The objective of this thesis is to investigate the first effects provoked by the Law 13.415, of February 2017, which concerns the offering of English in the curriculum of Elementary School, as of the sixth grade, and imposes its obligatority in the curriculum of High School, which ends up provoking negative impacts in the Brazilian education system for being contrary to the linguistic and social rights of the school communities, which were enshrined in the LDBEN of 1996 and in the documents arising from it, such as PCN, OCEM, BNCC, etc., revealing the law is inconsistent towards studies and research on the matter. To investigate the ways English, as a school discipline, became part of the obligatory curriculum of the Basic Education, after having its hegemony threatened, in 2005, by the so-called Law of Spanish, and after having been considered part of a complementary component in the school curricula, I analyzed the way it consolidated its hegemony in the school curriculum and its current situation regarding the educational policies related to the teaching of languages, based on the historiography and on the works in the field of the History of Language Teaching (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2010, 2017; SANTOS, 2017; VIDOTTI, 2010); History of School Disciplines (CHERVEL, 1990; CHERVEL e COMPÈRE, 1999); studies on curriculum (GOODSON, 2005); pioneer works in the field of Applied Linguistics that contributed to a history of the teaching of languages in Brazil (CHAGAS, 1976; CARNEIRO LEÃO, 1935); studies on the role of foreign languages in the formation and internationalization of education and which point to English as the global lingua franca (KACHRU, 1992; PHILLIPSON, 1992; CRYSTAL, 1999; SEIDLHOFER, 2001; JENKINS, 2006, 2009; PENNYCOOK, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017) and studies on language policies (FISHMAN, 1974; TOLLEFSON, 2002; SPOLSKY, 2004, 2009, 2012; SHOHAMY, 2006; RAJAGOPALAN, 2006; CALVET, 2007), aiming to contribute to the deepening and to the increase of the time scope of the history of the teaching of languages in Brazil. The period chosen for the analysis begins in 1961, the year of the promulgation of the first version of the Law of Basic Guidelines, also including the Law 5.692/71, the Law 9.394/96, the current version of LDBEN, and ends in 2017, with the analysis of the Law 13.415/17. The legislation and the educational historiography were the research sources I made use of in this thesis. With this study, I concluded it is necessary to subsidize actions that lead to the formulation of articulated language policies that deal with the continuity or the practice of the effective teaching of other languages, so that the massive teaching of English makes way to the development of plurilingual curricula.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar los primeros efectos provocados por la Ley 13.415, de 16 de febrero de 2017, tratándose de la oferta obligatoria del inglés en el currículo de la Enseñanza Fundamental, a partir del sexto año, y de su obligatoriedad en los currículos de la Enseñanza Media, que acaba por provocar impactos negativos en el sistema educativo brasileño por ir de encuentro a los derechos sociales y lingüísticos de las comunidades escolares garantizados en la LDBEN de 1996 y en los documentos resultantes de ella, como en los PCN, OCEM, BNCC, etc., revelando su inconsistencia con los estudios e investigaciones sobre la materia. Para investigar los modos en que el inglés, como disciplina escolar, volvió a ser un componente obligatorio en el currículo de la Educación Básica, después de haber su hegemonía amenazada, en 2005, por la llamada Ley del Español, y de haber sido considerada parte de un nucleo complementar en los currículos escolares, se hizo el análisis de su institucionalización y de su situación actual en el currículo de la Educación Básica brasileña, tratando de las políticas educativas relacionadas con la enseñanza de las lenguas, con base en la historiografía y en trabajos en el campo de la Historia de la Enseñanza de las Lenguas (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2010, 2017; SANTOS, 2017; VIDOTTI, 2010); Historia de las Disciplinas Escolares (CHERVEL, 1990; CHERVEL e COMPÈRE, 1999); de los estudios acerca del currículo (GOODSON, 2005); de trabajos pioneros en el campo de la Lingüística Aplicada que contribuyeron para una historia de la enseñanza de las lenguas en Brasil (CHAGAS, 1976; CARNEIRO LEÃO, 1935); de estudios acerca del papel de las lenguas estranjeras en la formación y en la internacionalización de la educación y que apuntan el inglês como la lengua franca global (KACHRU, 1992; PHILLIPSON, 1992; CRYSTAL, 1999, SEIDLHOFER, 2001; JENKINS, 2006, 2009; PENNYCOOK, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017) y los estudios acerca de las politicas lingüísticas (FISHMAN, 1974; TOLLEFSON, 2002; SPOLSKY, 2004, 2009, 2012; SHOHAMY, 2006; RAJAGOPALAN, 2006; CALVET, 2007), con miras a contribuir a la profundización y extensión temporal de la historia de la enseñanza de las lenguas en Brasil. El período elegido para el análisis comienza en 1961, año de la promulgación de la primera versión de la Ley de Directrices y Bases de la Educación Nacional, pasando por la Ley 5.692/71, la Ley 9.394/96, la actual versión de la LDBEN, y termina en 2017, con la institucionalización de la Ley 13.415/17. Como fuentes, he utilizado la legislación y la