, aiming at establishing forms of growth and consolidation consistent with sustainable development goals. Given these considerations, this study aimed to obtain landscape information in the Brazilian city of São Carlos (SP) using landscape structural indices. Data were entered and analyzed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landscape structure was evaluated using dynamic and municipal land cover in 2003 and 2013 as well as applying the Urbanity Index. The Index of Landscape Fragility assessed environmental fragility of the city's landscape. The Environmental Quality Vegetation Index identified and analyzed susceptibility to the effects of ecological components of a particular human activity. The Environmental Quality Index of Water Resources assessed susceptibility of water resources in relation to distance of impact sources. The Vulnerability Index assessed landscape susceptibility due to loss of biodiversity and habitats resulting from fragmentation of native vegetation class. Results showed that direct and indirect forces of change acting on landscape are respectively agricultural activities, mainly correlated to sugarcane cultivation. From 2003 to 2013, there was an increase in the areas occupied by human activities and consequently the reduction of natural areas and loss landscape’s environmental quality with resulting increased fragility as environmental vulnerability. Current developmental trajectories cannot occur without causing impacts, but are not providing benefits the way they should. Loss and degradation of areas of natural vegetation remaining in São Carlos municipality landscape continue growing way. However, the available evidence suggests that the continuation of these fragments in landscape can still provide more economical benefits than those obtained from the conversion and agricultural expansion of land use. The current stage of the city is not the only concern, but also trends – such as the loss of natural areas with increases of anthropogenic uses that solidify over the years, and are discussed in the analysis of the remaining vegetation in the city. The current growth model and generation of impacts are not carried out in favor of the need for concrete development of the city as a whole, but only of certain activities and sectors present in it. / Os impactos antropogênicos tendem a simplificar os ecossistemas naturais, reduzindo a resistência intrínseca à mudança e rompendo seus limiares de resiliência em mais de um lugar ao mesmo tempo. Essas interferências na paisagem convertem extensas e contínuas áreas com cobertura florestal em fragmentos florestais, afetando a disponibilidade e a qualidade dos recursos naturais. Torna-se fundamental a análise do município em seu contexto geográfico local e regional, tanto quanto o estudo das estruturas tipicamente urbanas e agrícolas, visando o estabelecimento de formas de crescimento e de adensamento compatíveis com as metas de desenvolvimento sustentável. Diante dessas considerações, esta dissertação teve como objetivo a obtenção de informações sobre a paisagem no município brasileiro de São Carlos (SP), por meio da utilização de índices estruturais da paisagem. As informações foram inseridas e analisadas em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIGs). A estrutura da paisagem foi avaliada através da dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra do município em 2003 e 2013, bem como a aplicação do Índice de Urbanidade. A Fragilidade Ambiental da paisagem do município foi avaliada através do Índice de Fragilidade da Paisagem. O Índice de Qualidade Ambiental da Vegetação identificou e analisou a suscetibilidade dos componentes ecológicos aos efeitos de uma determinada atividade antrópica. O Índice de Qualidade Ambiental dos Recursos Hídricos analisou a suscetibilidade dos recursos hídricos em relação à distância das fontes impactantes e o Índice de Vulnerabilidade analisou a suscetibilidade da paisagem em relação à perda de biodiversidade e de hábitats decorrente da condição da fragmentação da classe de vegetação nativa. Os resultados mostraram que as forças diretas e indiretas de mudanças que atuam sobre a paisagem são respectivamente as atividades agrícolas, principalmente correlacionadas ao cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. De 2003 a 2013 houve uma aumento das áreas ocupadas por atividades antrópicas e consequentemente a redução das áreas naturais e perda da qualidade ambiental da paisagem com resultante aumento da fragilidade quanto da vulnerabilidade ambiental. As trajetórias desenvolvimentistas atuais não podem ocorrer sem causar impactos, porém não estão proporcionando benefícios da forma como deveriam. A perda e a degradação das áreas de vegetação natural remanescentes na paisagem do município de São Carlos continuam de maneira crescente. Contudo as evidências disponíveis sugerem que a continuidade destes fragmentos na paisagem, pode ainda proporcionar muito mais benefícios econômicos do que os obtidos da conversão e expansão agrícola do uso da terra. Faz-se essencial a preocupação não apenas com o estado atual do município, mas também com as tendências que se solidificam ao passar dos anos, tendências estas (perda de áreas naturais com crescimentos dos usos antrópicos) que estão evidenciadas na análise dos remanescentes de vegetação no município, sendo que este modelo de crescimento e de geração de impactos não são realizados em prol da necessidade do desenvolvimento concreto do município como um todo, mas apenas de algumas atividades e setores presentes no mesmo.