In Turkey, the majority of the historic city centres have been continuously occupied since early ages onwards and where still occupation exists. The multi-layered structure of historic centres both can indicate the historical continuity of cities and enhance urban consciousness, if urban archaeological resources are handled effectively into planning process. However, the recent policies and strategies don&amp / #8217 / t allow the handling of urban archaeological resources, especially invisible sub-soil resources, into planning and decision-making process. In this thesis, it is aimed to formulate a basic methodological framework for the handling of urban archaeological resources into planning process of historic city centres in Turkey. Therefore, the study is handled in two parts / a conceptual methodological framework part and an exploratory case study.In the conceptual part, a basic equation is studied to research the factors on the conservation and evaluation of real urban archaeological potential. Then, the methodological framework is examined in detail in izmir Historic City Centre that has been inhabited since 324 B.C. Consequently, the terms of equi-property areas, which are used to define ideal potential of archaeological resources, and urban archaeological character zones, which are described as the basic units of planning and conservation policies, are developed to determine exact management strategies for urban archaeological resources.

Deux approches ont été considérées pour l’optimisation de matériaux lamellaires d’électrode positive pour batteries lithium-ion de type Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 : la modification de surface (coating) et la substitution partielle. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la substitution anionique du fluor à l’oxygène n’était pas effective contrairement aux hypothèses proposées dans la littérature par certains auteurs, mais qu’en réalité une couche de LiF était formée à la surface de ces matériaux, quelle que soit la voie de synthèse utilisée. Ces matériaux "coatés" présentent néanmoins une cyclabilité améliorée en batterie au lithium. Leurs propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques ont été caractérisées en combinant notamment la diffraction des rayons X, la spectroscopie RMN MAS du 7Li et du 19F et la spectroscopie d’électrons Auger. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la substitution de l’aluminium (électrochimiquement inerte) au cobalt au sein de ces matériaux lamellaires riches en nickel et en manganèse. Les conditions de synthèse ont été optimisées et un matériau intéressant a ainsi été proposé. La structure, et plus particulièrement la distribution cationique, ont été déterminées par des analyses chimiques, par diffraction des rayons X et par des mesures magnétiques : la substitution de l’aluminium au cobalt entraîne une surlithiation moindre, un taux d’échange Li+ / Ni2+ plus important et par conséquent une diminution du caractère bidimensionnel de la structure. Ces matériaux présentent une bonne cyclabilité même à des régimes élevés et une stabilité thermique améliorée à l’état désintercalé. / Two approaches were considered for the optimization of Li1+x(Ni1/2-yMn1/2-yCo2y)1-xO2 positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries : the surface modification (coating) and partial substitution. First, we showed that fluorine substitution for oxygen is not effective, on the contrary to the hypotheses proposed in literature by others authors: in fact a thin LiF layer is formed at the surface of these materials irrespective of the synthesis route. These "coated" materials show a better cyclability. Their structural and physicochemical properties were characterized mainly by X-ray diffraction, 7Li and 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Secondly, we studied the effect of aluminum (electrochemically inert) substitution for cobalt within these layered materials rich in nickel and manganese. The synthesis conditions were optimized and an interesting material was thus proposed. The structure and cationic distribution were determined by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements: aluminum substitution leads to a lower overlithiation, to a larger exchange Li+ / Ni2+ ratio and thus to a decreasing bidimensional character for the structure. These materials show a good cyclability even at high rates and an improved thermal stability in the deintercalated state.

Les mécanismes mis en jeu lors du cyclage de batteries au Lithium Li//Li1.20Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 ont été étudiés avec l’objectif de déterminer l’origine des capacités très élevées délivrées par les oxydes lamellaires « (1-x)LiMO2.xLi2MnO3 ». La caractérisation par diffraction des RX et des neutrons montre que la structure est maintenue et l’existence de fluctuations de composition qui peuvent être assimilées à l’existence de deux phases de compositions voisines. Les résultats des tests électrochimiques et les analyses menées au cours du cyclage en spectroscopie d’absorption des rayons X ont suggéré la participation de l’oxygène aux processus redox. Celle-ci a été confirmée par la préparation et la caractérisation de matériaux désintercalés et réintercalés chimiquement en lithium. Les analyses en microscopie électronique à transmission (HAADF-STEM) et en nanodiffraction, montrent qu’une densification associée à un dégagement d’oxygène a lieu à la périphérie des particules / The charge and discharge mechanism of Li1.20Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 was studied using several characterization tools in order to determine the origin of the high capacity observed for the system (1-x)LiMO2.xLi2MnO3 used as positive electrode for Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical results and in operando XAS analyses performed during the 1st cycle of Li//Li1.20Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 cells suggested the possible participation of oxygen anion to the redox processes. It was supported by the in-depth analysis of materials prepared by chemical Li deintercalation and reinsertion. The results of XRD, HAADF-STEM and nanodiffraction analyses, combined with electrochemical experiments performed in different conditions (rate, temperature …), revealed that different types of reactions occur in the particles during the 1st cycle. Within the bulk Ni, Co and O are involved in the redox processes, whereas Mn is not: oxygen ions are oxidized in charge and reduced during the next discharge reversibly. At the surface, the same oxidation processes occur during the first charge, but with the release of oxygen gaz and a densification of the lattice. During the next discharge and subsequent cycles, the redox reaction occurring near the surface after the 1st charge involves thus Co, Ni and Mn.

Les oxydes doubles lamellaires de cobalt et les oxydes de vanadium ont récemment suscité un vifintérêt suite à la découverte de leurs propriétés thermoélectriques prometteuses. Nos efforts visentà synthétiser de nouveaux composés dérivés de ces systèmes en utilisant la synthèse à l'étatsolide, l'échange d'ions et/ou les techniques hydrothermales. Afin de moduler et d'optimiser leurscaractéristiques thermoélectriques, nous avons ajusté la composition des oxydes de cobalt grâce àdes substitutions appropriées. Au sein du dioxyde de vanadium quasi-1D, nous avons considérétrois différentes structures polymorphes : M1, A et B. Nous avons exploré les différents systèmesen construisant l’ensemble des diagrammes de phases. Nous avons également étudié l'effet de lasubstitution du vanadium par le molybdène et le chrome sur la stabilité de ces structurespolymorphes et caractérisé leurs propriétés électroniques en relation avec les mécanismes detransition de phase. / Lamellar cobalt double oxides and vanadium oxides have recently attracted tremendous interestafter the discovery of their interesting thermoelectric properties. Our efforts aimed at synthesizingnovel related compounds using standard solid state, ion exchange and/or hydrothermaltechniques. In order to modulate and optimize their thermoelectric characteristics, we have tunedthe composition of cobalt double oxides by appropriate substitutions. In quasi 1D vanadiumoxides, the interplay between spin, charge and orbital degrees of freedom often leads toremarkable properties. Here we dealt with three different polymorphs of vanadium dioxide,namely M1, A and B. We explored the several novel systems by constructing systematic phasediagrams. We also studied the effect of Mo and Cr:V substitution on the stability of thesepolymorphs and characterized their electronic properties in relation with the structural phasetransition mechanisms. Finally, we explored their potentiality for thermoelectric applications.

Des calculs de type modèle en couches ont été réalisés dans un espace de valence 1¯hω complet pour les noyaux de la couche sd. Ces calculs ont permis pour la première fois de prédire la durée de vie des états de parité positive et négative des noyaux riches en neutrons de la couche sd. Les durées de vie prédites (1 - 100 ps) sont mesurables par la méthode de décalage Doppler différentiel.Le démonstrateur du détecteur γ européen de nouvelle génération, AGATA, en coïncidence avec le spectromètre magnétique PRISMA du LNL (Italie) et le plunger de l’Université de Cologne ont été utilisés pour mesurer les durées de vie des états excités dans 32,33Si et 35,36S. Les structures plus complexes, à n¯hω ont également été étudiées dans le 28Si. Ce dernier est un noyau important pour comprendre la compétition entre les structures de type champ moyen et les structures en agrégats. La réaction résonante de capture radiative d’ions lourds-légers 12C+16O a été réalisée à des énergies sous-coulombiennes. La décroissance γ complète depuis les résonances peuplées par laréaction jusqu’au niveau fondamental de 28Si a été mesurée pour la première fois à ces énergies et montre une forte alimentation d’états intermédiaires autour de 10 MeV. Les comparaisons avec des études de captures radiatives au-dessus de la barrière de Coulomb ont été effectuées et les résultats ont été interprétés en termes de l’alimentation favorisée d’états à isospin T = 1 dans le noyau autoconjugué 28Si. / New large-scale shell-model calculations with full 1¯hω valence space for the sd-nuclei has been used for the first time to predict lifetimes of positive and negative parity states in neutron rich Si isotopes. The predicted lifetimes (1 - 100 ps) fall in the range of the differential Doppler shift method. Using the demonstrator of the European next generation γ-ray array, AGATA, in coincidence with the large acceptance PRISMA magnetic spectrometer from LNL (Legnaro) and the differential plunger of the University of Cologne, lifetimes of excited states in 32,33Si and 35,36S nuclei were measured. In a second step, the n¯hω structure in the stable 28Si nucleus was also studied. 28Si is an important nucleus to understand the competition between mean-field and cluster structures. It displays a wealth of structures in terms of deformation and clustering. Light heavy-ion resonant radiative capture 12C+16O has been performed at energies below the Coulomb barrier. The measured γ-spectra indicate for the first time at these energies that the strongest part of the resonance decay proceeds though intermediate states around 10 MeV. Comparisons with previous radiative capture studies above the Coulomb barrier have been performed and the results have been interpreted in terms of a favoured feeding of T = 1 states in the 28Si self-conjugate nucleus.

The emperical pseudopotential method in the large basis approach was used to calculate the electronic bandstructures of bulk semiconductor materials and layered semiconductor heterostructures. The crucial continuous atomic form factor potentials needed to carry out such calculations were determined by using Levenberg-Marquardt optimization in order to obtain optimal cubic spline interpolations of the potentials. The optimized potentials were not constrained by any particular functional form (such as a linear combination of Gaussians) and had better convergence properties for the optimization. It was demonstrated that the results obtained in this work could potentially lead to better agreement between calculated and empirically determined band gaps via optimization / Physics / M. Sc. (Physics)

Ce travail est consacré à la synthèse de phases d’Hydroxydes Doubles Lamellaire (HDL) [NiAl-CO32-] à morphologies contrôlées et à l’étude de la relation entre leurs propriétés structurales / microstructurales et leurs propriétés électrochimiques. Les phases HDL sont préparées par un nouveau procédé de synthèse, basé sur un traitement hydrothermal en présence d’acides aminés. Nous avons mis en évidence l’influence de plusieurs paramètres de synthèse tels que la quantité d’acide aminé, la concentration de sels métalliques, le pH du milieu ainsi que la température et le temps du traitement hydrothermal ou encore la nature de l’acide aminé. Trois phases présentant différents degrés de cristallinité et différentes morphologies et représentatives des échantillons synthétisés, ont été plus particulièrement étudiées. Leur structure et microstructure ont été déterminées par affinement Rietveld en utilisant des données de diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution enregistrées au synchrotron. Ces résultats de DRX combinés avec les observations en microscopie électronique à transmission (MET) indiquent que l'élargissement des raies de diffraction 00l est principalement dû à des effets de taille, tandis que les effets, à la fois de taille et de micro-contrainte contribuent à l’élargissement anisotrope des autres réflexions hkl. Les micro-contraintes sont attribuées à un phénomène d’interstratification (CO32-/SO42-) et d’intercroissance de deux polytypes 2H1 et 3R1, confirmés et quantifiés à l’aide du logiciel DIFFaX. L’étude des propriétés électrochimiques de ces phases par voltammétrie cyclique a permis de montrer que la présence du motif d’empilement 2H1 induit une nette augmentation du signal électrochimique. / This work is devoted to the synthesis of NiAl-CO32- Layered Double Hydroxide phases (LDH) with controlled morphology and to the study of the relationship between the structural / microstructural and electrochemical properties. The LDH phases are prepared by a new synthetic method, based on the hydrothermal synthesis in presence of amino acids. We have highlighted the influence of various synthetic parameters such as the amount of amino acid, the concentration of metal salts, the pH of the medium, the temperature and time of hydrothermal treatment as well as the amino acid nature. Three phases of different degrees of crystallinity and different morphologies, representative of synthesized samples were particularly studied. Their structures and microstructures were determined by Rietveld refinement using high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. These XRD results combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicate that the broadening of 00l diffraction lines is mainly due to size effects, while both size and micro-strain effects contribute to the anisotropic broadening of the other hkl reflections. The micro-strain are attributed to an interstratification phenomena (CO32-/SO42-) and intergrowth between rhombohedral 3R1 and hexagonal 2H1 polytypes, confirmed and quantified using the software DIFFaX. The electrochemical properties of these phases are also studied by cyclic voltammetry showing that the presence of the 2H1 stacking motifs results in a net increase of the electrochemical signal.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-22T11:27:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kariny de Andrade Dirino - 2017.pdf: 1986993 bytes, checksum: fd843aaf3aee361fd3b4dd512828d8f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-22T11:27:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kariny de Andrade Dirino - 2017.pdf: 1986993 bytes, checksum: fd843aaf3aee361fd3b4dd512828d8f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T11:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kariny de Andrade Dirino - 2017.pdf: 1986993 bytes, checksum: fd843aaf3aee361fd3b4dd512828d8f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Considering a layered directed graphs we may associate it to an algebra, denoted as , whose generators are the edges of the graph and the relations are defined through: every ways with the same initial vertex and the same final vertex determine different fractorizations for the same polynomial with coefficients in a non-commutative ring. We present a study about these algebras and their main properties, presenting some classes of examples and having as central focus the Hasse graph of the partially ordered set of k -faces of Petersen graph, . We discuss the results on basis for algebras of type we calculate their Hilbert series and the automorphisms group of these algebras, we determine the subgraphs induced by the set of vertices fixed by each and we calculate the graded trace generating functions, in order to introduce problems related to koszulity. / Dado um grafo orientado em níveis podemos associar a ele uma álgebra, denotada por cujos geradores são as arestas do grafo e as relações são definidas mediante: todos os caminhos com o mesmo vértice inicial e mesmo vértice final determinam fatorações distintas para o mesmo polinômio com coeficientes em um anel não comutativo. Exibimos um estudo sobre essas álgebras e suas principais propriedades, apresentando algumas classes de exemplos e tendo como foco central o grafo de Hasse do conjunto parcialmente ordenado das k-faces do grafo de Petersen, . Abordamos resultados sobre bases para álgebras do tipo , calculamos as suas séries de Hilbert e o grupo dos automorfismos dessas álgebras, determinamos os subgrafos induzidos pelo conjunto dos vértices fixados por cada e calculamos as funções geradoras do traço graduado, a fim de introduzirmos problemas relacionados à koszulidade.

A extensa utilização de pesticidas na agricultura moderna tem contribuído para um aumento na contaminação do meio ambiente. Os Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDLs) ou argilas aniônicas, apresentam uma estrutura lamelar na qual uma variedade de ânions podem ser intercalados entre as lamelas através de interações eletrostáticas. Estes materiais lamelares podem ser utilizados em processos de adsorção/sorção e como suporte para a liberação lenta de compostos químicos. Assim, os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram: o estudo da sorção de ânions orgânicos de herbicidas ácidos 2,4-D, MCPA e Picloram utilizados na agricultura nacional, pela regeneração de HDLs de Mg-Al-CO3 calcinado e por troca aniônica em HDLs de Mg-Al-Cl. Para isso foram investigados a cinética do processo de sorção, além da determinação das isotermas em dois valores diferentes de pH. Assim, estes herbicidas foram intercalados em HDLs de Mg-Al, utilizando dois métodos de síntese indireta: regeneração do material calcinado e troca aniônica em solução, além do método de síntese direta por coprecipitação, sendo os materiais devidamente caracterizados. Todos os materiais obtidos, intercalados com cada um dos herbicidas, foram utilizados para o estudo da cinética de liberação dos mesmos em água. Os materiais obtidos por regeneração contendo cada um dos três herbicidas foram utilizados também no estudo da lixiviação em colunas de solo e no estudo de bio-ensaio com plantas, para testar a eficiência dos HDLs como suportes na liberação lenta dos herbicidas. A partir do estudo da cinética do processo de sorção dos ânions orgânicos presentes em solução utilizando HDLs de Mg-Al contendo cloreto ou carbonato após a calcinação, observou-se que a remoção dos ânions ocorreu através dos processos de troca aniônica no caso do HDL contendo cloreto, ou de regeneração da estrutura lamelar no caso do HDL calcinado. A intercalação dos ânions orgânicos na posição vertical foi verificada no processo de adsorção/sorção, e se mostrou dependente da concentração do herbicida em solução. O HDL calcinado apresentou a maior eficiência na remoção dos ânions da solução. Os herbicidas suportados em HDLs, apresentaram uma liberação em água mais lenta do que os mesmos em sua forma livre, e não se mostrou dependente do método de preparação da matriz utilizada. Os resultados dos estudos de lixiviação utilizando como matriz o HDL obtido por regeneração, demonstraram que os HDLs são bons suportes para os herbicidas pois apresentaram uma liberação lenta do ingrediente ativo, principlamente para o herbicida Picloram. O bio-ensaio mostrou que a forma de liberação dos herbicidas suportados foi eficiente no controle da germinação das sementes de plantas em aplicações pré-emergenciais. / The extensive use of pesticides in modern agriculture has been contributing to an increase in environmental contamination. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs), or anionic clays, bear a layered structure, and a variety of anions can be intercalated between these layers through electrostatic interactions. These layered materials can be used in adsorption/sorption processes and in the slow release of chemical compounds. So this work aims at studing the sorption of the acid herbicides bearing organic anions 2,4-D, MCPA and Picloram, used in national agriculture, through regeneration of calcined Mg-Al-CO3 LDH and anion exchange of Mg-Al-Cl ? LDH. For this purpose, the kinetics of the sorption process was investigated, and the determination of isotherms in two different pH values was carried out. The herbicides were intercalated in Mg-Al ? LDH using two indirect synthesis methods: regeneration of the calcined material and anion exchange in solution; besides the direct synthesis method by coprecipitation. The obtained materials were properly characterized. All the obtained materials, intercalated with each of the herbicides, were used in a kinetic release study in water. The materials obtained by regeneration were also used in a leaching and in a bioassay study, to test the efficiency of LDHs as supports for the slow release of herbicides. From the kinetic sorption process of the organic anions in solution using Mg-Al ? LDH containing chloride or carbonate after calcination, it was observed that the removal of anions occurred through an anionic exchange process in the case of the LDH containing chloride, or through regeneration of the layered structure in the case of the calcined LDH. The intercalation of organic anions in a vertical position was observed in the adsorption/sorption process, and it was shown to be dependent on the herbicide concentration in solution. The calcined LDH was the most efficient for removal of anions in solution. The herbicides supported on LDHs, presented a slower release in water than the same compounds in their free form, and the release behavior was not dependent on the methodology used for the preparation of the matrix. Leaching study results using the LDH obtained by regeneration as matrix demonstrated a slow release of the active ingredient, mainly for the Picloram herbicide. The bioassay showed that the release behavior of the supported herbicides was efficient in the control of plant seeds germination at preemergence applications.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T12:37:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 deysegomesdacosta.pdf: 10386782 bytes, checksum: a18ce8ca7fd4c235c246f70bc4f6f946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T15:04:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 deysegomesdacosta.pdf: 10386782 bytes, checksum: a18ce8ca7fd4c235c246f70bc4f6f946 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:04:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 deysegomesdacosta.pdf: 10386782 bytes, checksum: a18ce8ca7fd4c235c246f70bc4f6f946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-29 / Os hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDL) ou compostos tipo-hidrotalcita vêm sendo muito estudados devido a suas inúmeras aplicações. No campo da catálise, estes compostos podem atuar como catalisadores, suportes para catalisadores ou precursores de catalisadores. É sabido que a morfologia do suporte tem grande influência sobre a dispersão, a atividade e a seletividade apresentada pelo catalisador. Nestes caso, o conhecimento detalhado dos efeitos do suporte e dos sítios catalíticos exigem a compreensão da estrutura do HDL. Entretanto, por causa da desordem estrutural, muitas vezes inerente ao material, torna-se a determinação completa da estrutura, via difração de raios X, raramente possível. As bandas largas presentes na análise do IV, fazem a atribuição das mesmas ambígua. Devido à complexidade dos HDL e à dificuldade de se adquirir ou interpretar os resultados experimentais, foi proposto um modelo para simular as características estruturais dos compostos tipo-hidrotalcita com o politipo 3R1, usando condições periódicas de contorno e cálculos ab initio dentro da teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). As informações estruturais da hidrotalcita, obtidas experimentalmente, foram usadas para verificar a validade do modelo teórico. Os resultados mostraram boas concordâncias com os padrões de raios X do pó experimentais. O espectro na região do infravermelho, a entalpia e energia livre de Gibbs, também foram calculadas. Os cálculos de frequências vibracionais mostraram que as moléculas de água intercaladas são altamente organizadas devido às fortes interações intermoleculares com outras moléculas de água, com ânions interlamelares e com as hidroxilas das lamelas. A presença destas interações é refletida na presença do estiramento O-H das moléculas de água deslocadas para baixas frequências. A perda da degenerescência dos modos vibracionais v3 e do v4 foi observada, indicando a redução da simetria do íon carbonato. As modificações termodinâmicas e estruturais resultantes da substituição do íon presente no HDL Zn-Al-Cl também formam analisadas. O íon Cl- do HDL precursor foi trocado por uma série de ânions como o F-, Br-, OH-, NO3-, ClO4-, CO32- e SO42-. Os resultados mostraram que a intercalação do HDL com diferentes íons, afeta o gap de energia e a basicidade da lamela tipo-brucita. A entalpia e a energia livre de Gibbs, a densidade de estados (DOS) e a densidade de estados projetada (PDOS) foram avaliadas para todos os HDL. / The layered double hydroxide (LDH) or hydrotalcite-like compounds have been widely studied due to many applications they have. In catalysis field these compounds can act as catalyst, catalyst support or precursor for supports and catalysts. It is well known that the support morphology has larger influence on the dispersion, activity and selectivity of catalysts. In this case, detailed knowledge about support effects and catalytic sites requires understanding the LDH structure. However, because of the inherent structural disorder, complete structure determination using X-ray diffraction is rarely possible. The IR analysis present broad bands, which makes their assignment ambiguous. Due to the complexity of the LDH and the difficult of acquiring experimental data, we proposed a model to simulate structural features of the hydrotalcite-like compounds with 3R1 polytypes using periodic boundary conditions and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The structural information of hydrotalcite from experiments were used to verify the validity of theoretical model. Our results showed good agreements to the powder X-ray patterns. The infrared spectroscopy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy, also was calculated. The IR calculations showed that intercalated water molecules are highly ordered due the strong intermolecular interactions with other water molecules, interlayer anions and layer hydroxyls. These interaction is reflected by the presence of downshift vibrational frequencies of OH-stretching of interlayer water. The loss of degeneracy of the v3 and v4 vibrational modes are observed, indicating the reduction of the carbonate anion symmetry. The thermodynamic and structural modifications derived from anion exchange on a LDH containing Zn-Al-Cl was also analyzed. The Cl- ion to the LDH precursor was exchanged for a series of anions as F-, Br-, OH-, NO3-, ClO4-, CO32- and SO42-. The resulted show that intercalation of LDH with different anions affect their gap energy and basicity of brucite-like layer. The enthalpy and Gibbs free energy, density of charge, density of state (DOS) and projected density of state (PDOS) were evaluated for all substituted materials.