In education today, Latino populations are growing, but Telles and Ortiz (2013) claim they account for the lowest academic levels and the highest levels of dropouts. Latino transfronterizo (literally border crossing) students and their parents in this study have high academic aspirations in spite of challenges of poverty, second language acquisition, and other difficulties which arise from U.S.-Mexico border contexts. Through dissecting the events of the 1990s and early 2000s, the progression of northern migration from Mexico and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 influenced anti-immigrant sentiment along the border and enactment of laws and policies to limit circumnavigating the international line. Misidentification as illegal immigrants creates borderland perceptions that Latinos are suspects and often results in discriminatory treatment from postcolonial dominant culture. This culture is reflected and perpetuated in schools where home language surveys identify native Spanish speakers to segregate them into Structured English Immersion programs for students with Limited English Proficiency. Ethnographic research from January of 2013 to August of 2015 included over 300 observations and 14 semi-structured interviews with seven transfronterizo students and nine parents revealed language disconnects between school and home. Relationships between teachers and students/parents did not exist and trust was lacking. Latino parents wanted to help students with school, but English only requirements limited their assistance. Through the use of Furman's ethic of community and Yosso's community cultural wealth, educational leaders could create communal process at schools to build the capacity of teachers and parents to create relationships and shared cultural competencies.

This thesis is an analytical case study of three music videos, "Pa'l Norte" by Calle 13, "Sueño Americano" by Los Rakas, and "Ice El Hielo" by La Santa Cecilia. It explores the visual and lyric narratives of these works and their role in critiquing anti-immigration rhetoric towards Latino immigrants in the United States in a post-9/11 context. Through critical analysis, this thesis argues that their work is vital in dismantling the dehumanizing and criminalizing language prevalent in legal and popular discourse, as well as challenging the manifestations of everyday "illegality."

Child language brokers frequently translate in adult-level situations. Research has suggested that through translating, brokers may develop advanced language, cognitive, and social skills (De Ment, Buriel, and Villanueva, 2005; McQuillan and Tse, 1995), and these may lead to greater academic achievement and self-efficacy (Buriel, Perez, De Ment, Chavez,and Moran, 1998). Additionally, language brokers have been found to increase in biculturalism as they translate for people of different cultures (Acoach and Webb, 2004; Buriel et al., 1998). Brokers might experience reduced acculturative stress, for which biculturalism has been found to be a protective factor (Bacallao and Smokowski, 2005). Despite its possible benefits, brokering has been associated with negative emotions and behavioral problems for some children (Chao, 2006; Weisskirch and Alva, 2002). The mixed results of language brokering studies may partially be related to the age of participants, with translating appearing to be a more positive experience for older adolescents (Orellana and Reynolds, 2008). The purpose of this study was to test relations among language brokering, academic achievement, academic self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and acculturative stress. I proposed and tested if language brokering was associated with more positive outcomes. In addition, I tested if older brokers had more positive outcomes than younger brokers. Participants included 207 Latino middle school students, aged 10 to 14 years, who completed self-report surveys. Measures included a background demographics questionnaire and scales for language brokering, academic self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and acculturative stress. Achievement was measured with grades from school records. Results were non-significant for the relation of language brokering with achievement and social self-efficacy when controlling for other predictor variables. In contrast to expectations, translating for more people was associated with decreased academic self-efficacy and greater acculturative stress. Further analysis revealed that language brokering for parents and grandparents was associated with greater acculturative stress, while translating for other people was not. Although translating was associated with more acculturative stress, and older children reported less acculturative stress, age was not found to moderate the relation of language brokering and acculturative stress. Limitations, implications, and suggestions for future directions in language brokering research and clinical work are presented. / text

Based on theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence, the present study examined the unique and shared effects of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and acculturation on attitudes toward seeking professional help among Latino college students. The research participants included 149 bilingual Latino college students from a large, public southwestern university. Results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that attachment avoidance was positively associated with both the recognition of need for psychological help and stigma of seeking professional help. Acculturation to American society was found to be statistically insignificant in predicting help-seeking attitudes in this sample of the population. Findings from exploratory questions suggested that Latino individuals would most likely seek help from parents, close friends, and then professionals. This study suggested that Latino individuals with high attachment avoidance acknowledge the potential benefit of professional help-seeking but distrust the process of approaching others for help. Limitations, implications, and future research directions will be discussed.