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-22T17:16:06Z No. of bitstreams: 7 Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 01.pdf: 20158159 bytes, checksum: ebc99ed1a8863fb95232f7549da2d981 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 02.pdf: 18680407 bytes, checksum: a2161684036670146e4920b59b297573 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 03.pdf: 19013238 bytes, checksum: e43fb3509ec4258b5858249e2b5f3e38 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 04.pdf: 19855408 bytes, checksum: c5d16e9f5d373516a837f6bd95c72685 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 05.pdf: 17808603 bytes, checksum: e767820ce4f81b3920b46cf7e55b8878 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 06.pdf: 4371122 bytes, checksum: 1225ce2bc44475ffe9251097530694c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-22T19:01:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 7 Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 01.pdf: 20158159 bytes, checksum: ebc99ed1a8863fb95232f7549da2d981 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 02.pdf: 18680407 bytes, checksum: a2161684036670146e4920b59b297573 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 03.pdf: 19013238 bytes, checksum: e43fb3509ec4258b5858249e2b5f3e38 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 04.pdf: 19855408 bytes, checksum: c5d16e9f5d373516a837f6bd95c72685 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 05.pdf: 17808603 bytes, checksum: e767820ce4f81b3920b46cf7e55b8878 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 06.pdf: 4371122 bytes, checksum: 1225ce2bc44475ffe9251097530694c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-22T19:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 7 Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 01.pdf: 20158159 bytes, checksum: ebc99ed1a8863fb95232f7549da2d981 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 02.pdf: 18680407 bytes, checksum: a2161684036670146e4920b59b297573 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 03.pdf: 19013238 bytes, checksum: e43fb3509ec4258b5858249e2b5f3e38 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 04.pdf: 19855408 bytes, checksum: c5d16e9f5d373516a837f6bd95c72685 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 05.pdf: 17808603 bytes, checksum: e767820ce4f81b3920b46cf7e55b8878 (MD5) Dissertação - Natalia Cristina Lino - 2013 - Parte 06.pdf: 4371122 bytes, checksum: 1225ce2bc44475ffe9251097530694c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The urban areas expansion in a disorganized way, is a problem that has caused major disruptions due to severe damage to the health and population welfare, as well as material damages. Brazil has few initiatives in urban planning, resulting in urbanized areas expansion in an uncontrolled manner, causing major environmental impacts. The municipality of Goiânia had its urban area almost doubled in 25 years period. This increase accelerated the growth of neighboring towns and in 1999 was created the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia (MRG). Despite the urban space occupation over time is complex, it is now easily evaluated with the aid of science, technology and techniques correlated to the GIS. Therefore, this study sought to answer questions about the urban areas expansion of MRG, using landscape dynamics modeling techniques, and assessing the main environmental impacts caused by this expansion, in past times, and in the future. In a second stage, we mapped the impervious areas in Goiânia, processing a dataset obtained by laser scanning and aerial photographs. The methodology proved feasible, especially the low cost involved throughout the data processing. The results indicated the urbanization rate of MRG and allowed the mapping of the expansion in the coming years. As a result of the mapping of land use conducted through satellite images, for the years 1989, 2000 and 2011, we observed a considerable increase in MRG urban spots, with area more than doubled since 1989. Already with the information obtained by landscape dynamic modeling, we found that for the year 2060, the SenadorCanedo urban area present a significant growth, and that MRG will increase by approximately 21% their urban areas . Regarding the environmental impacts of this urban expansion, we found that both in Goiânia, as MRG, this expansion has affected, and may still affect quite important, the catchment area of public water supply of the cities, and other areas with high environmental vulnerability, or permanent preservation in accordance with environmental legislation. Finally, the study presents two maps in A1 format, which show the urban expansion in the MRG and in the Goiás state capital, along with the environmental vulnerability areas, and permanent preservation, which should be fully protected and monitored in the coming years. / A expansão de áreas urbanas de forma desordenada é um problema que tem causado grandes transtornos devido aos inúmeros danos à saúde e bem estar da população, bem como prejuízos materiais. O Brasil apresenta historicamente poucas iniciativas de planejamento urbano, resultando em expansões de áreas urbanizadas de forma descontrolada, causando impactos ambientais em grandes proporções. O município de Goiânia teve sua área urbana