Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have difficulties in acquiring language in the absence of other neurodevelopmental issues (e.g. autism, hearing impairment) and despite growing up in an adequate language-learning environment. Previous characterisations of DLD have focused on grammatical processing, phonological memory or rapid auditory processing. This thesis approaches the language-learning difficulties of children with DLD from a novel perspective by considering the potential contribution made by differing levels of sensitivity to the rhythmic properties of language. Children with DLD have been shown to have reduced sensitivity to some of the acoustic cues present in speech which are thought to be important for rhythmic perception. Since rhythm forms the basis of language processing in early development, poorer sensitivity to language rhythm may result in later language problems. To investigate whether children with DLD demonstrate difficulties in processing language rhythm, this thesis explores five areas of language processing which could be affected by poor rhythmic sensitivity: locating word-boundaries, processing novel words, storing lexical stress patterns, representing sentence level structures and the integration of rhythm and syntax. As part of the investigation, measures were also taken of acoustic threshold sensitivity to see whether task performance related to acoustic sensitivity. A parallel strand of the study investigated whether provision of an entraining rhythm prior to task stimuli could support task performance. Three groups of children participated in the study: children with DLD, age-matched TD children (AMC) and younger, language-matched TD children (YLC). The results indicate that rhythmic manipulation of language stimuli affects task responses across the five language areas under investigation. The findings are then discussed in terms of the contribution made to our understanding of the role of rhythm in language and language disorder.

Este estudo destina-se a fazer uma reflexão sobre o que se fala da fala de um pequeno paciente nos encaminhamentos para atendimento em clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem numa equipe de trabalho interdisciplinar com atravessamento psicanalítico, a Clínica de Atendimento Psicológico vinculada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem, no campo da Fonoaudiologia, surge com uma apreensão maior nas questões orgânicas do paciente, assumindo, desta forma, uma atitude de correção, distanciando-se da concepção de linguagem que considera o homem fazendo uso de uma língua que é heterogênea. Ao buscarmos um trabalho que enfoca o sujeito na clínica, chamamos para o diálogo a Teoria da Enunciação, de Benveniste, que pensa a linguagem como possibilidade de surgimento do sujeito. É neste sentido que acreditamos que o que se fala sobre a fala do paciente tem grande importância nesta clínica, pois mostra o lugar de fala dado a esta criança. É através da construção de um caso clínico, em que há um deslocamento do olhar sobre o orgânico em direção a uma escuta do sujeito, que se dá um novo lugar para a fala. É na leitura do que se fala sobre a fala do pequeno sujeito que o terapeuta pode reeditar a história dessa criança ali onde paralisou e que necessita de um deslocamento. / The present study aims to discuss what is said about the speech of a child in a clinic for language disorders. We carried out this study with an interdisciplinary team with psychoanalytic bias in the Psychological Clinic at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The treatment for language disorders in the Phonoaudiology field is focused on organic issues. Therefore, the therapist assumes an attitude of correction, distancing the patient from the conception of language which considers man using a language that is heterogeneous. We have been searching for a theoretical background that had its focus on the subject in the language, thus, we choose the Enunciation Theory, by Benveniste, which thinks the language as a possible way for the emergence of the subject. We believe, and Benveniste‟s theory approbes, that what is said about the patient's speech is of great importance during the treatment, once it shows the place of speech given to this patient. It is through the construction of a clinical case that we can see a shift from the organic to the subject himself. It is interpreting what is said about the patient‟s speech that we can understand his history and change it.

Este estudo destina-se a fazer uma reflexão sobre o que se fala da fala de um pequeno paciente nos encaminhamentos para atendimento em clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem numa equipe de trabalho interdisciplinar com atravessamento psicanalítico, a Clínica de Atendimento Psicológico vinculada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem, no campo da Fonoaudiologia, surge com uma apreensão maior nas questões orgânicas do paciente, assumindo, desta forma, uma atitude de correção, distanciando-se da concepção de linguagem que considera o homem fazendo uso de uma língua que é heterogênea. Ao buscarmos um trabalho que enfoca o sujeito na clínica, chamamos para o diálogo a Teoria da Enunciação, de Benveniste, que pensa a linguagem como possibilidade de surgimento do sujeito. É neste sentido que acreditamos que o que se fala sobre a fala do paciente tem grande importância nesta clínica, pois mostra o lugar de fala dado a esta criança. É através da construção de um caso clínico, em que há um deslocamento do olhar sobre o orgânico em direção a uma escuta do sujeito, que se dá um novo lugar para a fala. É na leitura do que se fala sobre a fala do pequeno sujeito que o terapeuta pode reeditar a história dessa criança ali onde paralisou e que necessita de um deslocamento. / The present study aims to discuss what is said about the speech of a child in a clinic for language disorders. We carried out this study with an interdisciplinary team with psychoanalytic bias in the Psychological Clinic at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The treatment for language disorders in the Phonoaudiology field is focused on organic issues. Therefore, the therapist assumes an attitude of correction, distancing the patient from the conception of language which considers man using a language that is heterogeneous. We have been searching for a theoretical background that had its focus on the subject in the language, thus, we choose the Enunciation Theory, by Benveniste, which thinks the language as a possible way for the emergence of the subject. We believe, and Benveniste‟s theory approbes, that what is said about the patient's speech is of great importance during the treatment, once it shows the place of speech given to this patient. It is through the construction of a clinical case that we can see a shift from the organic to the subject himself. It is interpreting what is said about the patient‟s speech that we can understand his history and change it.