historiografía educativa. Con este estudio, concluí que es necesario subsidiar acciones que conduzcan a la creación de políticas lingüísticas articuladas entre sí, que contemplen la continuidad o la práctica de la enseñanza efectiva de otras lenguas, a fin de que la enseñanza masiva del inglés dé lugar a la construcción de currículos plurilingües. / O objetivo desta tese é investigar os primeiros efeitos provocados pela Lei 13.415, de 16 de fevereiro de 2017, tratando da oferta obrigatória do inglês no currículo do Ensino Fundamental, a partir do sexto ano, e da sua obrigatoriedade nos currículos do Ensino Médio, o que acaba por provocar impactos negativos no sistema educacional brasileiro por ir de encontro aos direitos sociais e linguísticos das comunidades escolares sacramentados na LDBEN de 1996 e nos documentos dela decorrentes, como nos PCN, nas OCEM, na BNCC, etc., revelando a sua inconsistência com os estudos e pesquisas sobre a matéria. Para investigar os modos pelos quais o inglês, como disciplina escolar, voltou a ser um componente obrigatório no currículo da Educação Básica, depois de ter a sua hegemonia ameaçada, em 2005, pela chamada Lei do Espanhol, e de ter sido considerado parte de um núcleo complementar nos currículos escolares, foi feita a análise da sua institucionalização e da sua situação atual no currículo da Educação Básica, tratando das políticas educacionais relacionadas ao ensino das línguas, com base na historiografia e em trabalhos no campo da História do Ensino das Línguas (ALMEIDA FILHO, 2005; OLIVEIRA, 2010, 2017; SANTOS, 2017; VIDOTTI, 2010); História das Disciplinas Escolares (CHERVEL, 1990; CHERVEL e COMPÈRE, 1999); dos estudos sobre currículo (GOODSON, 2005); de trabalhos pioneiros no campo da Linguística Aplicada que contribuíram para uma história do ensino das línguas no Brasil (CHAGAS, 1976; CARNEIRO LEÃO, 1935); de estudos sobre o papel das línguas estrangeiras na formação e na internacionalização da educação e que apontam ser o inglês a lingua franca global (KACHRU, 1992; PHILLIPSON, 1992; CRYSTAL, 1999; SEIDLHOFER, 2001; JENKINS, 2006, 2009; PENNYCOOK, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2017) e de estudos sobre políticas linguísticas (FISHMAN, 1974; TOLLEFSON, 2002; SPOLSKY, 2004, 2009, 2012; SHOHAMY, 2006; RAJAGOPALAN, 2006; CALVET, 2007), com vistas a contribuir para o aprofundamento e extensão temporal da história do ensino das línguas no Brasil. O período eleito para a análise começa em 1961, ano da promulgação da primeira versão da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional, passando pela Lei 5.692/71, a Lei 9.394/96, a atual versão da LDBEN, e termina em 2017, com a institucionalização da Lei 13.415/17. Como fontes, utilizei a legislação e a historiografia educacionais. Com este estudo, concluí que é preciso subsidiar ações que levem à criação de políticas linguísticas articuladas entre si, que contemplem a continuidade ou a prática do ensino efetivo de outras línguas, a fim de que o ensino massivo do inglês dê lugar à construção de currículos plurilíngues. / São Cristóvão, SE

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franciele_ Maria Martiny.pdf: 6571637 bytes, checksum: 23dfd433a33580e6a57b62884c243643 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis addresses the teaching of German in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil, covering the time from the colonization of the locality, in the beginning of the 1950s, until today. The locality was colonized mostly by German immigrants and descendants coming from Germanic regions in Europe and from the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Due to this context, the German language was always present in the city, but it has been decreasingly spoken and heard. Recently, the state government has enabled policies for reviving the immigrant languages by offering German courses both in the degree course in Portuguese/German Languages at the local university and in extracurricular classes at CELEM. Nevertheless, the demand of students is minimal and evasion is frequent, threatening the continuity of both courses. Based on this problem, this thesis aims to analyze the language and education policies implemented in the socio-historical and cultural context of that city in order to examine the reason for the state language planning not obtaining positive results in the community. In order to achieve this goal, the epistemological approach in this study is based on interactionism from language studies by the Bakhtin Circle, connected with Applied Linguistics (AL) and Sociolinguistics, focusing on contexts of language and education policies for linguistic minorities. The research methodology, under the interpretive perspective, consists of document analysis on the German teaching in the schools that used to offer it, interviews with teachers, students and directors who participated in various moments of the history of teaching in the locality, and personal experience during research, with quantitative and qualitative data. The results show that the lack of language and education policies for formal teaching of German throughout the local history has contributed to the decline of the immigration language, which was never present in the curriculum at a municipal level, despite the existence of the Municipal Law n. 3922, from 2008, and other Germanic cultural practices. In the case of the existing courses at the university