praticamente duplicada em um período de 25 anos. Esse aumento impulsionou o crescimento das cidades vizinhas e no ano de 1999 foi criada a Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG). Apesar da ocupação do espaço urbano ao longo do tempo ser complexa, atualmente ela é facilmente avaliada com o auxílio das ciências, tecnologias e técnicas correlacionadas ao geoprocessamento. Por essa razão, resolveu-se buscar respostas para questões a respeito da expansão das áreas urbanas da RMG, utilizando-se técnicas de modelagem da dinâmica da paisagem, e avaliando os principais impactos socioambientais causados por essa expansão, em tempos passados, e no futuro. Numa segunda etapa, analisou-se as áreas impermeáveis da capital a partir de dados obtidos por varreduras com laser e fotografias aéreas. A metodologia utilizada se mostrou viável, destacando-se o baixo custo envolvido durante todo o processo de processamento dos dados. Os resultados indicaram a taxa de urbanização da RMG e permitiram o mapeamento da expansão para os próximos anos. Como resultado do mapeamento do uso do solo realizado por meio de imagens satelitárias, para os anos de 1989, 2000 e 2011, foi possível observar um aumento considerável das manchas urbanas da RMG, apresentando área superior ao dobro da área do primeiro ano de análise. Já com as informações obtidas pela modelagem da dinâmica da paisagem, verificou-se que para o ano de 2060, a área urbana do município de Senador Canedo apresentará um expressivo crescimento, e que a RMG terá um aumento de aproximadamente 21% de suas áreas urbanizadas. Em relação aos impactos ambientais dessa expansão urbana, foi verificado que tanto em Goiânia quanto na RMG, essa expansão tem afetado, e ainda poderá afetar de forma bastante importante, as bacias de captação de água para abastecimento público dos municípios, além de outras áreas de elevada vulnerabilidade ambiental, ou de preservação permanente, de acordo com a legislação ambiental. Finalmente, o trabalho apresenta dois mapas em formato A1, que evidenciam a expansão urbana na RMG e na capital do estado de Goiás, juntamente com as áreas de vulnerabilidade ambiental, e de preservação permanente, que devem ser monitoradas e integralmente protegidas nos próximos anos.

The aim of this thesis was to increase knowledge about metapopulation and metacommunity processes in patchy, dynamic landscapes, using epiphytic bryophytes as a model system. Host trees and deciduous forest stands in the coniferous landscape are patchy, temporal and undergo changes in habitat quality during succession. Epiphytes must track this dynamic habitat network for their long-term survival. Community patterns at different spatial scales were explored and linked to regional metapopulation processes and local population dynamics. Spatial structuring in species richness both at a local and regional scale indicated stronger dispersal limitation but lower sensitivity to habitat quality in species with large asexual than in species with small sexual diaspores. In sexually dispersed species, a strong rescue effect was indicated by a bimodal frequency distribution of the species and by increasing local abundance with increasing patch connectivity. Present connectivity to other deciduous forest patches had positive effects on richness of asexually dispersed species, whereas richness of sexually dispersed species was instead related to the landscape connectivity 30 years ago. A study of local growth and reproduction suggested that this is caused by delayed sexual, but not asexual, reproduction. Habitat conditions affected the production of sporophytes, but not of asexual diaspores. No differences in either growth rates or competitive abilities among species with different dispersal and life-history strategies were found. In vitro experiments showed that establishment is higher from large asexual diaspores than from small sexual. Establishment of all diaspore types was limited by pH. There were indications of trade-offs between high germination and protonemal growth rates, desiccation tolerance and a rapid development of shoots from protonema. The results indicated that the epiphyte metacommunity is structured by two main trade-offs: dispersal distance (diaspore size) versus age at first reproduction, and dispersal distance versus sensitivity to habitat quality. Trade-offs in species traits may have evolved as a consequence of conflicting selection pressures imposed by habitat turnover, connectivity and irregular water supply rather than by species interactions. Syndromes of interrelated species traits imply that fairly small changes in habitat conditions can lead to distinct changes in metacommunity diversity: the results indicate that increasing distances among patches cause most harm to asexually dispersed species, whereas cuttings of forests of high age and quality as well as increasing patch dynamics are most harmful to sexually dispersed species. / Senarelagd disputation från: 2009-09-26, Lindahlsalen, EBC, Villavägen 9, 75236 Uppsala, Uppsala, 10:00