Orientador: Lourenço Chacon Jurado Filho / Banca: Fabiana Cristina Komesu / Banca: Elaine Cristina de Oliveira / Resumo: Visando a uma maior compreensão de aspectos linguístico-discursivos do funcionamento da linguagem em contextos categorizados como patológicos, o objetivo do presente trabalho é verificar, no discurso, que tipos de elementos favorecem a dispersão de enunciados de uma criança (J) com diagnóstico fonoaudiológico de Distúrbio de Linguagem. A análise dos dados é fundamentada em subsídios provenientes de estudos de natureza enunciativo-discursiva, mais especificamente, sob o olhar da Análise do Discurso de orientação francesa. Trabalhos que abordam os processos de constituição do sujeito, como os de Authier-Revuz (1990), Pêcheux (1990a, 1990b, 1999), Pêcheux e Fuchs (1990) e Tfouni (2001, 2008), fornecem os alicerces teóricos mais essenciais de nossa pesquisa. Para o seu desenvolvimento, são utilizados dados de gravação de uma sessão de terapia fonoaudiológica da criança J, que, à época da filmagem, encontrava-se com dez anos de idade. Tendo em vista a proposta desta pesquisa, buscamos eventuais vínculos entre elementos linguísticos e/ou contextuais nos 410 enunciados de J produzidos durante uma sessão de terapia fonoaudiológica que pudessem indiciar possíveis mobilizações para a emergência de seus enunciados, uma vez que, grande parte destes se mostram, em primeira instância, como dispersos no discurso, uma vez que não apresentam amarração na superfície discursiva. Observamos, previamente, que essa não-amarração acontece em dois sentidos, já que os enunciados dispersos: (1) não se encadeiam com os enunciados do interlocutor (T); e (2) não se encadeiam entre si. Verificamos, ainda, que a mobilização desses enunciados obedece preferencialmente a duas tendências: (a) a conjugação de elementos verbais e contextuais no interior da situação imediata em que se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aiming at a better understanding of linguistic-discursive aspects language functioning in contexts categorized as pathological, the objective of this study is to verify, in the discourse, what kinds of elements favor the dispersion of statements of a child (J) with the diagnosis of Language Disorder. Data analysis is based on subsidies from enunciative-discoursive studies, more specifically, under the gaze of French Discourse Analysis. Papers that focus on the processes of subject constitution, such as Authier-Revuz (1990), Pecheux (1990a, 1990b, 1999), Pecheux and Fuchs (1990) and Tfouni (2001, 2008), provide the most essential theoretic foundations of our research. For its development, are used data from a recorded speech therapy session with a child named J, which at the time was ten years old. Given the purpose of this research, we seek possible links between linguistic and /or contextual elements in 410 utterances of J produced in a speech therapy session that could indicate possible mobilizations for the emergence of the utterances, since most of these are shown in the first instance, as dispersed in discourse since there is no binding on the discursive surface. We observed, previously, that this non-binding occurs in both directions, since the scattered utterances: (1) are not interwoven with the utterances of the interlocutor (T) and (2) are not interwoven with each other. We also observed that the mobilization of these utterances followed preferably two trends: (a) a combination of verbal and contextual elements within the immediate situation that developed in the discourse, and (b) the recovery of elements from other discursive situations. We also observed that: (1) the dispersion happened in the direction of a more recurrent utterance, and that (2) although the utterances are dispersed, it can be found... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Este estudo destina-se a fazer uma reflexão sobre o que se fala da fala de um pequeno paciente nos encaminhamentos para atendimento em clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem numa equipe de trabalho interdisciplinar com atravessamento psicanalítico, a Clínica de Atendimento Psicológico vinculada à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). A clínica dos distúrbios de linguagem, no campo da Fonoaudiologia, surge com uma apreensão maior nas questões orgânicas do paciente, assumindo, desta forma, uma atitude de correção, distanciando-se da concepção de linguagem que considera o homem fazendo uso de uma língua que é heterogênea. Ao buscarmos um trabalho que enfoca o sujeito na clínica, chamamos para o diálogo a Teoria da Enunciação, de Benveniste, que pensa a linguagem como possibilidade de surgimento do sujeito. É neste sentido que acreditamos que o que se fala sobre a fala do paciente tem grande importância nesta clínica, pois mostra o lugar de fala dado a esta criança. É através da construção de um caso clínico, em que há um deslocamento do olhar sobre o orgânico em direção a uma escuta do sujeito, que se dá um novo lugar para a fala. É na leitura do que se fala sobre a fala do pequeno sujeito que o terapeuta pode reeditar a história dessa criança ali onde paralisou e que necessita de um deslocamento. / The present study aims to discuss what is said about the speech of a child in a clinic for language disorders. We carried out this study with an interdisciplinary team with psychoanalytic bias in the Psychological Clinic at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). The treatment for language disorders in the Phonoaudiology field is focused on organic issues. Therefore, the therapist assumes an attitude of correction, distancing the patient from the conception of language which considers man using a language that is heterogeneous. We have been searching for a theoretical background that had its focus on the subject in the language, thus, we choose the Enunciation Theory, by Benveniste, which thinks the language as a possible way for the emergence of the subject. We believe, and Benveniste‟s theory approbes, that what is said about the patient's speech is of great importance during the treatment, once it shows the place of speech given to this patient. It is through the construction of a clinical case that we can see a shift from the organic to the subject himself. It is interpreting what is said about the patient‟s speech that we can understand his history and change it.

In the following study, the work of educators has been studied. This is in the form of how educators use language-stimulated learning environments to promote the language of children with language disorders. The study describes educators' work on children with language disorders, as well as how these children can expand their language skills with the help of the preschool language environments. The socio-cultural perspective is the theoretical starting point of the study and therefore the results of the study are also analyzed through the theoretical concepts. The survey was conducted through interviews with active preschool teachers. The aim of the study is to bring knowledge regarding educators' working methods and the creation of language-developing learning environments, as well as what obstacles may exist for this. The results section describes educators' attitudes, trusting relationships and concrete material for success with children's language development. The result also show how working with language environments could strengthen children's self-confidence. The importance of competent staff working with this is also described in the study. / I följande studie har jag valt att undersöka hur förskollärare använder sig avspråkstimulerade lärmiljöer för att främja språket hos barn med språkstörning.I studien beskrivs pedagogers arbete kring barn med språkstörning samt hurdessa barn med hjälp av verksamhetens språkmiljöer kan utvidga sina språkkunskaper. Det sociokulturella perspektivet är studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt och därför analyseras också studiens resultat genom de teoretiska begreppen. Undersökningen har skett genom intervjuer av erfarna förskollärare.Målet med studien är att inbringa kunskap gällande pedagogers arbetssätt ochskapande av språkutvecklande lärmiljöer. Studien påvisar även vilka hindersom kan tänkas finnas för pedagogerna när de arbetar med barns språkutveckling. I resultatdelen beskrivs pedagogers förhållningssätt, tillitsfulla relationeroch konkret material för att lyckas med barns språkutveckling. Även hur barnssjälvförtroende kan stärkas genom språkliga miljöer och vikten av kompetentpersonal beskrivs. I studien framgår det hur viktigt det är att pedagogerna besitter rikligt med kunskap och är flexibla när de arbetar med barns språkutveckling.