and at CELEM, the factors that influence directly to the non-permanence of students involve teaching and learning methodology, since the immigration language is taught as a foreign language without an effective approach to cultural and local issues, which could deconstruct myths, prejudices and negative attitudes that permeate the contact between languages and their varieties. Therefore, there is the need to set language and education policies through intensive work focused on regional linguistic and cultural diversity in order to minimize the diglossic conflict and promote the strengthening of bilingualism in society with greater community involvement / Esta tese aborda o ensino de língua alemã em Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brasil, desde o momento da colonização do município, no início da década de 1950, até a atualidade. Ressalta-se que se trata de uma localidade colonizada, em sua grande maioria, por imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes vindos de regiões germânicas da Europa, do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina. Devido a este contexto, a língua alemã sempre esteve presente no município, mas tem sido cada vez menos falada e ouvida. Recentemente, o Governo Estadual tem possibilitado políticas de resgate das línguas de imigrantes com a oferta da língua alemã na Universidade local, no curso de licenciatura em Letras Português/Alemão, e no ensino extracurricular, no CELEM. Todavia, a procura de alunos é pequena e a evasão acontece frequentemente, colocando em risco a continuidade de ambos os cursos. A partir dessa problemática, esta tese tem como propósito verificar as políticas linguísticas e educacionais inseridas no contexto sócio-histórico e cultural do referido município para averiguar o motivo pelo qual o planejamento linguístico do Estado não estar tendo resultados positivos na comunidade. Para tanto, a pesquisa tem como abordagem epistemológica o interacionismo por meio de estudos do Círculo de Bakhtin sobre língua e linguagem, dialogando com a Linguística Aplicada (LA) e com a Sociolinguística, com atenção voltada a contextos sobre políticas linguísticas e educacionais de minorias linguísticas. A metodologia de pesquisa, pela perspectiva interpretativista, consiste na análise documental relativa ao ensino da referida língua em colégios e escolas que a ofertaram, na realização de entrevistas com professores, alunos e diretores que participaram de variados momentos desse histórico do ensino no município, e na vivência pessoal da pesquisa, com dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Os resultados apontam que a falta de políticas linguísticas e educacionais locais voltadas ao ensino formal de alemão, ao longo da história do município, tem contribuído para o enfraquecimento da língua de imigração, que nunca esteve presente na grade curricular, embora haja a Lei municipal no 3922, de 2008, e outras práticas culturais germânicas. No caso dos cursos existentes, universitário e CELEM, os fatores que influenciam diretamente para a não permanência de alunos envolvem a metodologia de ensino e de aprendizagem, pois a língua de imigração é ensinada na modalidade de língua estrangeira, sem um trabalho efetivo com questões culturais e locais, que poderiam desconstruir mitos, preconceitos e atitudes negativas que permeiam o contato entre as línguas e suas variedades. Portanto, sente-se a necessidade da implantação de políticas linguísticas e educacionais, por meio de um trabalho intenso voltado à diversidade linguística e cultural regional que minimize o conflito diglóssico e promova o fortalecimento do bilinguismo na sociedade com o envolvimento maior da comunidade

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olga.pdf: 1437596 bytes, checksum: 1bbe8f0875b3d970103b7d9c512708c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / ABSTRACT: PEIBF, created in 2005 as an action between Brazil and Argentina, proposes the gradual transformation of schools located at the border into bilingual intercultural institutions, to offer their students an education based on a new frontier concept, linked to regional integration, knowledge and respect for the culture of the neighboring country. This paper aims to show the process chosen by the Intercultural Bilingual School Project (PEIBF), as well as their teaching methods, highlighting the need of new language policies due to the multilingualism and multiculturalism typical of the border region, taking into account its influence on the construction of the identity of its inhabitants. The bilingual education that I support has the aim of providing intercultural contextualization, that is, to instruct the children through the L1 and L2 to ensure equal conditions and reach the common basic knowledge, promoting individual identity, respect, recognition of group differences which are part of national mosaics, as well as the unity that is necessary to make each country a singular nation. Since PEIBF is a means that provides many possibilities for this educational concept to take place, I intended to answer the following questions: which are the socio-cultural and linguistic characteristics of the three border region Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina, how the pedagogical process at Bordering Bilingual Schools occurs, and what are the concepts of language, bilingualism, interculture and identity which are the basis of pedagogical practices at