Les carabes et les araignées sont des auxiliaires généralistes susceptibles d'exercer un contrôle efficace des ravageurs des cultures. La structure et composition de leurs communautés, ainsi que l'efficacité du contrôle biologique, dépendent de l'hétérogénéité des paysages, et en particulier de la présence d'habitats semi-naturels. Mais le rôle de la mosaïque agricole, susceptible de présenter une forte hétérogénéité dans l'espace et dans le temps, reste aujourd'hui peu connu. L'objectif de ce travail a été d'évaluer les effets de l'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des paysages agricoles sur des auxiliaires généralistes et sur le potentiel de contrôle biologique. Nous avons échantillonné les communautés de carabes et d'araignées dans des parcelles de céréales, et estimé le potentiel de prédation par des pucerons sentinelles collés sur des cartes de prédation. Nous avons caractérisé l'hétérogénéité spatiale des paysages autour des parcelles de céréales par le pourcentage d'éléments boisés et la longueur du réseau de haies, la taille moyenne des parcelles agricoles, et la diversité des cultures. Nous avons également mis au point quatre nouvelles métriques qui synthétisent différents aspects de l'hétérogénéité temporelle interannuelle des surfaces cultivées. Nos résultats montrent qu'au printemps les araignées sont plus abondantes dans les parcelles de céréales situées dans des paysages composés de petites parcelles. Au début de l'été, ces paysages favorisent également les taux de prédation de pucerons mesurés par les cartes de prédation, et l'abondance des carabes qui se reproduisent au printemps et qui hivernent en tant qu'adultes dans des habitats semi-naturels. Les carabes qui hivernent dans le sol des parcelles au stade larvaire et se reproduisent à l'automne sont quant à eux favorisés par la diversité des cultures dans le paysage. Nos résultats montrent enfin que l'hétérogénéité temporelle de la mosaïque agricole - caractérisée par les changements de la diversité de cultures au cours des cinq dernières années - favorise elle aussi certaines espèces de carabes communément rencontrées dans les parcelles agricoles (Poecilus cupreus ou Pterostichus melanarius) et susceptibles de jouer un rôle important en tant qu'auxiliaires. Ces résultats mettent en avant le rôle complémentaire des bordures de champs non cultivées et de la mosaïque des cultures pour différents groupes d'auxiliaires, et soulignent l'importance de prendre en compte l'hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle des surfaces cultivées dans l'étude de la biodiversité des paysages agricoles. Dans le contexte de réduction des produits phytosanitaires, nos résultats suggèrent que des paysages présentant une diversité de cultures importante variable dans le temps, et des petites parcelles qui favorisent l'intrication entre les habitats semi-naturels et les cultures, sont susceptibles de favoriser les auxiliaires généralistes ainsi que le potentiel de contrôle biologique des ravageurs. / In the context of reducing pesticide use, the potential role of some arthropod groups as pest natural enemies provides them an ecological and economic interest. In particular, ground beetles and spiders are generalist predators likely to be effective biocontrol agents. Previous studies have shown that the structure and composition of their communities, as well as the effectiveness of biological control, are influenced by landscape heterogeneity, and in particular by the presence of semi-natural habitats. However, the role of the crop mosaic, which can be highly heterogeneous in space and time, have been little considered. The main objective of our study was to determine the influences of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes on generalist natural enemies and the potential for biological pest control. We sampled carabid and spider communities in winter cereal fields, and estimated biological control potential using sentinel aphids glued on predation cards. We characterized the spatial heterogeneity of the landscapes around each cereal field by 1) the amount of wooded habitats and the length of the hedgerow network, 2) the average size of the agricultural fields, and 3) crop diversity. We also proposed four new metrics that synthesize different aspects of the multi-year temporal heterogeneity of cropped areas. Our results show that in spring, landscapes characterized by small fields, and therefore by a high density of non-cropped field margins, promote spiders abundance in cereal fields. In early summer, landscapes with small fields also promote aphid predation rates and the abundance of carabid spring breeders, which overwinter as adults in semi-natural habitats. Crop diversity promotes the abundance of carabids overwintering in soils of arable fields and breeding in autumn. Our results also show that the temporal heterogeneity of the crop mosaic - characterized among other things by the changes in crop diversity over a five year period - benefits some carabid species commonly found in agricultural landscapes (such as Poecilus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius) which are likely to play an important role as pest natural enemies. These results highlight the complementary role of the crop mosaic and the non-cropped field borders for generalist natural enemies, and show the importance of taking into account the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the cultivated area in further ecological studies on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In the context of reducing pesticide use, our results suggest that landscapes with 1) a high crop diversity that change over time, and 2) small fields that promote the interspersion between crops and semi-natural habitats, are likely to promote generalist natural enemies and biological pest control.