Bakgrund Elever med lässvårigheter har rätt till en anpassad läromiljö för att utvecklas utifrån egna förutsättningar, så att de kan nå sina mål i alla ämnen. Läroboken Hem- och konsumentkunskap åk 7-9, finns som inläst material men eftersom det är svårt att ha en dator i ett kök, ber oftast elever med lässvårighet en klasskamrat att läsa upp receptet.  Syftet Med denna observationsstudie var syftet att se om elever kan läsa och tolka recepten i läroboken, samt att ta reda på vilka andra svårigheter eleverna har med recepten. Metod En observationsstudie på elever med diagnosticerade lässvårigheter och/eller svenska som andraspråk. Observationerna har inkluderat fotografering och anteckningar och har bestått av en teoretisk del, där eleven fick läsa ett recept och stryka under saker de tyckte var svåra att förstå, samt en praktisk del, där eleven fick utföra ett moment taget ur receptet. En praktisk uppgift kunde vara koka och sjuda. Efter datainsamlingen analyserades observationerna och fotografierna samt anteckningarna. Resultat Eleverna hade svårt för vissa ord och begrepp, men även att förflytta blicken från ingredienslistan till instruktionstexten. Detta fick konsekvenser för den praktiska uppgiften. Slutsats Läroboken Hem- och konsumentkunskap åk 7-9 var skriven till elever som har normal, åldersadekvat läskunnighet. Som boken var utformad var den inte tillgänglig för elever som hade lässvårigheter av olika slag, och det var inte självklart att alla kunde förstå och tolka recepten så som det var tänkt. Ett nytt och förenklat läromedel skulle behövas tas fram. Baserat på vår studies resultat planerar vi därför att skriva en ny kokbok med skrift, bilder och digitalt material som ska underlätta för eleverna när de har praktiskt arbete. / Background Students with reading difficulties have the right to an adapted learning environment to develop based on their own conditions, so that they can achieve their goals in all subjects. The textbook “Hem- och konsumentkunskap åk 7-9” (translated: Home- and consumer studies, grades 7-9), is available as audiobook, but since it is difficult to have a computer in a kitchen, students with reading difficulties usually ask a classmate to read the recipe out loud. Objective With this observational study, the purpose was to see if pupils can read and interpret the recipes in the textbook, and to find out what other difficulties the pupils have with the recipes. Method An observational study of pupils with diagnosed reading difficulties and / or Swedish as a second language. The observations have included photography and notes and have consisted of a theoretical part, where the pupils read a recipe and underlined things they thought were difficult to understand, and a practical part, where the pupil performed an task from the recipe. A practical task could be to boil and simmer. After data collection, the observations and photographs as well as the notes were analyzed. Results The pupils had difficulties with certain words and concepts, but also with moving their gaze from the list of ingredients to the instructional text. This had consequences for the practical task. Conclusion The textbook “Hem- och konsumentkunskap åk 7-9”, was written for pupils who have normal, age-appropriate literacy. As the book was designed, it was not suitable for pupils with reading difficulties of various kinds, and everyone could not understand and interpret the recipes as intended. A new and simplified teaching material needs to be developed. Based on the results of our study, we plan to write a cookbook with writing, pictures and digital material that will make it easier for the pupils when they have practical work.

The aim of the present study was to examine receptive and expressive lexicon, as well as gesture production among children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD), using the Swedish translation of the Picture Naming Game (PiNG). The parental evaluation Swedish Communicative Development Inventory III (SCDI III) was used to determine whether the results from PiNG and SCDI III were consistent. In this study, 10 children with DLD (study group) and 11 age-matched children with typical language development (control group) between 52 and 70 months of age participated. The participants were tested with PiNG, which is a test that examines reception and production of single nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions. The guardians then completed SCDI III, which contains questions about the language abilities of the child. Gesture production in the form of deictic, iconic and conventional gestures was examined in conjunction with the use of PiNG. The results showed lower results for the study group on PiNG and SCDI III in comparison with the control group. The study group displayed a higher number of gestures than the control group, and in the former group, the use of gestures was positively correlated with the results from PiNG. In the study group, iconic gestures were used to compensate for language difficulties. The results from PiNG and SCDI III were not consistent. The age of the participants problably did not affect any results. The results from the present study indicate that PiNG may be useful when examining lexicon and gesture production among children with DLD. Both groups achieved high results on PiNG which may have affected the use of gestures and also possible correlations. For future studies, it is therefore recommended to apply PiNG on a group of younger children with DLD.

The diploma thesis is from the area of special pedagogy and speech therapy. It deals with the issue of parenthood of children with developmental dysphasia. The thesis is devided into two parts, the theoretical part and the empirical part. The thesis starts with characterisation of the family with disabilities and continues with further developmental dysphasia, its terminology, classification, etiology, symptomatology, diagnostics and therapy are characterized. The thesis defines the possibilities of speech therapy intervention in children with special impaired speech developmental dyspshasia. This main goal is achieved by research. This diploma thesis can be an inspiration for speech therapists and other professionals who work with families and their children with developmental dysphasia. It can also inspire students and other parents even whose child has been diagnosed with this disease. The thesis may be the starting point for further studies of a scientific character that focus on same subject.