PEIBF. This research is a qualitative, ethnographic study case, and is based on theoretical and methodological assumptions of Applied Linguistics (LA). It is developed based on the concept of language, culture and identity as something multiple, dynamic, hybrid and at a constant change. (SANTOS and CAVALCANTI, HALL, 2005; DAMKE, 1992, 2009; RAJAGOPALAN, 1998); Bi/multilingualism is seen as the ability to make use of more than one language (MAHER, 2007; CAVALCANTI, 1999; SANTOS, 2004; MOITA LOPES, SAVEDRA, 2009; DAMKE, 1992, 2009; VON BORSTEL, 1999, among others) and appropriate language policies to the socio-educational context (CALVET, 2007; OLIVEIRA, 2009, 2003; HAMEL, 1999; SAVEDRA, 2003). Thus, I hope this work contributes to the creation of new schools at PEIBF and can also provide support, so that an educational policy which takes into account multilingualism and cultural characteristics of the border regions may be thought later on. / O PEIBF criado em 2005 por uma ação bilateral Brasil-Argentina, propõe a progressiva transformação das escolas de fronteira em instituições interculturais bilíngues que ofereçam aos seus alunos uma formação com base num novo conceito de fronteira, ligado à integração regional e ao conhecimento e respeito pela cultura do país vizinho. Este trabalho visa mostrar o processo trilhado pelo Projeto Escola Intercultural Bilíngue de Fronteira (PEIBF) e suas práticas pedagógicas, apontando a necessidade de novas políticas linguísticas em virtude do plurilinguismo e pluriculturalismo existentes na região de fronteira, tendo em vista sua influência na construção identitária dos seus habitantes. A educação bilíngue que defendo tem como objetivo a contextualização intercultural, ou seja, instruir as crianças por meio da L1 e a L2 para garantir igualdade de condições de chegar aos saberes básicos comuns, promovendo a identidade individual, o respeito, o reconhecimento das diferenças dos grupos étnicos que compõem os mosaicos nacionais, assim como a unidade necessária para fazer de cada um dos países uma nação. Sendo o PEIBF um meio com muitas possibilidades para que essa educação se concretize, busquei responder quais as características sócio-culturais e linguísticas da região de fronteira Brasil-Paraguai-Argentina, como se processam as práticas pedagógicas das escolas bilíngues de fronteira e quais conceitos de linguagem, bilinguismo, interculturalidade e identidade estão subjacentes às práticas pedagógicas do PEIBF. Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa, etnográfica, com estudo de caso e se apóia nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Linguística Aplicada (LA). Desenvolve-se tomando como base o conceito de linguagem, cultura e identidade como múltiplas, dinâmicas, híbridas e em constante transformação (SANTOS e CAVALCANTI, HALL, 2005; DAMKE, 1992, 2009; RAJAGOPALAN, 1998); de bi/multi/plurilinguismo como a capacidade de fazer uso de mais de uma língua (MAHER, 2007; CAVALCANTI, 1999; SANTOS, 2004; MOITA LOPES, SAVEDRA, 2009; DAMKE, 1992, 2009; VON BORSTEL, 1999, entre outros) e de políticas linguísticas adequadas ao contexto sócio-educacional. (CALVET, 2007; OLIVEIRA, 2009, 2003; HAMEL, 1999; SAVEDRA, 2003). Com isso, espero que este trabalho contribua com a inserção de novas escolas no PEIBF e que também possa fornecer subsídios para que, posteriormente, seja pensada uma política de ensino que leve em consideração a pluralidade linguística e cultural, características da região de fronteira.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO 2016 ESTUDOS DE LINGUAGEM - SUZANA DARLEN DOS SANTOS SANTARONI TEIXEIRA -.pdf: 19177914 bytes, checksum: 9e38226481e3662889a3122647c928b8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho reflete sobre a construção de representações da francofonia no processo de formação de professores de Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE), através da análise de materiais didáticos utilizados por instituições federais de ensino superior do Rio de Janeiro, nos cursos de licenciatura. Acreditamos que tal pesquisa pode trazer contribuições aos sujeitos envolvidos nesse processo. Segundo Paraguai e Pereira (2012), a maioria dos livros didáticos de Francês Língua Estrangeira (FLE) prioriza as questões referentes à França e, se abordam aspectos referentes a outros países francófonos, o fazem de modo menos profundo. Ou seja, o livro didático pode funcionar como um instrumento que delimita a formação de representações sociais e linguísticas no que tange ao pluralismo francófono. Consideramos o processo de formação de professores fundamental para o desenvolvimento de profissionais qualificados, não apenas no ensino da língua francesa, mas no conhecimento da heterogeneidade cultural, social e linguística da francofonia. Essa ação vislumbra a aceitação e o reconhecimento da diversidade francófona pelos aprendizes, através de um ensino que proporcione a formação de representações sociais e linguísticas. Sendo assim, este texto concentra-se em assuntos que abrangem questões de representações ligadas à formação de ideias em torno da francofonia em aulas de FLE do ensino superior. A pesquisa deu-se através da leitura de textos que embasaram a fundamentação teórica e que deram condições de desenvolver as análises. As etapas posteriores consistiram na elaboração e aplicação de questionário, em entrevistas com professores de FLE dos cursos que fazem parte de projetos linguísticos da UFF (curso