Landscape is a heterogeneous collection of visibly distinct features of various elements of land and its various forms on the earth surface. Its pattern is subjected to disturbances and undergo rapid alterations in its grain sizes. The evolving patterns of landscape define and decide various parameters for the planning and management of resources. These dynamic systems possess both spatial and temporal complexity. Exploitation of natural resources and drastic land cover changes have given rise to significant impacts on ecosystem structure and dynamics. The functional abilities (bio-geo chemical cycling, hydrological cycling, etc.) of the landscape are basically dependent on the structure and its complexity. This necessitates inventorying, mapping and modeling of landscape dynamics. Patterns and scale are central issues that are essential to understand complex interactions and driving forces. Large scale changes have been rapid and occurring since industrialization and urbanisation in the last century. The exponential growth of cities has been noticed since the industrial revolution and as transport sector changed the mobility of the masses drastically. Urbanisation interacts with the neighboring landscape structures in the form of commuter’s flow, pollution, obtaining food grain, which create dispersed growth or sprawl in between the metropolis and the semi urban area, and these areas are often devoid of basic amenities due to lack of prior information and necessitates predictions of such growth while planning, policy and decision-making. Planning determines appropriate future action through a sequence of choices that tend to occur. To understand uncertain conditions, planners and city managers need vital comprehensive information about the temporally evolving landscape and try to predict the future, for effective decisions. The quality of planning and its decision processes can be substantially improved when the required information is handled appropriately and efficiently. This explains that an effective planning requires descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive information inputs for sustainable resource management. Therefore, modeling future trends becomes a necessary part of planning. Urban growth models help in modelling future trends that can be an efficient and effective support tool. In recent years, the confluence of developments in Remote sensing, Geographic Information System and Image processing, Computational Urban Growth and Urban Land-use Modeling has made possible in timely provision of information inputs to planners. In the context of Indian cities, this research attempts to study the patterns of urban growth and the rate of change of that growth using various techniques such as Land use, land cover models, Gradient and zonal approach, spatial metrics and urban growth models. Indian cities are divided based on population into various categories. These categories were considered separately and dealt with sample number of cities. This works helps in understanding the change pattern of rapidly urbanising, moderately urbanising and rural landscape is accomplished using various metrics and gradients. The research, is mainly aimed at understanding the pattern of growth and device computational urban growth model using well known techniques and develop a suitable technique in order to understand the context of agents and their role in modelling future urban growth and estimate the rate of loss of other land use categories due to urban growth. Satellite images for different time series was used to study the pattern of urban growth in the study areas. Well know indicators were derived from the data. This was further used to model one of the rapidly urbanising cities based on scenario no agents/factor and with agents of growth using city development plans and in absence of it. This adaptation to Indian context will help in gaining better understanding of the urban growth system in various levels of cities classified, and thus help in providing inputs and specific information of future growth for urban planners and city managers to provide better basic amenities and for sustainable growth of cities. The objective of the proposed research is to understand and model the spatio temporal patterns of landscape dynamics. This involves i. Analysis of Landscape dynamics using multi-resolution (spatial, temporal and spectral) data. ii. Quantifying landscape dynamics using landscape metrics and associated landscape parameters. iii. Modeling and geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics in rapidly urbanizing, moderately urbanising and rural landscape using these parameters. iv. Model the landscape dynamics using soft computing techniques. The thesis consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the basic concepts such as landscape, landscape dynamics, use of spatio-temporal data to monitor landscape dynamics, geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics, research gaps and motivation for taking up the research in this domain. Chapter 2 presents the study region, which are broadly grouped as (i) Rapidly urbanizing landscapes (corresponding to Tier I Cities in India), (ii) Moderately urbanizing landscapes (Tier II cities, chosen select Tier II cities in Karnataka), and (iii) Landscape experiencing minimal