[pt] Esta pesquisa empenhou-se em aprofundar a compreensão da influência, associações e efeitos da liderança transformacional, liderança instrumental e da qualidade da relação líder-liderado (leader-member exchange – LMX) no desempenho efetivo no trabalho. O estudo propõe e investiga associações entre os estilos de liderança transformacional e instrumental e a qualidade da relação entre líderes e seus liderados, bem como o impacto desses estilos de liderança e do LMX no desempenho de funcionários. As hipóteses foram testadas através da análise de regressão multivariada, com dados de 310 colaboradores de uma empresa brasileira privada de médio-porte do segmento médico-hospitalar com mais de sete décadas de tradição no mercado nacional. Verificou-se a influência complementar dos estilos de liderança transformacional e instrumental sobre a qualidade da relação líder-liderado (LMX) e desta última com o desempenho efetivo observado, através de métricas objetivas aplicadas no acompanhamento do desempenho dos colaboradores. Esta pesquisa contribui com os demais estudos sobre o tema, porque aprofunda o entendimento sobre o fenômeno da liderança, suas implicações práticas e teóricas para a gestão organizacional, além de fortalecer a literatura acadêmica nacional contemporânea. / [en] This research endeavored to deepen the understanding of the influence, associations and effects of transformational leadership, instrumental leadership and the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) on effective performance at work. The study proposes and investigates associations between transformational and instrumental leadership styles and the quality of the relationship between leaders and their subordinates, as well as the impact of these leadership styles and LMX on employee performance. The hypotheses were tested through multivariate regression analysis, with data from 310 employees of a medium-sized private Brazilian company in the medical-hospital segment, with more than seven decades of tradition in the national market. The complementary influence of transformational and instrumental leadership styles on the quality of the leader-member relationship (LMX) was verified, as well as the effects of the latter on effective performance as observed through objective metrics applied to monitor employee performance. This research contributes to other studies on the subject, because it deepens the understanding of the phenomenon of leadership, its practical and theoretical implications for organizational management, in addition to strengthening the contemporary national academic literature.

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Between 2011 and 2016, 84% of senior leaders in community colleges indicated retirement intentions and thereby exposed a need to provide better mentorship, training, and early selection of potential replacements for college executives. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of the relationships between the independent variables (mentorship, leadership training, and time in the position as dean) and the dependent variable (demonstrated leadership of academic deans in community colleges). A popular approach that describes this dynamic is Graen and Uhl-Bien's leader–member exchange theory, which was operationalized by the LMX–7 instrument. A causal–comparative design was used to assess the effects of deans' time in the position, previous mentorship, and leadership training on their LMX scores. I sent the LMX–7 to academic deans and faculty members at 1,641 of the 1,655 community colleges in the United States. Responses were received from 45 academic deans and 508 faculty members. A linear regression showed no significant correlations between the deans' leadership training, mentorship, or time in the position as academic dean and the LMX–7 score reported by their faculty. On the other hand, the findings showed that LMX scores generally were lower than was expected and suggested that gender equality may be an issue during the selection process for deans. These findings may lead to a better understanding of leadership at the community college level, the potential for beneficial research into gender inequality during dean selection, and a deeper understanding of the effect that previous leadership training, mentorship, and time as a dean have on the dean's relationship with faculty.

本研究旨在探討我國國民中學教師知覺領導者—成員交換關係、教師工作滿意度與教師離職傾向之實際情形，並瞭解領導者—成員交換關係對教師離職傾向的影響以及研究教師工作滿意度是否具有中介效果。 研究方法為文獻分析與問卷調查法。研究對象為桃園縣國民中學教師，共發出450份問卷，可用問卷共383份，可用率達85.11％。問卷回收後分別以因素分析、信度分析、描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、多元逐步迴歸及逐步階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行研究。根據研究結果與分析後歸納之結論如下： 一、桃園縣國民中學教師知覺領導者—成員交換關係為中等程度，以「情感」之知覺程度為最高，「貢獻」之知覺程度最低。 二、桃園縣國民中學教師在工作滿意的知覺為中等程度，以「自我實現」的知覺為最高，「工作壓力」之知覺為最低。 三、桃園縣國民中學教師在離職傾向的知覺現況為低程度。 四、不同背景變項的桃園縣國民中學教師知覺領導者—成員交換關係、教師工作滿意度與教師離職傾向的程度有差異。 五、桃園縣國民中學教師領導者—成員交換關係、教師工作滿意度與教師離職傾向的知覺，彼此間具有顯著相關。 六、領導者—成員交換關係與教師工作滿意度對教師離職傾向有顯著的聯合預測力，其中以「同僚關係」的預測力最高。 七、教師工作滿意度在領導者—成員交換關係對教師離職傾向的影響上具有中介效果。 最後，根據研究結果提出建議，以供教育行政機關、國民中學學校校長、教師及後續研究之參考。 / This study aims to investigate the current development of the junior high school leader-member exchange, teacher job satisfaction, and teacher turnover intention in Taoyuan County, and to discuss the influ- ence of leader-member exchange and teacher job satisfaction on teacher turnover intention and to test whether teacher job satisfaction is a signi- ficant mediator or not. The research process combines literature review and questionnaire method. Teachers in Taoyuan County public schools are the main survey subjects. Totally 450 questionnaires were distributed to schools, and 383 are valid, which the amount of usefulness is around 85.11%. The data is analyzed through the statistics method of factor analysis, reliability analy- sis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product- moment correlation coefficient, multiple stepwise regression analysis and stepwise heirarchical regression analysis. The findings of the study are follows: 1. Teachers in Taoyuan County public schools show median level of perception in leader-member exchange while “affect” is the highest, and “contribution” is the lowest. 2. Teachers in Taoyuan County public schools show median level of perception in teacher job satisfaction while “self-actualization” is the highest, and “work intensity/load” is the lowest. 3. Teachers in Taoyuan County public schools show low level of perception in teacher turnover intention. 4. Teachers with different background show different opinions in leader-member exchange, teacher job satisfaction, and teacher turnover intention. 5. The relations among leader-member exchange, teacher job satisfaction, and teacher turnover intention are significant. 6. Leader-member exchange and teacher job satisfaction show significant predictability to teacher turnover intention while “colleague relationship” is the highest. 7. Teacher job satisfaction functions as a significant mediator between leader-member exchange and teacher turnover intention. According to the above conclusions, the research proposed relevant suggestions to be referenced by education administrative organizations, junior high school principals and teachers, and future researches.

En lien avec les théories du bien-être, du succès de carrière, de l'autodétermination et de l'échange social, la thèse s'attache à cerner les déterminants organisationnels, psychosociaux et individuels du bien-être psychologique dans une perspective eudémonique et des succès de carrière objectif et subjectif avec comme mécanisme explicatif central la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques auprès des conseiller-es. En parallèle, cette thèse vise à valider plusieurs échelles (e.g., échelle d'auto-efficacité en conseil de carrière ; échelles de succès de carrière objectif et subjectif, échelle de gestion des carrières organisationnelle perçue...). Une première étape (étude 1) à l'aide d'entretiens exploratoires (N=15) a permis de cerner les concepts en lien avec bien-être et la réussite des conseillers. La deuxième étape, reposant sur un questionnaire, incluait les outils de mesure du bien-être psychologique au travail (BEPT) du succès e carrière, de la qualité es échanges leaders et membres (LMX), du soutien des colègues, du sentiment d'efficacité, de l'estime de soi et de la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques puis une échelle de mesure de la gestion organisationnelle de carrière. Les questionnaires ont été complétés par 1132 conseiller-es de l'accompagnement professionnel en France. La phase 1 (études 2 à6) a permis de tester des modèles avec analyses de médiations (Hayes & Preacher, 2014) auprès de la population totale puis des consiller-es en Cabinet de Conseil (N=287), des conseiller-es Psychologue de l'Education Nationale (N=297) et des conseiller-es de Pôle Emploi (N=224). La phase 2 (études 7,8,9) a testé et validé trois modèles à l'aide de modélisations en équations structurelles 5SEM) pour le bien-être psychologique au travail, les succès de carrière objectif et subjectif. Il en résulte que la satisfaction des besoins joue un rôle primordial dans l'émergence du bien-être psychologique au travail et des deux formes de succès de carrière facilitant les effets du soutien organisationnel et des échanges leader-membres ainsi que du sentiment d'auto-efficacité et de la satisfaction de carrière. Les implications scientifiques et pratiques sont discutées de manière générale et au regard de chaque type de population. / Based on theories of well-being, career success, self-determination, and social exchange, this thesis attempts to understand the organizational, psychosocial, and individual inducers of psychological well-being (PWB) and the objective and subjective forms of career success by taking into account need satisfaction as an explanatory mechanism. Another aim is to validate several scales (e.g., a carreer counseling self-efficiency scale, objective and subjective career scales, perceived organizational career scales, etc.). The first part (Study 1) using exploratory interviews (N=15) allowed us to identify some concepts related to the well-being and success of counselors. The second part, based on questionnaires, included scales of well-being at work, career success, leader-member exchange quality 5LMX), colleague support, self-efficacy, self-esteem, psychological needs, and perceived organizational career management. Questionnaires were filled out by 1132 counselors in France. Studies 2 to 6 tested specifically on counselors from counseling agencies (N=287), counselor psychologists working for theFrench Board of Education (N=297), and counselors from publicu unemployment agencies (N=224). Studies 7, 8, et 9 tested and validated three structural equation models (SEM) of well-being at work, and objective and subjective career success. The results showed the need satisfaction played a major role in well-being at work and both kinds of career success, thereby facilitating the effects of organizational support, leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and career satisfaction. Scientific and practical implications are discussed in general and with regard to each type of participant group.

Submitted by GIOVANNA SOUZA PEREIRA (giovanna_adm@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-10T11:26:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanna_Dissertacao_Completa.pdf: 1941720 bytes, checksum: 466d875b691c76ca9d764f7ff136310e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2017-01-17T11:47:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanna_Dissertacao_Completa.pdf: 1941720 bytes, checksum: 466d875b691c76ca9d764f7ff136310e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T11:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovanna_Dissertacao_Completa.pdf: 1941720 bytes, checksum: 466d875b691c76ca9d764f7ff136310e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / There are several approaches and theoretical perspectives that attempt to explain the impact of the relationship between leaders and followers in individual and organizational results. However, there are few studies that aim to determine important characteristics of a leader that can affect the quality of this relationship and, consequently, the results. This study contributes to research in this area, analyzing the impact of the leader humility on performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of employees, mediated by quality of the leadermember relationship. The research hypotheses proposed exploit the leader-member exchange (LMX) as a means through which the leader humility influences the results of subordinates. In addition, it is proposed that managerial efficacy moderates the relationship between leader humility and LMX. To test the empirical validity of the proposed model, a field study was conducted in an oil, natural gas and energy Brazilian company. The proposed relations were examined in a sample of 196 employees from the operational area of two oil refineries, with application of a structured closed questionnaire and use of the quantitative data analysis method. In general, results provide support for the proposed hypothesis, suggesting that the higher humility leader, the better their relationship with members and, hence, the better the results of performance and organizational citizenship behavior of employees. Contributions, theoretical and practical implications, limitations and directions for future research are offered. / Diversas são as abordagens e perspectivas teóricas que buscam explicar o impacto da relação entre líderes e liderados nos resultados individuais e organizacionais. No entanto, ainda são poucas as pesquisas que têm como objetivo determinar características importantes do líder que podem afetar a qualidade dessa relação e, consequentemente, os resultados. O presente estudo contribui para a pesquisa nessa área ao analisar o impacto da humildade do líder no desempenho e no comportamento de cidadania organizacional (OCB) dos empregados, mediado pela qualidade da relação entre líderes e liderados. As hipóteses de pesquisa propostas exploram a qualidade da relação líder-liderado (LMX) como meio através do qual a humildade do líder influencia os resultados dos subordinados. Além disso, propõe-se uma relação de moderação da eficácia gerencial na relação entre humildade do líder e LMX. Para testar a validade empírica do modelo proposto, foi realizado um estudo de campo em uma empresa brasileira da indústria de óleo, gás natural e energia. As relações propostas foram examinadas em uma amostra de 196 empregados da área operacional de duas refinarias de petróleo, com aplicação de um questionário fechado estruturado e utilização do método quantitativo de análise de dados. De maneira geral, os resultados fornecem suporte para as hipóteses propostas, sugerindo que, quanto maior a humildade do líder, melhor sua relação com os liderados e, consequentemente, melhores os resultados de desempenho e de comportamento de cidadania organizacional dos empregados. Contribuições, implicações teóricas e práticas, limitações e direções para futuras pesquisas são oferecidas.

En s'appuyant sur les modèles théoriques de la démographie relationnelle, du leader-member exchange et du leadership transformationnel, cette thèse examine l'impact de la diversité des âges sur la qualité des interactions, les comportements de leadership transformationnel, et sur la satisfaction au travail et l'engagement organisationnel affectif des managers et de leurs collaborateurs, au sein de deux entreprises high-tech françaises, situées dans la région grenobloise. La diversité des âges est ici considérée sous l'angle des différences, des similitudes et des termes d'interaction entre les dimensions chronologique et subjective de l'âge. Cette recherche gravite autour de la notion que la diversité des âges entre les managers et leurs collaborateurs joue un rôle important dans la qualité de leurs échanges quotidiens et pour les comportements de leadership transformationnel, en influant ainsi sur leur satisfaction au travail et leur engagement organisationnel affectif. Nos résultats montrent que l'âge chronologique, l'âge subjectif et leurs termes d'interaction exercent un rôle important dans les perceptions à l'égard de la qualité d'échanges intervenant au travail entre les managers et leurs collaborateurs directs, selon que les managers sont plus âgés ou plus jeunes que les salariés. De plus, cette thèse montre que la diversité des âges est bénéfique pour l'expression du comportement de leadership transformationnel affiché par les managers. D'une part, nos résultats suggèrent que plus il y a de différences importantes d'âge (chronologique et subjectif) entre les managers et leurs collaborateurs plus jeunes qu'eux, plus les managers sont enclins à afficher un comportement de leadership transformationnel. D'autre part, lorsque les managers sont plus jeunes que leurs collaborateurs, les premiers sont moins enclins à afficher un comportement de leadership transformationnel dans leurs échanges au travail avec les salariés. En outre, plus l'écart d'âge entre managers plus jeunes et salariés plus âgés est prononcé, moins les salariés estiment que leur supérieur serait capable d'afficher un comportement de leadership transformationnel. Nos résultats démontrent aussi la présence d'un effet de médiation par la qualité des relations LMX intervenant dans le lien entre la diversité des âges et la satisfaction au travail, dans le cas où les managers sont plus âgés que leurs collaborateurs. Des effets directs positifs émanant des âges des managers et de leurs collaborateurs sur la satisfaction au travail et sur l'engagement organisationnel affectif – selon que les managers sont plus jeunes ou plus âgés que les salariés – ont également été constatés. Cette recherche souligne l'importance de continuer la réflexion sur le rôle et le sens que les individus attribuent à l'âge, d'une part ; et elle souligne aussi le besoin d'approfondir les effets de cet attribut sur les attitudes et les comportements au travail, d'autre part. Sous un angle pratique et managérial, les résultats de cette recherche pourraient servir aux pratiques managériales dans les entreprises dont les équipes de travail se composent de managers plus jeunes que leurs collaborateurs, ou bien de managers plus âgés que leurs collaborateurs – à la fois chronologiquement et subjectivement. Sous un angle de recherche, ce travail met en exergue l'utilité particulière d'examiner les âges des managers et ceux de leurs collaborateurs de manière simultanée, afin de mieux comprendre leurs effets sur les conséquences organisationnelles examinées dans la présente étude. / Drawing on relational demography, leader-member exchange, and transformational leadership, this dissertation examines the impact of age diversity on the quality of manager-employee work interactions, transformational leadership behaviors, job satisfaction, and affective commitment in two high-tech French organizations. Age diversity is herein considered in terms of differences, similarities, and interaction terms between chronological and subjective dimensions of age. This research posits that age diversity between managers and their dyadic collaborators is paramount for the quality of their daily work interactions, for transformational leadership behaviors, impacting as well on their job satisfaction and organizational affective commitment. Our findings show that chronological age, subjective age as well as their interaction terms play an important role in the perceptions about the quality of work exchanges between managers and their direct reports, depending on whether the managers are younger or older than the employees. In addition, this research shows that age diversity may facilitate managers to display transformational leadership behaviors. On the one hand, our findings suggest that the greater the (chronological or subjective) age differences between older managers and their younger reports, the more likely are the managers to display transformational leadership behaviors. On the other hand, when the managers are younger than the employees, they are less likely to display transformational leadership behaviors at the workplace. Moreover, the greater the age distance between younger managers and older reports, the less likely is for the employees to perceive their younger superiors as able to display transformational leadership. Our results highlight also that the LMX interactions mediate the relationship between age diversity and job satisfaction especially when managers are older than their dyadic partners. Furthermore, this study underscores a number of positive direct effects of managers' and employees' ages on the job satisfaction and organizational affective commitment, depending on whether managers are younger or older than their collaborators. This work highlights the importance of further research on the role and meaning individuals assign to age, on the one hand, and the need for a closer examination of its complex effects on work attitudes and behaviors, on the other hand. In terms of practical and managerial implications, these findings may help managerial practice in the organizations comprising work teams whereby chronologically / subjectively younger managers and older employees or vice versa collaborate daily. As for research implications, this dissertation emphasizes the particular usefulness to simultaneously examine managers' and employees' ages for a more thorough understanding of their effects on organizational outcomes such as those presently studied.

To create and maintain a fully engaged workforce, establishing person-organization (P-O) fit among employees has continued to be a central focus of organizational research. In addition, with growing numbers of older workers approaching retirement age, younger workers will soon become the dominant segment of the future workforce. Given this unfolding population trend, it has become increasingly necessary for organizations to gain a clearer understanding of the work values of the growing young population of workers and how P-O fit based on those work values may be linked to desirable work-related attitudes and behaviors. The overarching aim of this dissertation is two-fold: (1) investigate the generational differences and similarities in work values among younger Chinese workers; (2) uncover the underlying mechanisms by which the linkages between the work-value-based person-organization fit and employee work outcomes may be influenced by the impact of leader-member exchange (LMX) and perceived organizational support (POS). In this study, I used a research design that blended interviews and two survey-based studies to address four main research questions. More specifically, I conducted a pilot test to refine the work-value scale in China, and to pretest the established and validated measures for the key variables. In the second study, I gathered survey data from a sample of 179 employees from three Chinese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The research findings showed no significant differences in employee work values between the two younger generations (i.e., the Social-Reform Generation and the Millennials Generation). Regarding the hypothesized conceptual scheme that links P-O fit and work outcomes, the results supported most of my hypotheses. Specifically, P-O fit is a significant predictor of three important work outcomes; it is positively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment, while negatively related to turnover intention after controlling for demographic characteristics. The three hypothesized mediating mechanisms involving POS also received empirical support. That is, as predicted, POS mediates the effect of P-O fit on job satisfaction, organizational support, and turnover intention. Finally, when LMX was incorporated into the conceptual model and statistical analyses, the findings revealed that there was overall moderated mediation for the connections between P-O fit, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, but no moderated mediation for the connection between P-O fit and turnover intention.

Organizational change and innovation are critical for business survival and more likely to occur when employees engage in change-oriented behaviors. Previous studies have examined the direct effects of workplace social exchanges on employees’ change-oriented behaviors; however, less attention has been given to the combined effects of these exchanges and the mechanisms by which these relationships occur. In this study, I look at the combined effects of leader-member exchange, trust in team members, and perceived organizational support on voice, innovative, and learning behaviors via psychological safety. In addition, based on the understanding that psychological safety is not always present in the work environment, I look at the conditions under which these workplace social exchanges lead to the aforementioned behaviors even when psychological safety is low or absent. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is three-fold: (1) to explore the combined effects of leader-member exchange, trust in team members, and perceived organizational support in improving followers’ psychological safety within the organization, (2) to investigate the mediating role of psychological safety on the relationships between workplace social exchanges and followers’ change-oriented behaviors, and (3) to expand on previous findings and examine the conditions under which these social exchanges and psychological safety lead to followers’ change-oriented behaviors. Specifically, I propose and test a theoretical model derived from social exchange theory to examine conditional indirect effects of leader-member exchange, trust in team members, and perceived organizational support on voice, innovative, and learning behaviors through psychological safety within the organization, and to examine the role of proactive personality, political skill, perceived team social integration, perceived support for innovation and perceived organizational justice as second stage moderating variables that may compensate for low psychological safety within the organization. My theoretical model was tested using lagged data collected from leader-follower dyads representing 174 followers and 85 leaders from four organizations located in the United States. To test this theoretical model, I used a quantitative non-experimental research design, a survey method, and multilevel analytical procedures.