PROLEM) e UFRJ (curso CLAC), assim como na análise dos materiais didáticos utilizados pelas universidades citadas e análise das entrevistas. Todos os procedimentos elaborados e concluídos proporcionaram a compreensão de como os professores em processo de formação entendem a importância da francofonia no ensino de FLE. Pudemos, então, observar que a aceitação e conhecimento da diversidade francófona são fundamentais para uma formação mais completa, tendo em vista as diferenças que constituem a língua francesa / This work reflects on the construction of francophone representations during the training process of French as a Foreign Language (FFL) teachers by analyzing teaching materials applied by federal institutions of higher education in Rio de Janeiro to undergraduate courses. We believe that this research can bring contributions to the subjects involved in this process. According to Paraguai and Pereira (2012, p. 35), it appears that most textbooks of French as a Foreign Language (FFL) prioritize the French-related issues and if they approach aspects related to other French-speaking countries, this is less deeply done. That is, the textbook can serve as an instrument that delimitates the formation of social and linguistic representations with respect to the Francophone pluralism. We consider the process of training teachers as fundamental to the development of qualified professionals not only in the French language teaching, but also in the knowledge of Francophonie cultural, social and linguistic diversity. This action envisages the acceptance and recognition of Francophone diversity by apprentices through a school that provides the formation of social and linguistic representations. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on issues that touch on matters of representations linked to the formation of ideas around the Francophonie in FFL classes on higher education. This research took place through the reading of texts which supported the theoretical foundation and development of the analyses. Subsequent steps consisted on the ellaboration and application of a questionnaire, interviews with FFL teachers of courses from linguistic projects at UFF (PROLEM course) and UFRJ (CLAC course), as well as the analysis of teaching materials applied by these universities and analysis of interviews. All developed and completed procedures provided an understanding of how teachers in formation perceive the importance of the Francophonie in teaching FFL. At last, we observed that the acceptance and knowledge of francophone diversity are key to a more complete formation, taking into account differences which constitute the French language

L’université est devenue, dans la société mondiale, un bastion de l’innovation scientifique. Cet espace légitime de critique, discussion et mobilités représente un bien public, qu'il appartienne au secteur officiel ou privé, et fonctionne dans le cadre d’un système de l’éducation nationale. Confrontée à la mondialisation, l’université intègre l’enseignement, la recherche et le service à la communauté comme fonctions essentielles de l’enseignement supérieur ; pour ce faire, elle développe des stratégies visant à répondre aux responsabilités linguistiques internationales, nationales et régionales ainsi qu’aux besoins langagiers des étudiants dans la formation de leur répertoire linguistique, quel que soit le statut des langues. Son autonomie lui permet une participation active dans la configuration des politiques publiques en matière des langues et de l’éducation. Ces éléments nous ont conduits à analyser le rôle spécifique des universités comme actrices des politiques linguistiques éducatives en Colombie, en particulier (mais non de manière limitative) l’offre de formation en langues de ces institutions universitaires en direction des étudiants spécialistes et non spécialistes dans ce domaine. L’échantillon est formé par 10% des universités colombiennes distribuées dans les principales villes du pays. Le caractère notamment qualitatif de cette étude a permis, grâce au protocole d’enquête des 180 questionnaires et du guide des 18 entretiens, une systématisation des phénomènes analysés à partir des dispositifs de qualité des neuf institutions d’enseignement supérieur qui composent le corpus. La proposition de certaines orientations générales en matière de politiques linguistiques éducatives dans les universités colombiennes constitue l’aboutissement de notre recherche ; elles s’adressent aux communautés universitaires pour leur éventuelle discussion dans le cadre d’une éducation au plurilinguisme. / In a world society, the university has become a bastion of scientific innovation. This legitimate space within which criticism, discussion, and mobility take place represents a public good, either within the public or the private sector, and operates within national education system. With rapid recent globalization, the university combines teaching, research, and university-community partnerships as essential functions of higher education. To this end, strategies aimed at meeting linguistic responsibilities at international, national, and regional level are developed. The strategies involved put in place measures designed to address language needs of the diverse student population regardless of the linguistic prestige accorded to individual languages. University autonomy means that universities can actively participate in the shaping of public policies