The purpose of the current studies was to identify messages that Latino parents communicate to their offspring about the use of legal and illegal drugs and to determine associations between parental messages and substance use outcomes. Previous research has identified parent-child communication as protective against tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use. However, most of these studies have failed to examine the specific messages communicated and those that have focused almost exclusively on non-Hispanic Caucasians. Study 1 identified messages that Latino parents communicate to their offspring regarding legal and illegal drugs through two focus groups with Latino college students (N = 7; ages 18-25). Many parental messages expressed in the focus groups were consistent with previous research. However, two distinct messages emerged from the focus groups: abstaining from substance use for religious reasons and because it would be disrespectful to parents. Results of qualitative analyses were combined with previous research identifying parental messages about substance use to create a 75-item questionnaire assessing the degree to which parents conveyed identified message types. Following the first study, an additional sample of Latino emerging adults (N = 222) was recruited from Virginia Commonwealth University, other Virginia colleges, and organizations with primarily Latino members in order to examine the psychometric properties of the newly developed questionnaire and to assess the associations between parental messages and substance use outcomes in Study 2. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) produced six components: Rewards & Punishments, Religious Beliefs, Never Addressed, Respecting Parents, Focus on Yourself, Negative Consequences of Use. These resulting components then were examined in association with substance use outcomes while also controlling for participants’ age, sex, religious commitment, familism, and acculturation. Results suggest that parental messages about substance use are differentially associated with substance use outcomes, with some messages appearing to be protective and other messages associated with increased risk. Further, select parental messages were strongly associated with the substance use patterns of Latino emerging adults while some messages were not related or marginally related to substance use. Specifically, messages focused on the negative consequences of use were most protective, while messages stressing rewards and punishments and respecting parents were associated with increased risk. These data indicate that attention to the specific messages parents communicate to their offspring regarding substance use, and not merely the frequency or openness of communication, is important. Implications, next steps for future research, and limitations of the current study are discussed.

No âmbito da literatura brasileira, Macunaíma de Mário de Andrade é uma obra cuja complexidade formal é amplamente reconhecida. Para sua abordagem, tal complexidade leva geralmente à sondagem de duas fontes principais: a Europa (as vanguardas européias) e as culturas indígenas (explicação mítica). Nossa tese investiga essa questão formal, uma das preocupações da arte moderna, recorrendo a uma literatura periférica: a literatura negro-africana de língua francesa. Descobrimos que Mário de Andrade e o escritor negro-africano fundamentam-se na tradição e na oralidade para construir suas obras. Dessa forma, se estabelece uma coerência entre a obra de arte e a sociedade que a produz. O escritor brasileiro e os escritores negro-africanos coincidem em estabelecer uma relação entre a forma da obra de arte e a cultura, criando assim uma nova forma de narrativa calcada na experiência cultural e não na experiência social. / Within the sphere of Brazilian literature, Mário de Andrade\'s Macunaíma is a work of art whose formal complexity is largely acknowledge. In order to approach such work we must take into consideration the fact that such complexity take us usually to the probe of two main sources: Europe (the European avant-garde) and the native cultures (mythical explanation). Our thesis investigates this formal issue, one of the concerns of modern art. We do this by working with a peripheric literature: a black-African French speaking literature. In the course of our research we discovered that both Mário de Andrade and the black-African writers base the construction of their artistic work in the tradition and in orality. In this way, it is established a coherence between the work of art and the society in which it was conceived. The brazilian writer and the black-african writers coincide in establishing a relationship between culture and the form of the work of art, creating, by doing this, a new way of narrating based in the cultural experience, not in the social one.