urbanisation (rural landscape). Chapter 3 discusses the material and method adopted for understanding landscape dynamics and geo-visualisation of landscape dynamics Chapter 4 presents the landscape dynamics in rapidly urbanizing landscape (Bangalore) in India. Spatial pattern analyses are done through metrics using zonal- gradient approach. Chapter 5 analyses the environmental sustainability aspects considering one case study of rapidly urbanizing landscape – Bangalore Chapter 6 discusses urbanisation process and patterns across macro cities in India. Similarly Chapter 7 discusses the urbanisation pattern in Tier II cities (in Karnataka) and Chapter 8 presents the rural landscape dynamics Geo-visualisation of a rapidly urbanizing landscape (Bangalore) through techniques such as Cellular Automata – Markov Chain, land change modeler (LCM), Geographical land use change modeler (GEOMOD), Markov Cellular automata based process of deriving agent’s behavior using Fuzziness in the dataset and Analytical Hierarchal process. Further research in progress in this domain focusses on integration of various agents and evaluation of proposed development plans and likely scenario of integrating land use with mobility. Keyword: landscape, landscape dynamics, urbanisation, urban growth, urban sprawl, urban footprint, modelling, geo-visualisation

Geospatial analysis involves application of statistical methods, algorithms and information retrieval techniques to geospatial data. It incorporates time into spatial databases and facilitates investigation of land cover (LC) dynamics through data, model, and analytics. LC dynamics induced by human and natural processes play a major role in global as well as regional scale patterns, which in turn influence weather and climate. Hence, understanding LC dynamics at the local / regional as well as at global levels is essential to evolve appropriate management strategies to mitigate the impacts of LC changes. This can be captured through the multi-resolution remote sensing (RS) data. However, with the advancements in sensor technologies, suitable algorithms and techniques are required for optimal integration of information from multi-resolution sensors which are cost effective while overcoming the possible data and methodological constraints. In this work, several per-pixel traditional and advanced classification techniques have been evaluated with the multi-resolution data along with the role of ancillary geographical data on the performance of classifiers. Techniques for linear and non-linear un-mixing, endmember variability and determination of spatial distribution of class components within a pixel have been applied and validated on multi-resolution data. Endmember estimation method is proposed and its performance is compared with manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic methods of endmember extraction. A novel technique - Hybrid Bayesian Classifier is developed for per pixel classification where the class prior probabilities are determined by un-mixing a low spatial-high spectral resolution multi-spectral data while posterior probabilities are determined from the training data obtained from ground, that are assigned to every pixel in a high spatial-low spectral resolution multi-spectral data in Bayesian classification. These techniques have been validated with multi-resolution data for various landscapes with varying altitudes. As a case study, spatial metrics and cellular automata based models applied for rapidly urbanising landscape with moderate altitude has been carried out.

Politische und sozioökonomische Rahmenbedingungen haben entscheidenden Einfluss auf Landnutzungswandel; die relative Bedeutung dieser Faktoren untereinander ist jedoch oftmals unklar. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, durch die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen der politischen und sozioökonomischen Transformation auf Landnutzungswandel in Osteuropa zu einem besseren Verständnis solcher übergreifenden Einflussfaktoren beizutragen. Am Beispiel des Dreiländerecks Polen-Slowakei-Ukraine in den Karpaten wurden hierzu grenzüberschreitende Landschaftsvergleiche durchgeführt, da solche Vergleiche die Entkopplung der Faktoren allgemeiner Landnutzungstrends von Faktoren länderspezifischer Veränderungen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus sind die Auswirkungen postsozialistischen Landschaftswandels auf die Karpaten, einem Gebiet mit einzigartigem ökologischen Wert, bisher weitestgehend unerforscht. Mit Hilfe von Landsat TM/ETM+ Satellitendaten aus dem Jahr 2000 wurden rezente Landschaftsunterschiede zwischen Ländern quantifiziert. Auf der Basis von Bildern von 1986-2000 wurde anschliessend überprüft, ob Länderunterschiede auf sozialistischen oder post-sozialistischen Landschaftswandel zurückführbar sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen zeigten weit verbreiteten Landnutzungswandel nach 1989 als Folge von sich verschlechternden wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen, geschwächten Institutionen und gesellschaftlichem Wandel. Die Länder unterschieden sich jedoch auch deutlich hinsichtlich Forstveränderungen, Brachfallung und Parzellierung von Ackerland. Diese Unterschiede lassen sich durch verschiedene Besitzverhältnisse, Bewirtschaftungsformen und Landreformen erklären. Während sich Polen und die Slowakei landschaftlich seit 1989 annähern, entfernt sich die Ukraine zunehmend. Diese Arbeit unterstreicht die Bedeutung ökonomischer und institutioneller Veränderungen für Landschaftswandel und zeigt, wie unterschiedliche Besitzstrukturen und Landreformen Landschaftswandel beeinflussen. / Broad-scale political and socio-economic conditions are powerful determinants of land use change. Yet, their relative importance is unclear. The main goal of this thesis was to increase the understanding of such broad-scale drivers of land use change by studying how Eastern Europe’s landscapes were affected by the political and socio-economic transition after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The border triangle of Poland, Slovakia, and Ukraine in the Carpathians was selected as a study area, because cross-border comparisons of land use change allow for decoupling overall trends in the transition period from country specific changes. Moreover, the Carpathians are of exceptional ecological value, but little is known about land use effects on these ecosystems after 1989. Post-socialist land use change was quantified based on Landsat TM/ETM+ images by (1) comparing contemporary (year 2000) landscapes among countries, and (2) using images from 1986 to 2000 to investigate whether differences originated from socialist or post-socialist land use change. Results indicated that forest change, farmland abandonment, and farmland parcelization were widespread in the transition period, likely due to worsening economic conditions, weakened institutions, and societal change. However, land use trends also differed strongly among the three countries due to dissimilar land ownership patterns, land management practices, and land reforms. Poland and Slovakia converged in the transition period in terms of land cover, while Ukraine clearly diverged. This thesis provided compelling evidence of the importance of economic and institutional change for land use change and underpinned the pivotal role of ownership patterns and land management policies. These factors were important to understand land use change in Eastern Europe, and they are likely equally important elsewhere.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T16:43:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JUCIÊ DE SOUSA ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 9400104 bytes, checksum: 96185c5b61bdc3b0e18df941bfd4078b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:43:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JUCIÊ DE SOUSA ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 9400104 bytes, checksum: 96185c5b61bdc3b0e18df941bfd4078b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / O diagnóstico ambiental permite a identificação das áreas críticas quanto ao nível de degradação, sendo de extrema relevância para o desenvolvimento de medidas de preservação, conservação e recuperação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico dos níveis de deterioração ambiental na paisagem entre os anos de 2001 e 2012, adotando os critérios da ecodinâmica da paisagem nos municípios que compõe o polo de desenvolvimento agroindustrial do Alto Piranhas. Foram realizadas análises envolvendo a dinâmica da paisagem, da vulnerabilidade ambiental, do potencial social e econômico e graus de impactos ambientais. Constatou-se que as áreas apresentam predominância de média estabilidade/vulnerabilidade e moderada vulnerabilidade, Potencial social e econômico médio e moderadamente baixo, além de sustentabilidade ambiental média na maior parte dos municípios. Os impactos ambientais de classe alto e muito alto, principalmente nas áreas com atividades agropecuárias, o desmatamento está presente em todos os municípios, sendo proporcional ao tamanho do município e ao volume de atividades. Áreas com agropecuária aumentaram de (27,2% - 32,1%), caatinga estépica arborizada de (21,5% - 39,3%) e a caatinga estépica florestada diminuiu (9,7% - 21,5%). A classe agricultura irrigada ocupava 5,5% e passou para 6,6% da área, a zona urbana consolidada (9,1% - 11,3%) e as áreas com afloramento (0,4% - 0,2%). Considera-se os dados gerado pela pesquisa como mecanismo propulsor para a execução da proposta de desenvolvimento sustentável do polo do Alto Piranhas, a disseminação dos dados gerados em Sistema de Informações Geográficas, proporcionando a elaboração e implantação de políticas integradas e ações coordenadas. / The environmental assessment allows the identification of critical areas on the level of degradation is of utmost importance for the development of measures for preservation, conservation and restoration. This study aimed to perform a diagnostic levels of environmental degradation in the landscape between the years 2001 and 2012, adopting the criteria of ecodynamics landscape in the municipalities that comprise the agroindustrial development polo Alto Piranhas. Analyses involving the dynamics of the landscape, environmental, vulnerability, the potential social and economic impacts and degrees. It was found that areas feature predominantly medium stability/vulnerability and moderate vulnerability, potential social and economic medium to moderately low, and environmental sustainability mean in most municipalities. The environmental impacts of high and very high class, especially in areas with agricultural activities, deforestation is present in all municipalities, being proportional to the size of the municipality and the volume of activities. Areas with agriculture increased from (27,2%32,1%), wooded savanna steppe (21,5% - 39,3%) and forested savanna steppe decreased (9,7% - 21,5%). The class irrigated agriculture occupied 5,5% and increased to 6,6% of the area, the consolidated urban area (9,1% - 11,3%) and areas with outcrop (0,4% - 0,2%). Considers the data generated by the survey as propulsion mechanism for the implementation of sustainable development proposal Polo Alto Piranhas, dissemination of data generated by GIS, providing the design and implementation of integrated and coordinated actions