on language and education. These factors have taken us to consider the specific role played by universities as agents of educational language policies in Colombia, particularly (but not limited to) the diversity of modern foreign language provision in higher education for specialist and non-specialist students. The sample consists of 10% of Colombian universities located in major cities of the country. The qualitative nature of this study has allowed for systematization of the phenomena analysed. This has been achieved through administering a questionnaire survey as well as structured interviews in nine institutions of higher education. The assembled corpus is informed by 180 questionnaires and 18 interviews carried out following quality parameters. The culmination of our research is a proposal of some general guidelines for educational language policy to be implemented in Colombian universities. The target group of these guidelines is the academic community in Colombia. The proposal might serve as a basis for discussion with a view to the possible development of a policy and approach for multilingual education in Colombia. / La universidad se ha convertido, en la sociedad mundial, en un bastión de la innovación científica. Este espacio legítimo de la crítica, la discusión y la movilidad representa un bien público, sea del sector oficial o privado, y opera dentro de un sistema de educación nacional. Confrontada a la globalización, la universidad integra la enseñanza, la investigación y la extensión como funciones esenciales de la educación superior; para ello, desarrolla estrategias que buscan cumplir con las responsabilidades lingüísticas internacionales, nacionales y regionales y con las necesidades, en este campo, de los estudiantes en la formación de su repertorio de lenguas, independientemente del estatus de ellas. Su autonomía le permite la participación activa en la configuración de las políticas públicas sobre el lenguaje y la educación. Estos factores nos han llevado a analizar el papel específico de las universidades como actrices de las políticas lingüísticas educativas en Colombia, en particular (pero no limitados a) la oferta de enseñanza de idiomas de estas instituciones universitarias a estudiantes especialistas y no especialistas en esta área. La muestra está formada por el 10% de las universidades colombianas distribuidas en las principales ciudades. La naturaleza de este estudio cualitativo ha permitido una sistematización de los fenómenos analizados, por medio del protocolo de la encuesta realizado a través de 180 cuestionarios y la guía de las 18 entrevistas, a partir de parámetros de calidad tenidos en cuenta en las nueve instituciones de educación superior que conforman el corpus. La culminación de nuestra investigación es la propuesta de algunas pautas generales sobre las políticas lingüísticas educativas en universidades colombianas; dichas pautas están dirigidas a las comunidades académicas para su posible discusión en el marco de una educación para el plurilingüismo.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / In many countries defined by multilingualism, language has been identified as a great influence during psychological and educational testing. In South Africa (SA), factors such as changes in policies and social inequalities also influence testing. Literature supports the translation and adaptation of tests used in such contexts in order to avoid bias caused by language. Different language versions of tests then need to be evaluated for equivalence, to ensure that scores across the different language versions have the same meaning. Differences in dialects may also impact on the results of such tests.Results of an isiXhosa version of the Woodcock Muñoz Language Survey (WMLS),which is a test used to measure isiXhosa learners’ language proficiency, show significant mean score differences on the test scores across rural and urban firstlanguage speakers of isiXhosa. These results have indicated a possible problem regarding rural and urban dialects during testing. This thesis evaluates the item bias of the subtests in this version of the WMLS across rural and urban isiXhosa learners. This was accomplished by evaluating the reliability and item characteristics for group differences, and by evaluating differential item functioning across these two groups on the subtests of the WMLS. The sample in this thesis comprised of 260 isiXhosa learners from the Eastern Cape Province in grade 6 and grade 7, both males and females. This sample was collected in two phases: (1) secondary data from 49 rural and 133 urban isiXhosa learners was included in the sample; (2) adding to the secondary data, a primary data collection from 78 rural isiXhosa learners was made to equalise the two sample groups. All ethical considerations were included in this thesis. The results were surprising and unexpected. Two of the subtests in the WMLS showed evidence of scalar equivalence as only a few items were identified as problematic. However, two of the subtests demonstrated more problematic items. These results mean that two subtests of the WMLS that demonstrated evidence of scalar equivalence can be used to measure the construct of language proficiency, while the other two sub-tests that showed problematic items need to be further investigated, as the responses given by learners on these items seem to be determined by their group membership and not by their ability.