A presente pesquisa é um estudo da história e do funcionamento do Memorial da América Latina, entre os anos de 1987 e 2017. A instituição foi pensada para ser um centro cívico, cultural e acadêmico destinado a promover a integração latino-americana por meio da cultura. O monumento é gerido pela Fundação Memorial da América Latina (FMAL) e vinculado à Secretaria de Cultura do Governo do Estado de São Paulo. Tem-se como problema: o Memorial se tornou o que deveria ser? A partir desse questionamento, foi traçado o objetivo geral de verificar se a concepção do Memorial, pensada por seus idealizadores, orienta a sua atuação. Nesse sentido, foram escolhidos como objetivos específicos: Relatar o processo histórico de concepção do Memorial; Apresentar o debate sobre a América Latina e o Brasil; Especificar o pensamento de Darcy Ribeiro e seu aporte no projeto cultural do Memorial; e detalhar a atuação da FMAL em seus diversos âmbitos desde a sua criação, bem como a evolução de sua programação. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza descritiva quanto ao objetivo e documental quanto ao procedimento técnico. As técnicas utilizadas para o levantamento de dados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental nos acervos da Biblioteca Latino-americana Victor Civita, da Fundação Darcy Ribeiro, bem como entrevista com ex-funcionário da FMAL. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se uma compreensão mais verossímil das motivações políticas que culminaram na criação do Memorial e do formato institucional adotado, não obstante os impasses decorrentes dessas escolhas ao longo do tempo, explicitando mudanças substanciais de programação, conteúdo e sentido da instituição, mais recentemente. / This research is a study of the history and functioning of the Memorial of Latin America (MAL), between 1987 and 2017. The institution was thought to be a civic, cultural and academic center destined to promote Latin American integration by culture. The monument is managed by the Latin American Memorial Foundation (FMAL) and linked to the Culture Secretariat of the Government of the State of São Paulo. There is the problem: did Memorial become what it should be? From this questioning, the general objective was to verify if the design of the Memorial, thought by its creators, guides its action. In this sense, the following specific objectives were chosen: Report the historical process of conception of the Memorial; Present the debate on Latin America and Brazil; Specify the thought of Darcy Ribeiro and his contribution in the cultural project of the Memorial; and to detail the performance of FMAL in its various spheres since its inception, as well as the evolution of its programming. It is a research of descriptive nature regarding the objective and documentary related to the technical procedure. The techniques used for the data collection were: bibliographic research and documentary research in the collections of the Latin American Library Victor Civita, of the Darcy Ribeiro Foundation, as well an interview with a former employee of FMAL. Among the results, a more credible understanding of the political motivations that culminated in the creation of the MAL and of the adopted institutional format is highlighted, notwithstanding the impasses arising from these choices over time, explaining substantial changes in programming, content and meaning of the institution, more recently.

A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar a estratégia de integração econômica regional na América Latina, tendo como estudo de caso a Comunidade Andina (CA). Nesse sentido, analisam-se os processos de integração regional que deram origem à Associação Latino-Americana de Livre Comércio (Alalc), em 1960, à Comunidade Andina (CA), em 1969, e à Associação Latino-Americana de Integração (Aladi), em 1980. Entende-se que o surgimento da Comunidade Andina representou uma ruptura no processo de integração da América Latina iniciado pela Alalc. Essa ruptura deveu-se a insatisfação de alguns pequenos e médios países componentes da Alalc pelos poucos resultados alcançados no âmbito econômico e institucional. A tese também constata a variação de motivos para estabelecer processos de integração regional na América Latina os quais foram se adequando às mudanças históricas e sócio-econômicas mundiais e que foram identificadas pela teoria como regionalismos. Identifica-se também o papel importante que a Comissão para a América Latina e o Caribe (Cepal) exerceu influenciando e motivando os processos de integração na região, tanto no período, identificado como primeiro regionalismo (1960-1980), cujo marco indutor foi a industrialização por substituição de importações, como no segundo processo, porém com menos força, identificado como Regionalismo Aberto, a partir do final da década de 1990. Finalmente, a partir da análise da Comunidade Andina, percebem-se as dificuldades estruturais para exercer processos de integração regional. Essas dificuldades decorreram do descumprimento de metas fixadas nos Acordos iniciais, da falta de infra-estrutura sócio-econômica dos países-membros, da pouca representatividade comercial do bloco em âmbito internacional e, principalmente, das diversas formas de comprometimento dos países-membros para se inserir dentro do processo de integração, questões que caracterizam gargalos estruturais e dificultam a integração regional. / La presente tesis tiene por objeto analisar las diferentes motivaciones de integración regional en América Latina, teniendo como estudio de caso la Comunidad Andina. Para eso se analisan los procesos de integración regional que dieron origen a la Asociación Latinoamericana de Libre Comércio (Alalc) en 1960, la Comunidad Andina (CA) en 1969 y la Associação Latinoamericana de Integración (Aladi) en 1980. Se entiende que el surgimiento de la Comunidad Andina representó una fractura en el proceso integrador latinoamericano iniciado por la Alalc. Esa fractura fué derivada de la insatisfacción de algunos países medianos y pequeños componentes de la Alalc por los pocos resultados alcanzados en el ambito económico e institucional. La tesis tambien constata la variación de motivos para establecer procesos de integración regional en América Latina los cuales fueron adecuandose a las mutaciones historicas y socioeconómicas mundiales y que fueron identificadas por la teoria como regionalismos. Se identifica también el papel importante que la Comisión para América Latina y el Caribe Cepal ejerció influenciando y motivando los procesos de integración em la región. Tanto em el período, identificado como primer regionalismo (1960-1980), cuyo marco iductor fué el proceso de substitución de importaciones, como en el segundo proceso, pero com menos fuerza, identificado como Regionalismo Abierto (a partir del final de la década de 1990). Finalmente, a partir del análisis de la Comunidad Andina, se perciben las dificultades estructurales para ejercer procesos de integración regional. Esas dificultades derivan del incumplimiento de metas fijadas en los Acuerdos iniciales, en la falta de infraestructura socioeconômica de los países miembros, en la poca representatividad comercial del bloque en ámbito internacional y, principalmente, en las diversas formas de comprometimiento de los países para inserirse dentro del proceso de integración regional, questiones que caracterizan barreras estructurales y traban la integración.