Sammanfattning/Abstract Ejeholt och Tideman, Marcus och Anna (2022). ”Behandla mig som normalt, bara/ just treat me as normal”. En kvalitativ studie med fokus på relationer, didaktik och studiemotivation/ a qualitative study with a focus on relationships, didactics and study motivation. Speciallärarprogrammet, Institutionen för skolutveckling och ledarskap, Fakulteten för Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, 90 hp.   Förväntat kunskapsbidrag Vår förhoppning med studien är att kunna bidra med kunskap kring hur elever med språkstörning ser på vad som utgör goda relationer till lärare samt hur lärarnas undervisningsupplägg och didaktiska skicklighet påverkar elevernas studiemotivation. Vår förhoppning är att vi kan lyfta både elevernas och lärarnas röster kring detta innehåll.   Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap kring hur elever med språkstörning och lärare redogör för vad som utgör en betydelsefull relation dem emellan samt identifiera eventuella skillnader som förekommer i elever och lärares uppfattningar. Vidare vill vi undersöka om goda relationer samt lärarens didaktiska skicklighet i undervisning och bemötande påverkar studiemotivationen för elever med språkstörning. Lärare samt elever i mellanstadiet och högstadiet kommer att utgöra underlaget för intervjuerna. Frågeställningar Vad anser elever med språkstörning och lärare vara viktigt i en relation dem emellan? Finns det skillnader i deras uppfattningar om vad som utgör en betydelsefull relation? Hur skapar lärare studiemotivation hos elever med språkstörning?     Teori I den här studien löper ordet relationer som en röd tråd från syfte och frågeställningar, vidare till intervjufrågor och tidigare forskning för att även återfinnas i resultatet. Detta gör att vi har valt att analysera vårt resultat med utgångspunkten i ett relationellt perspektiv. Aspelin (2018) har gjort en tolkning av Thomas Scheffs teori microsociology (1994) och det är den tolkningen av teorin vi använder oss av för att analysera resultatet. Vi har även valt att analysera resultatet med utgångspunkt i Vygotskij (1978) sociokulturella teori om den proximala utvecklingszonen. Han menar att undervisning och lärande är en sociokulturell verksamhet. Teorin bygger vidare på att läraren fångar lärandet i mötet med eleven och även det är något vi ser återkomma i vår studie.   Metod I vår studie intresserar vi oss för förståelsen av en social verklighet och hur deltagarna tolkar denna verklighet. Vi har därför valt en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer utgör grunden för insamlandet av data. I semistrukturerade intervjuer är orden det centrala och där  erbjuds intervjuformen en  möjlighet till följdfrågor och kan fördjupa sina svar. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och efter det följde arbetet med analys. Vi använde oss av en mall för textanalys, utifrån den fick vi fram olika teman som ligger till grund för studien.    Resultat Ur vår tematiska innehållsanalys framkom följande teman som betydelsefulla utifrån elevernas och lärarnas svar: bemötande, relationsbyggande, undervisning, studiemotivation.  Elevernas svar tyder på att det finns en koppling mellan lärarens bemötande och hur det påverkade relationen som i sin tur påverkade studiemotivationen. Vidare visade flertalet av elevernas svar på att de vill bli bemötta på ett sätt som de uttrycker ”normalt”. De menar att även om läraren har vetskap om deras språkstörning så skall den inte anpassa sitt bemötande efter det. Det visade sig att humor var viktigt för eleverna.  Detta uttrycks på olika sätt, men återkommande är att de vill ha lärare som kan skoja och busa med dem. Även svaren i lärarintervjuerna visar att lärarna vill kunna bjuda på sig själva i sin undervisning, de menar att med humor och roliga upplägg når de längre med sin undervisning.    Specialpedagogiska implikationer Vi har i vår studie kommit fram till att det är viktigt för specialläraren i relationsskapandet till dessa elever, att om möjligt utgå från elevernas intressen. Vidare är det viktigt att bemöta dessa elever med språkstörning som de själva uttrycker det, ”normalt”. Speciallärarens roll blir också att stärka elevernas självkänsla och självförtroende. Ur ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv styrks relationskompetensens vikt av Aspelin, Östlund och Jönsson (2020) de menar att en positiv, stöttande relation mellan lärare och elev är avgörande för en elevs utveckling. De menar vidare att relationen är särskilt viktig för elever i riskgrupper och elever med funktionsnedsättningar, som exempelvis språkstörning. Elevsvaren visar att detta exempelvis kan göras genom att skaffa sig en god personlig kännedom om eleverna. Motivationen för elever med språkstörning blir viktig och känslan av att eleven upplever sig själv som kompetent. Här kan ett målinriktat arbetssätt där eleven är delaktig i skapandet av sina egna mål, vara framgångsrikt och detta styrker Wery och Thomson (2013) som framgångsrikt. När eleverna känner att de lyckas blir de även mer mottagliga för speciallärarens insatser, stöd och hjälp styrker Aspelin et al. (2020).