Dans le contexte de la globalisation et de la course « à la part de marché » des langues internationales, nous assistons à un fort essor d'une politique linguistique institutionnelle de diffusion de la langue espagnole dans le monde. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la planification linguistique du statut et du corpus de l’espagnol est devenue une priorité pour l’Espagne qui s’est donné les moyens de mettre en place un dispositif de politique linguistique panhispanique dont les pièces maîtresses sont l’Académie royale de la langue espagnole et l’Institut Cervantès. Cette nouvelle politique linguistique panhispanique cherche, d’une part, à positionner l’espagnol en tant que langue internationale ou globale aux côtés de l’anglais, et d’autre part, à renforcer les liens existants entre les pays hispanophones. Cette politique linguistique institutionnelle répond à une stratégie géopolitique et économique globale et dont les soubassements idéologiques sont analysés dans cette thèse. Certains marchés, de par leur poids économique et démographique, s'avèrent plus attrayants pour les représentants de la politique linguistique étrangère espagnole. Cela est notamment le cas du Brésil où l'espagnol jouit d'une forte présence facilitée par l'installation de nombreuses entreprises multinationales d'origine espagnole et par la création du Mercosur. La politique linguistique panhispanique a également des retombées sur le domaine normatif, car elle implique, du moins discursivement, un passage d’un modèle de standardisation monocentrique vers un modèle pluricentrique qui prendrait en considération toutes les normes « cultivées » de l’espagnol. Se pose alors la question du modèle de langue à transmettre aux apprenants d’espagnol langue étrangère, une question qui peut s’avérer problématique dans certains contextes géographiques et institutionnels complexes comme celui du Brésil.À partir d’une enquête par entretiens réalisés auprès des enseignants des centres Cervantès au Brésil, ce travail explore, entre autres, leurs représentations de la norme linguistique de l’espagnol, tout en essayant d’établir un dialogue entre les discours épilinguistiques institutionnels, scientifiques et médiatiques et les discours épilinguistiques de ces enseignants sur les enjeux de la promotion de l’espagnol actuellement. / In the context of globalization and in the race among international languages for conquering new "market shares", we can observe the rise of strong institutional language policies for the promotion of the Spanish language all over the world. Since the late 1990s, the ‘corpus’ and ‘status’ planning of the Spanish language has become a priority for Spain: it aims to provide the means which are necessary to implement a Pan-Hispanic language policy device whose masterpieces are the Royal Spanish Academy and the Cervantes Institute. This new Pan-Hispanic language policy seeks firstly, to position the Spanish language as an international or global language next to English, and secondly, to strengthen the links among the Spanish-speaking countries. This institutional language policy responds to a global geopolitical and economic strategy whose ideological foundations are analyzed in this thesis.Due to their economic and demographic weight, some markets are more attractive to the Spanish foreign language policymakers. This is the case of Brazil where Spanish has a strong presence facilitated by the setting up of many Spanish multinational companies and by the creation of Mercosur.The Pan-Hispanic language policy also tends to have an impact on the linguistic norms. While involving, at least in discourse, a transition from a monocentric model of standardization to a pluricentric one that takes into account all the regional standards of Spanish, this transition raises the very question of the language model that should be chosen for Spanish language teaching. This question may be problematic in some complex geographical and institutional contexts as this study endeavors to show with the case of Brazil.Based on interviews conducted with the teachers of the Cervantes Institute in Brazil, this thesis aims at identifying teachers’ representations of the Spanish linguistic norm while trying to establish a dialogue between institutional, scientific and journalistic epilinguistic discourses and teachers’ epilinguistic discourses about the Spanish linguistic promotion.

This case study investigates the language policies and planning (LPP) implemented in Palau since the occupation by Japan before and during World War II, and by the United States of America under the United Nation's Trusteeship after the war. Palau is an island country in the Pacific with a population of 17,500, including 4,600 foreign-born citizens. The society is multilingual as a result of a 150-year occupation by other countries, including Japan and the United States, before its independence in 1994. In this study I also explore the effects of LPP during that time, including the policy regarding a standard writing system, practices at pedagogical institutions, and Palauans' opinions about languages, especially the two official languages, Palauan and English. Data were gathered through interviews, historical document study, observations of classes, and a questionnaire administered in Palau, by visiting the country more than 20 times, for one- to two-week stays beginning in 2001. Hornberger (2006) stated that the terms language policy and language planning have been used interchangeably or as a single concept in many previous studies. Her suggestion was to use the two terms as a set, as the relationship between them has been ambiguous in the past (p. 25). I agree with Hornberger that the two terms fundamentally form a single concept, and therefore, they are used as a set in this study. The theoretical framework proposed by Taylor (2002) is used to analyze the current LPP in Palau: that is, (1) language planning composed of (1.1) status planning, (1.2) corpus planning, and (1.3) acquisition planning; (2) language-in-education policy; and (3) aspects of language-in-education implementation program that consist of (3.1) curriculum policies, (3.2) personnel policies, (3.3) material policies (methods, content), (3.4) community policies, and (3.5) evaluation policies (p. 318). He stated, "[t]he process of devising a new national language policy" affects "language-in-education implementation programs" (p. 318). Major LPP studies were reviewed chronologically based on three phases suggested by Ricento (2000, pp. 10-22). It was helpful to consider the history of LPP "as a dynamic interplay between academic concerns... and political/bureaucratic interests" (Wee, 2011, p. 11). Also, some previous researchers have noted that localized studies of language goals, language use, and language change are needed. According to Kaplan and Baldauf (2003), who studied languages and language-in-education planning in the Pacific Basin, it is rare for Pacific Basin countries to have a language policy: "... [L]anguage planning is frequently undertaken by the education sector in the absence of any such