Les modèles de métapopulations permettent de prédire l'occupation des habitats au sein desquels elles évoluent en fonction de la configuration spatiale du paysage. La destruction et la création d'habitats peuvent induire une dette d'extinction ou un crédit d'immigration, c'est-à-dire des dynamiques d'espèces qui ne sont pas immédiates mais décalées dans le temps par rapport cette rotation des habitats. La présence d'un délai temporel signifie que les espèces ne sont pas à l'équilibre avec les paysages actuels. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer l'apport de modèles de métapopulations hors équilibre pour comprendre ces dynamiques décalées dans le temps de façon théorique et à partir de données empiriques sur les plantes forestières. A ces fins, nous avons évalué la robustesse d'une méthode d'inférence de paramètres de dynamique de métapopulations hors équilibre, adaptée à l'échelle régionale. Elle a ensuite été appliquée sur des données contemporaines de plantes forestières et de séries temporelles de cartographies des forêts dans les départements de la Seine-et-Marne et de l'Eure-et-Loir. A partir des modèles utilisés, nous avons pu reproduire certaines caractéristiques de la répartition des espèces qui sont dues à l'évolution historique des surfaces forestières. En effet, certaines espèces sont plus fréquentes en forêt anciennes et d'autres en forêt récentes, ce qui s'explique en partie par les traits des espèces et leurs affinités pour des conditions environnementales spécifiques. A partir de projections à long-terme de leurs dynamiques, nous avons montré que les délais de réponse de ces espèces peuvent être de plusieurs siècles et dépendent fortement de la connectivité fonctionnelle des habitats. Des scénarios virtuels de rotation des habitats ont été simulés pour pallier l'analyse des seules zones d'études. Associé à des projections de dynamiques de métapopulations, qui permettent de contrôler les paramètres à étudier, nous avons testé l'importance relative de la distance de dispersion des espèces et de la configuration spatiale de la rotation des habitats sur ces dynamiques. Le temps de retour à l'équilibre des métapopulations ne s'explique pas uniquement par l'amplitude de la dette d'extinction ou du crédit d'immigration mais dépend aussi de ces deux facteurs. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l'importance d'approfondir nos connaissances sur les effets de perturbations successives qui rendent le retour théorique à l'équilibre des espèces très incertain. / Metapopulation models are used to predict the occupancy of habitats from landscape spatial configuration. Habitat destruction and creation can lead to an extinction debt or an immigration credit that are time-delayed species dynamics following habitat turnover. Such delays mean that species are not in equilibrium with the current landscape structures. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the contribution of non-equilibrium metapopulation models to understand time-delayed dynamics theoretically and from empirical datasets about forest plants. For this purpose, we assessed the robustness of the method used to infer metapopulation parameters at the regional scale. Then, we applied this method from contemporary plant inventories and time-series of forest maps of the Seine-et-Marne and the Eure-et-Loir french regions. Models satisfactorily reproduced some characteristics of forest plant spatial structure that are due to historical changes in forest areas. Indeed, some species are more frequent in ancient forests and some others are more frequent in recent forests notably due to species traits and their affinity for specific environmental characteristics. From long-term projections of species dynamics, we showed that the delays in forest plant dynamics are several centuries following habitat turnover and strongly depend on habitat functional connectivity. Virtual scenarios of habitat turnover were simulated to assess other study cases than the two study areas. We projected metapopulation dynamics, while controlling for some metapopulation parameters, to test the relative effects of species dispersal distance and the spatial configuration of habitat turnover on these dynamics. Metapopulation return time towards equilibrium not only depends on the magnitude of the extinction debt or on the magnitude of the immigration credit but also on these two variables.These results put forward the need to improve our knowledge on the effects of successive perturbations that make species return towards equilibrium unsure.