No âmbito da literatura brasileira, Macunaíma de Mário de Andrade é uma obra cuja complexidade formal é amplamente reconhecida. Para sua abordagem, tal complexidade leva geralmente à sondagem de duas fontes principais: a Europa (as vanguardas européias) e as culturas indígenas (explicação mítica). Nossa tese investiga essa questão formal, uma das preocupações da arte moderna, recorrendo a uma literatura periférica: a literatura negro-africana de língua francesa. Descobrimos que Mário de Andrade e o escritor negro-africano fundamentam-se na tradição e na oralidade para construir suas obras. Dessa forma, se estabelece uma coerência entre a obra de arte e a sociedade que a produz. O escritor brasileiro e os escritores negro-africanos coincidem em estabelecer uma relação entre a forma da obra de arte e a cultura, criando assim uma nova forma de narrativa calcada na experiência cultural e não na experiência social. / Within the sphere of Brazilian literature, Mário de Andrade\'s Macunaíma is a work of art whose formal complexity is largely acknowledge. In order to approach such work we must take into consideration the fact that such complexity take us usually to the probe of two main sources: Europe (the European avant-garde) and the native cultures (mythical explanation). Our thesis investigates this formal issue, one of the concerns of modern art. We do this by working with a peripheric literature: a black-African French speaking literature. In the course of our research we discovered that both Mário de Andrade and the black-African writers base the construction of their artistic work in the tradition and in orality. In this way, it is established a coherence between the work of art and the society in which it was conceived. The brazilian writer and the black-african writers coincide in establishing a relationship between culture and the form of the work of art, creating, by doing this, a new way of narrating based in the cultural experience, not in the social one.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cortazzo.pdf: 536125 bytes, checksum: cead63f6f1ad0b5873088f221124899d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-09 / El presente trabajo se propone reflexionar sobre la crítica literaria desde un punto de vista discursivo. A partir de los textos del crítico uruguayo Alberto Zum Felde, se intenta evidenciar como la producción de sentidos y valores que se atribuyen a las obras literarias, provienen de la inscripción en una formación discursiva que regula los enunciados sobre la identidad latinoamericana. La posición de sujeto dentro de esa formación discursiva está definida por la negación de que esa identidad exista en el momento presente. Considerando el enunciado no ser aún como la formulación de referencia, se estudia el conflicto con las formaciones discursivas opuestas: la colonialista, que impide la emergencia de la identidad, y la indígena, por no adecuarse a las exigencias de la modernidad. Finalmente se estudia el funcionamiento de la negación de la identidad en el discurso crítico sobre la literatura uruguaya. El resultado paradojal que aparece es que esa literatura no existe aún, confirmándose la operatividad del enunciado de referencia / O presente trabalho propõe-se a refletir sobre a crítica literária de um ponto de vista discursivo. A partir dos textos do crítico uruguaio Alberto Zum Felde tenta-se evidenciar como a produção de sentidos e valores, atribuído às obras literárias provém da inscrição numa formação discursiva que regula os enunciados sobre a identidade latino-americana. A posição do sujeito dentro dessa formação discursiva está definida pela negação de que essa identidade exista no momento presente. Considerando o enunciado no ser aún como a formulação de referência, estuda-se o conflito entre as formações discursivas opostas: a colonialista, que impede a emergência da identidade, e a indígena, por não se adaptar às exigências da modernidade. Finalmente estuda-se o funcionamento da negação da identidade no discurso crítico sobre a literatura uruguaia. O resultado paradoxal que aparece é que essa literatura não existe ainda, confirmando-se a operatividade do enunciado de referência