higher-level policy or in the light of such a policy so vaguely articulated as to be quite incapable of implementation" (p. 6). Although their study provided a great deal of valuable information, they did not investigate the language policies of Palau. In this study I describe the government's policies, and real life situation of the policies. To describe the real life situation of the policies, interviews, and a questionnaire survey were used. I interviewed Palauans, such as those who had experienced the occupation(s) and postwar period to better understand the historical background of the current LPP. I also interviewed incumbent teachers after observing their classes. Most of them described various problems in teaching the compulsory Palauan Studies Course, on Palauan language, history, tradition, and culture. I also interviewed officials of the Ministry of Education, who provided a great deal of information about the educational system in Palau and the curriculum of the Palauan Studies Course. The 62-item questionnaire provided data concerning people's language use in various social contexts, as well as the effects of language policies and planning on people's opinions about languages. The 137 respondents were divided into five groups according to their year of birth, considering the years when important transitions had occurred in the LPP. Their responses were compared, and some of the respondents were interviewed to illuminate the questionnaire results. I interviewed eight Palauans in March and September 2012 and asked why they had selected certain responses to the questionnaire items. The questionnaire results indicated that there is a tendency for the younger generation to use English more than the older generations in various contexts, and that the efforts Palauans have made, such as making the new writing system a compulsory part of the school curriculum, have yielded positive effects on the opinions of the younger generation, who learned the Palauan writing system at school. Overall, the results showed that Palauan is not in danger of extinction at present, but it might lose its status as the primary language in the future. I suggest strategies for preserving Palauan as the primary language. / Teaching & Learning

The new higher education system of South Africa is in the process of transformation. Part of the transformation process involves raising the use and status of indigenous languages to become essential part of the country‟s higher education system. The constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) laid a foundation responding to the imperative regarding the use and status of indigenous languages. The Ministry of Education (Higher Education) pays special attention to fitting their education policies to the constitution by incorporating subsection 27(2) of the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act 101 of 1997) that states “subject to the policy determined by the Minister, the council, with the concurrence of the senate, must determine the institutional language policy of a public higher education institution and must publish and make it available on request”. The Language Policy for Higher Education was published by the Ministry of Education in November 2002. Lastly, the Ministry of Education appointed a Ministerial Committee “to advise on the development of African (indigenous) languages as mediums of instruction in higher education.” This committee published its report in 2005. This study investigates the fit between government language policies and institutional language policies. The focus is on indigenous languages in the South African higher education system. The main purpose is to argue for the design of an integrated institutional language policy framework in a holistic way. The study population consisted of the 23 universities and the indigenous language academic staff. A case study and survey were used. All twenty-three indigenous language units from the 23 universities‟ departments were used in the survey section of this research. A random sample of respondents was used, all the respondents were indigenous language academic personnel. Questionnaires were sent to each one who agreed to participate. This questionnaire was the main research instrument for collecting data. The research showed that there is no fit between government language policies and institutional language policies. It is recommended that improvements in fit between government language policies and institutional language policies be embarked upon across the 23 universities‟ staff members and stakeholders (students). / African Languages / Thesis (D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages))

The new higher education system of South Africa is in the process of transformation. Part of the transformation process involves raising the use and status of indigenous languages to become essential part of the country‟s higher education system. The constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996) laid a foundation responding to the imperative regarding the use and status of indigenous languages. The Ministry of Education (Higher Education) pays special attention to fitting their education policies to the constitution by incorporating subsection 27(2) of the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act 101 of 1997) that states “subject to the policy determined by the Minister, the council, with the concurrence of the senate, must determine the institutional language policy of a public higher education institution and must publish and make it available on request”. The Language Policy for Higher Education was published by the Ministry of Education in November 2002. Lastly, the Ministry of Education appointed a Ministerial Committee “to advise on the development of African (indigenous) languages as mediums of instruction in higher education.” This committee published its report in 2005. This study investigates the fit between government language policies and institutional language policies. The focus is on indigenous languages in the South African higher education system. The main purpose is to argue for the design of an integrated institutional language policy framework in a holistic way. The study population consisted of the 23 universities and the indigenous language academic staff. A case study and survey were used. All twenty-three indigenous language units from the 23 universities‟ departments were used in the survey section of this research. A random sample of respondents was used, all the respondents were indigenous language academic personnel. Questionnaires were sent to each one who agreed to participate. This questionnaire was the main research instrument for collecting data. The research showed that there is no fit between government language policies and institutional language policies. It is recommended that improvements in fit between government language policies and institutional language policies be embarked upon across the 23 universities‟ staff members and stakeholders (students). / African Languages / Thesis (D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages))