Background: The use of stapling equipment for intestinal surgery in cats is rarely reported, and appropriate staple sizes for cat intestine are unknown. Objective: To determine staple cartridge sizes for thoracoabdominal (TA) and endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (EndoGIA) that will simultaneously prevent leakage of small intestinal contents while also allowing for sufficient vascular permeability past the staple lines for intestinal healing. Methods: Two sizes of EndoGIA cartridges (2.0/2.5/3.0mm and 3.0/3.5/4.0mm) and two sizes of TA cartridges (2.5mm and 3.5mm), applied in a transverse manner across fresh cadaveric cat jejunum, were evaluated via intestinal burst pressure testing for maximum intraluminal pressure prior to leaking, and via infusion of an intravascular dye at normal arterial pressures to determine percentage of vascular patency past the staple lines. Vascular patency was compared not only from pre-and post-staple segments of the same intestinal sample, but also EndoGIA vascular patency was evaluated against TA vascular patency. Results: Two cats met study criteria. All samples had intraluminal burst pressures over twice the chosen minimum (of 30mmHg). Vascular patency post- staple line ranged from 0-90.8%, with the most consistently high numbers noted with the TA 3.5mm cartridges. No EndoGIA cartridge had a post- staple line vascular patency higher than 31.1%, and no intravascular dye was noted in any post- staple line sample in the EndoGIA 2.0/2.5/3.0mm group. Conclusions: While statistical analysis of the dataset was unable to be performed due to low numbers of samples for comparison, both intestinal intraluminal burst pressure trends and intravascular dye patterns suggested both the TA 3.5mm cartridge and (to a lesser extent) the 3.0/3.5/4.0mm EndoGIA cartridge could provide the ideal combination of intraluminal seal without restriction of vascular access for healing. The intravascular dye infusion technique, developed during this research, shows promise as a future instrument to determine vascular patterns around intestinal implants in cadaveric cat specimens. / Master of Science / Despite the regularity of feline small intestinal surgery, few reports exist of stapled anastomoses in cats, in part due to stapler size limitations. However, the recently developed endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (EndoGIA) stapler shows promise as a future surgical tool for cats because it fits into cat intestine. In dogs, 3.5mm staples are often chosen for intestinal surgery; however, dog intestine is considerably thicker than cat intestine. The study goal was to evaluate not only intestinal burst pressures (the pressure at which repaired intestine leaks), but also the ability of fluids to flow through blood vessels that cross the staple lines of four stapler cartridge types from two staple lineages (EndoGIA 2.0/2.5/3.0mm, EndoGIA 3.0/3.5/4.0mm, TA 2.5mm, and TA 3.5mm). The central hypothesis was twofold. First, smaller stapler cartridge sizes (the EndoGIA 2.0/2.5/3.0mm and TA 2.5mm) would have higher intraluminal burst pressures when compared to the larger sizes (the EndoGIA 3.0/3.5/4.0mm). Second, larger stapler cartridges (the EndoGIA 3.0/3.5/4.0mm and the TA 3.5mm) would allow for increased flow of fluids in blood vessels past the stapler lines compared to the smaller cartridges (the EndoGIA 2.0/2.5/3.0mm and the TA 2.5mm). Two cats were included in the study. Trends in the data suggested that all components of the hypothesis might be proven with further data. However, due to the low number of cats acquired during the study period, the hypotheses could not be verified with statistics. The dye infusion technique to evaluate flow of fluids in blood vessels, developed during this research, shows promise as a future instrument to determine vascular patterns around intestinal implants. Future research should focus on acquiring more cats to have the ability able to perform statistical analyses (and prove the hypothesis), before proceeding with additional related studies.

[EN] Over time, due to multiple operational and maintenance activities, the networks of water supply systems (WSSs) undergo interventions, modifications or even are closed. In many cases, these activities are not properly registered. Knowledge of the paths and characteristics (status and age, etc.) of the WSS pipes is obviously necessary for efficient and dynamic management of such systems. This problem is greatly augmented by considering the detection and control of leaks. Access to reliable leakage information is a complex task. In many cases, leaks are detected when the damage is already considerable, which brings high social and economic costs. In this sense, non-destructive methods (e.g., ground penetrating radar - GPR) may be a constructive response to these problems, since they allow, as evidenced in this thesis, to ascertain paths of pipes, identify component characteristics, and detect primordial water leaks. Selection of GPR in this work is justified by its characteristics as non-destructive technique that allows studying both metallic and non-metallic objects. Although the capture of information with GPR is usually successful, such aspects as the capture settings, the large volume of generated information, and the use and interpretation of such information require high level of skill and experience. This dissertation may be seen as a step forward towards the development of tools able to tackle the problem of lack of knowledge on the WSS buried assets. The main objective of this doctoral work is thus to generate tools and assess their feasibility of application to the characterization of components of WSSs from GPR images. In this work we have carried out laboratory tests specifically designed to propose, develop and evaluate methods for the characterization of the WSS buried components. Additionally, we have conducted field tests, which have enabled us to determine the feasibility of implementing such methodologies under uncontrolled conditions. The methodologies developed are based on techniques of intelligent data analysis. The basic principle of this work has involved the processing of data obtained through the GPR to look for useful information about WSS components, with special emphasis on the pipes. After performing numerous activities, one can conclude that, using GPR images, it is feasible to obtain more information than the typical identification of hyperbolae currently performed. In addition, this information can be observed directly, e.g. more simply, using the methodologies proposed in this doctoral work. These methodologies also prove that it is feasible to identify patterns (especially with the preprocessing algorithm termed Agent race) that provide fairly good approximation of the location of leaks in WSSs. Also, in the case of pipes, one can obtain such other characteristics as diameter and material. The main outcomes of this thesis consist in a series of tools we have developed to locate, identify and visualize WSS components from GPR images. Most interestingly, the data are synthesized and reduced so that the characteristics of the different components of the images recorded in GPR are preserved. The ultimate goal is that the developed tools facilitate decision-making in the technical management of WSSs, and that such tools can even be operated by personnel with limited experience in handling non-destructive methodologies, specifically GPR. / [ES] Con el paso del tiempo, y debido a múltiples actividades operacionales y de mantenimiento, las redes de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (SAAs) sufren intervenciones, modificaciones o incluso, son clausuradas, sin que, en muchos casos, estas actividades sean correctamente registradas. El conocimiento de los trazados y características (estado y edad, entre otros) de las tuberías en los SAAs es obviamente necesario para una gestión eficiente y dinámica de tales sistemas. A esta problemática se suma la detección y el control de las fugas de agua. El acceso a información fiable sobre las fugas es una tarea compleja. En muchos casos, las fugas son detectadas cuando los daños en la red son ya considerables, lo que trae consigo altos costes sociales y económicos. En este sentido, los métodos no destructivos (por ejemplo, ground penetrating radar - GPR), pueden ser una respuesta a estas problemáticas, ya que permiten, como se pone de manifiesto en esta tesis, localizar los trazados de las tuberías, identificar características de los componentes y detectar las fugas de agua cuando aún no son significativas. La selección del GPR, en este trabajo se justifica por sus características como técnica no destructiva, que permite estudiar tanto objetos metálicos como no metálicos. Aunque la captura de información con GPR suele ser exitosa, la configuración de la captura, el gran volumen de información, y el uso y la interpretación de la información requieren de alto nivel de habilidad y experiencia por parte del personal. Esta tesis doctoral se plantea como un avance hacia el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan responder a la problemática del desconocimiento de los activos enterrados de los SAAs. El objetivo principal de este trabajo doctoral es, pues, generar herramientas y evaluar la viabilidad de su aplicación en la caracterización de componentes de un SAA, a partir de imágenes GPR. En este trabajo hemos realizado ensayos de laboratorio específicamente diseñados para plantear, elaborar y evaluar metodologías para la caracterización de los componentes enterrados de los SAAs. Adicionalmente, hemos realizado ensayos de campo, que han permitido determinar la viabilidad de aplicación de tales metodologías bajo condiciones no controladas. Las metodologías elaboradas están basadas en técnicas de análisis inteligentes de datos. El principio básico de este trabajo ha consistido en el tratamiento adecuado de los datos obtenidos mediante el GPR, a fin de buscar información de utilidad para los SAAs respecto a sus componentes, con especial énfasis en las tuberías. Tras la realización de múltiples actividades, se puede concluir que es viable obtener más información de las imágenes de GPR que la que actualmente se obtiene con la típica identificación de hipérbolas. Esta información, además, puede ser observada directamente, de manera más sencilla, mediante las metodologías planteadas en este trabajo doctoral. Con estas metodologías se ha probado que también es viable la identificación de patrones (especialmente el pre-procesado con el algoritmo Agent race) que proporcionan aproximación bastante acertada de la localización de las fugas de agua en los SAAs. También, en el caso de las tuberías, se puede obtener otro tipo de características tales como el diámetro y el material. Como resultado de esta tesis se han desarrollado una serie de herramientas que permiten visualizar, identificar y localizar componentes de los SAAs a partir de imágenes de GPR. El resultado más interesante es que los resultados obtenidos son sintetizados y reducidos de manera que preservan las características de los diferentes componentes registrados en las imágenes de GPR. El objetivo último es que las herramientas desarrolladas faciliten la toma de decisiones en la gestión técnica de los SAAs y que tales herramientas puedan ser operadas incluso por personal con una experiencia limitada en el manejo / [CA] Amb el temps, a causa de les múltiples activitats d'operació i manteniment, les xarxes de sistemes d'abastament d'aigua (SAAs) se sotmeten a intervencions, modificacions o fins i tot estan tancades. En molts casos, aquestes activitats no estan degudament registrats. El coneixement dels camins i característiques (estat i edat, etc.) de les canonades d'aigua i sanejament fa evident la necessitat d'una gestió eficient i dinàmica d'aquests sistemes. Aquest problema es veu augmentat en gran mesura tenint en compte la detecció i control de fuites. L'accés a informació fiable sobre les fuites és una tasca complexa. En molts casos, les fugues es detecten quan el dany ja és considerable, el que porta costos socials i econòmics. En aquest sentit, els mètodes no destructius (per exemple, ground penetrating radar - GPR) poden ser una resposta constructiva a aquests problemes, ja que permeten, com s'evidencia en aquesta tesi, per determinar rutes de canonades, identificar les característiques dels components, i detectar les fuites d'aigua quan encara no són significatives. La selecció del GPR en aquest treball es justifica per les seves característiques com a tècnica no destructiva que permet estudiar tant objectes metàl·lics i no metàl·lics. Tot i que la captura d'informació amb GPR sol ser reeixida, aspectes com ara la configuració de captura, el gran volum d'informació que es genera, i l'ús i la interpretació d'aquesta informació requereix alt nivell d'habilitat i experiència. Aquesta tesi pot ser vista com un pas endavant cap al desenvolupament d'eines capaces d'abordar el problema de la manca de coneixement sobre els actius d'aigua i sanejament enterrat. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball doctoral és, doncs, generar eines i avaluar la seva factibilitat d'aplicació a la caracterització dels components de los SAAs, a partir d'imatges GPR. En aquest treball s'han dut a terme proves de laboratori específicament dissenyats per proposar, desenvolupar i avaluar mètodes per a la caracterització dels components d'aigua i sanejament soterrat. A més, hem dut a terme proves de camp, que ens han permès determinar la viabilitat de la implementació d'aquestes metodologies en condicions no controlades. Les metodologies desenvolupades es basen en tècniques d'anàlisi intel·ligent de dades. El principi bàsic d'aquest treball ha consistit en el tractament de dades obtingudes a través del GPR per buscar informació útil sobre els components d'SAA, amb especial èmfasi en la canonades. Després de realitzar nombroses activitats, es pot concloure que, amb l'ús d'imatges de GPR, és factible obtenir més informació que la identificació típica d'hipèrboles realitzat actualment. A més, aquesta informació pot ser observada directament, per exemple, més simplement, utilitzant les metodologies proposades en aquest treball doctoral. Aquestes metodologies també demostren que és factible per identificar patrons (especialment el pre-processat amb l'algoritme Agent race) que proporcionen bastant bona aproximació de la localització de fuites en SAAs. També, en el cas de tubs, es pot obtenir altres característiques com ara el diàmetre i el material. Els principals resultats d'aquesta tesi consisteixen en una sèrie d'eines que hem desenvolupat per localitzar, identificar i visualitzar els components dels SAAS a partir d'imatges GPR. El resultat més interessant és que els resultats obtinguts són sintetitzats i reduïts de manera que preserven les característiques dels diferents components registrats en les imatges de GPR. L'objectiu final és que les eines desenvolupades faciliten la presa de decisions en la gestió tècnica de SAA, i que tals eines poden fins i tot ser operades per personal amb poca experiència en el maneig de metodologies no destructives, específicament GPR. / Ayala Cabrera, D. (2015). Characterization of components of water supply systems from GPR images and tools of intelligent data analysis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59235 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Significance Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea (leakage of brain fluid from the nose) can be difficult to identify and currently requires invasive procedures, such as intrathecal fluorescein, which requires a lumbar drain placement. Fluorescein is also known to have rare but significant side effects including seizures and death. As the number of endonasal skull base cases increases, the number of CSF leaks has also increased for which an alternative diagnostic method would be highly advantageous to patients. Aim We aim to develop an instrument to identify CSF leaks based on water absorption in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) without the need of intrathecal contrast agents. This device needed to be adapted to the anatomy of the human nasal cavity while maintaining low weight and ergonomic characteristics of current surgical instruments. Approach Absorption spectra of CSF and artificial CSF were obtained to characterize the absorption peaks that could be targeted with SWIR light. Different illumination systems were tested and refined prior to adapting them into a portable endoscope for testing in 3D-printed models and cadavers for feasibility. Results We identified CSF to have an identical absorption profile as water. In our testing, a narrowband laser source at 1480 nm proved superior to using a broad 1450 nm LED. Using a SWIR enabling endoscope set up, we tested the ability to detect artificial CSF in a cadaver model. Conclusions An endoscopic system based on SWIR narrowband imaging can provide an alternative in the future to invasive methods of CSF leak detection.

The ubiquitous abundance of organic compounds in natural and anthorpogenically influenced eco-systems has put these compounds into the focus of atmospheric research. Organic compounds have an impact on air quality, climate, and human health. Moreover, they affect particle growth, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and the global radiation budget by altering particle properties. To investigate the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds and interactions with the aqueous phase in the troposphere, modelling can provide a useful tool. The oxidation of larger organic molecules to the final product CO2 can involve a huge number of intermediate compounds and tens of thousands of reactions. Therefore, the creation of explicit mechanisms relies on automated mechanism construction. Estimation methods for the prediction of the kinetic data needed to describe the degradation of these intermediates are inevitable due to the infeasibility of an experimental determination of all necessary data. Current aqueous phase descriptions of organic chemistry lag behind the gas phase descriptions in atmospheric chemical mechanisms despite its importance for the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds. In this dissertation, the gas phase mechanism Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) has been advanced by a protocol for the description of the oxidation of organic compounds in the aqueous phase. Therefore, a database with kinetic data of 465 aqueous phase hydroxyl radical and 129 aqueous phase nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds has been compiled and evaluated. The database was used to evaluate currently available estimation methods for the prediction of aqueous phase kinetic data of reactions of organic compounds. Among the investigated methods were correlations of gas and aqueous kinetic data, kinetic data of homologous series of various compound classes, reactivity comparisons of inorganic radical oxidants, Evans-Polanyi-type correlations, and structure-activity relationships (SARs). Evans-Polanyi-type correlations have been improved for the purpose of automated mechanism self-generation of mechanisms with large organic molecules. A protocol has been designed based on SARs for hydroxyl radical reactions and the improved Evans-Polanyi-type correlations for nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds. The protocol was assessed in a series of critical sensitivity studies, where uncertainties of critical parameters were investigated. The advanced multiphase generator GECKO-A was used to generate mechanisms, which were applied in box model studies and validated against two sets of aerosol chamber experiments. Experiments differed by the initial compounds used (hexane and trimethylbenzene) and the experimental conditions (UV-C lights off/on and additional in-situ hydroxyl radical source no/yes). Reasonable to good agreement of the modelled and experimental results was achieved in these studies. Finally, GECKO-A was used to create two new CAPRAM version, where, for the first time, branchingratios for different reaction pathways were introduced and the chemistry of compounds with up to four carbon atoms has been extended. The most detailed mechanism comprises 4174 compounds and 7145 processes. Detailed investigations were performed under real tropospheric conditions in urban and remote continental environments. Model results showed significant improvements, especially in regard to the formation of organic aerosol mass. Detailed investigations of concentration-time profiles and chemical fluxes refined the current knowledge of the multiphase processing of organic compounds in the troposphere, but also pointed at current limitations of the generator protocol, the mechanisms created, and current understanding of aqueous phase processes of organic compounds. / Das zahlreiche Vorkommen organischer Verbindungen in natürlichen und anthropogen beeinflussten Ökosystemen hat diese Verbindungen in den Fokus der Atmosphärenforschung gerückt. Organische Verbindungen beeinträchtigen die Luftqualität, die menschliche Gesundheit und das Klima. Weiterhin werden Partikelwachstum und -eigenschaften, sekundäre organische Partikelbildung und dadurch der globale Strahlungshaushalt durch sie beeinflusst. Um die troposphärische Multiphasenchemie organischer Verbindungen und Wechselwirkungen mit der Flüssigphase zu untersuchen, sind Modellstudien hilfreich. Die Oxidation großer organischer Moleküle führt zu einer Vielzahl an Zwischenprodukten. Der Abbau erfolgt in unzähligen Reaktionen bis hin zum Endprodukt CO2. Bei der Entwicklung expliziter Mechanismen muss deshalb für diese Verbindungen auf computergestützte, automatisierte Methoden zurückgegriffen werden. Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten zur Beschreibung des Abbaus der Zwischenprodukte sind unabdingbar, da eine experimentelle Bestimmung aller benötigten Daten nicht realisierbar ist. Die derzeitige Beschreibung der Flüssigphasenchemie unterliegt deutlich den Beschreibungen der Gasphase in atmosphärischen Chemiemechanismen trotz deren Relevanz für die Multiphasenchemie. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Gasphasenmechanismusgenerator GECKO-A (“Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere”) um ein Protokoll zur Oxidation organischer Verbindungen in der Flüssigphase erweitert. Dazu wurde eine Datenbank mit kinetischen Daten von 465 Hydroxylradikal- und 129 Nitratradikalreaktionen mit organischen Verbindungen angelegt und evaluiert. Mit Hilfe der Datenbank wurden derzeitige Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten von Flüssigphasenreaktionen organischer Verbindungen evaluiert. Die untersuchten Methoden beinhalteten Korrelationen kinetischer Daten aus Gas- und Flüssigphase, homologer Reihen verschiedener Stoffklassen, Reaktivitätsvergleiche, Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen und Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen. Für die Mechanismusgenerierung großer organischer Moleküle wurden die Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen in dieser Arbeit weiterentwickelt. Es wurde ein Protokol für die Mechanismusgenerierung entwickelt, das auf Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen bei Reaktionen von organischen Verbindungen mit OH-Radikalen und auf den erweiterten Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen bei NO3-Radikalreaktionen beruht. Das Protokoll wurde umfangreich in einer Reihe von Sensitivitätsstudien getestet, um Unsicherheiten kritischer Parameter abzuschätzen. Der erweiterte Multiphasengenerator GECKO-A wurde dazu verwendet, neue Mechanismen zu generieren, die in Boxmodellstudien gegen Aerosolkammerexperimente evaluiert wurden. Die Experimentreihen unterschieden sich sowohl in der betrachteten Ausgangssubstanz (Hexan und Trimethylbenzen) und dem Experimentaufbau (ohne oder mit UV-C-Photolyse und ohne oder mit zusätzlicher partikulärer Hydroxylradikalquelle). Bei den Experimenten konnte eine zufriedenstellende bis gute Übereinstimmung der experimentellen und Modellergebnisse erreicht werden. Weiterhin wurde GECKO-A verwendet, um zwei neue CAPRAM-Versionen mit bis zu 4174 Verbindungen und 7145 Prozessen zu generieren. Erstmals wurden Verzweigungsverhältnisse in CAPRAM eingeführt. Außerdem wurde die Chemie organischer Verbindungen mit bis zu vier Kohlenstoffatomen erweitert. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen unter realistischen troposphärischen Bedingungen in urbanen und ländlichen Gebieten haben deutliche Verbesserungen der erweiterten Mechanismen besonders in Bezug auf Massenzuwachs des organischen Aerosolanteils gezeigt. Das Verständnis der organischen Multiphasenchemie konnte durch detaillierte Untersuchungen zu den Konzentrations-Zeit-Profilen und chemischen Flüssen vertieft werden, aber auch gegenwärtige Limitierungen des Generators, der erzeugten Mechanismen und unseres Verständnisses für Flüssigphasenprozesse organischer Verbindungen aufgezeigt werden.

The ubiquitous abundance of organic compounds in natural and anthorpogenically influenced eco-systems has put these compounds into the focus of atmospheric research. Organic compounds have an impact on air quality, climate, and human health. Moreover, they affect particle growth, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and the global radiation budget by altering particle properties. To investigate the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds and interactions with the aqueous phase in the troposphere, modelling can provide a useful tool. The oxidation of larger organic molecules to the final product CO2 can involve a huge number of intermediate compounds and tens of thousands of reactions. Therefore, the creation of explicit mechanisms relies on automated mechanism construction. Estimation methods for the prediction of the kinetic data needed to describe the degradation of these intermediates are inevitable due to the infeasibility of an experimental determination of all necessary data. Current aqueous phase descriptions of organic chemistry lag behind the gas phase descriptions in atmospheric chemical mechanisms despite its importance for the multiphase chemistry of organic compounds. In this dissertation, the gas phase mechanism Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) has been advanced by a protocol for the description of the oxidation of organic compounds in the aqueous phase. Therefore, a database with kinetic data of 465 aqueous phase hydroxyl radical and 129 aqueous phase nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds has been compiled and evaluated. The database was used to evaluate currently available estimation methods for the prediction of aqueous phase kinetic data of reactions of organic compounds. Among the investigated methods were correlations of gas and aqueous kinetic data, kinetic data of homologous series of various compound classes, reactivity comparisons of inorganic radical oxidants, Evans-Polanyi-type correlations, and structure-activity relationships (SARs). Evans-Polanyi-type correlations have been improved for the purpose of automated mechanism self-generation of mechanisms with large organic molecules. A protocol has been designed based on SARs for hydroxyl radical reactions and the improved Evans-Polanyi-type correlations for nitrate radical reactions with organic compounds. The protocol was assessed in a series of critical sensitivity studies, where uncertainties of critical parameters were investigated. The advanced multiphase generator GECKO-A was used to generate mechanisms, which were applied in box model studies and validated against two sets of aerosol chamber experiments. Experiments differed by the initial compounds used (hexane and trimethylbenzene) and the experimental conditions (UV-C lights off/on and additional in-situ hydroxyl radical source no/yes). Reasonable to good agreement of the modelled and experimental results was achieved in these studies. Finally, GECKO-A was used to create two new CAPRAM version, where, for the first time, branchingratios for different reaction pathways were introduced and the chemistry of compounds with up to four carbon atoms has been extended. The most detailed mechanism comprises 4174 compounds and 7145 processes. Detailed investigations were performed under real tropospheric conditions in urban and remote continental environments. Model results showed significant improvements, especially in regard to the formation of organic aerosol mass. Detailed investigations of concentration-time profiles and chemical fluxes refined the current knowledge of the multiphase processing of organic compounds in the troposphere, but also pointed at current limitations of the generator protocol, the mechanisms created, and current understanding of aqueous phase processes of organic compounds.:1 Introduction and motivation 2 Theoretical background 2.1 General overview of the tropospheric multiphase chemistry of organic compounds 2.1.1 Gas phase chemistry 2.1.2 Phase transfer 2.1.3 Aqueous phase chemistry 2.2 Tropospheric multiphase chemistry mechanisms 2.2.1 Gas phase mechanisms 2.2.2 Aqueous phase mechanisms 2.2.3 The multiphase mechanism MCMv3.1-CAPRAM 3.0n 2.2.3.1 MCMv3.1 2.2.3.2 CAPRAM 3.0n 2.3 Multiphase chemistry box models 2.3.1 Overview 2.3.2 The model SPACCIM 2.3.2.1 Overview 2.3.2.2 The microphysical scheme 2.3.2.3 The chemical and phase transfer scheme 2.3.2.4 The coupling scheme 2.4 Prediction of aqueous phase kinetic data 2.4.1 Simple correlations 2.4.2 Evans-Polanyi-correlations 2.4.3 Structure-activity relationships 2.5 The generator GECKO-A 3 Evaluation of kinetic data and prediction methods 3.1 Compilation and evaluation of aqueous phase kinetic data 3.2 Extrapolation of gas phase rate constants to the aqueous phase 3.3 Homologous series of compound classes 3.4 Radical reactivity comparisons 3.5 Evans-Polanyi-type correlations 3.5.1 OH rate constant prediction 3.5.2 NO3 rate constant prediction 3.5.3 Development of an advanced Evans-Polanyi-type correlation 3.6 Structure-activity relationships 3.7 Conclusions from the evaluation process 4 Development of the new aqueous phase protocol and its implementation into GECKO-A 4.1 Initialisation and workflow of GECKO-A 4.2 Estimation of phase transfer data 4.3 OH reactions of stable compounds 4.4 NO3 reactions of stable compounds 4.5 Hydration of carbonyl compounds 4.6 Hydrolysis of carbonyl nitrates 4.7 Dissociation of carboxylic acids 4.8 Degradation of radical compounds 4.8.1 RO2 recombinations and cross-reactions 4.8.2 HO2 elimination of ff-hydroxy peroxy radicals 4.8.3 Degradation of acylperoxy radicals 4.8.4 Degradation of fi-carboxyl peroxy radicals 4.8.5 Degradation of alkoxy radicals 4.8.6 Degradation of acyloxy radicals 5 Investigation and refinement of crucial parameters in GECKO-A and CAPRAM mechanism development 5.1 Formation and degradation of polycarbonyl compounds in the protocol 5.2 Influence of the mass accommodation coefficient on the organic multiphase chemistry and composition 5.3 Influence of the cut-off parameter for minor reaction pathways 5.4 Influence of the chosen SAR in the protocol 5.5 Processing of organic mass fraction in the protocol 5.5.1 Parameterisations for radical attack of the overall organic mass fraction 5.5.2 Detailed studies of organic nitrate sinks and sources 5.5.3 Phase transfer of oxygenated organic compounds in the protocol 5.5.4 Decay of alkoxy radicals in the protocol 5.5.5 Revision of the GROMHE thermodynamic database 5.6 Influence of the nitrate radical chemistry 5.7 The final protocol for aqueous phase mechanism self-generation 5.8 CAPRAM mechanism development 5.8.1 CAPRAM 3.0 5.8.2 CAPRAM 3.5 5.8.3 CAPRAM 4.0 6 Model results and discussion 6.1 Comparisons of model results with aerosol chamber experiments 6.1.1 Design of the aerosol chamber experiments 6.1.1.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.1.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.1.2 Mechanism generation and model setup 6.1.2.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.2.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.1.3 Evaluation of the model versus aerosol chamber results 6.1.3.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.3.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.2 Simulations with a ‘real atmosphere’ scenario 6.2.1 Model setup 6.2.2 Meteorological and microphysical parameters 6.2.3 Influence of the extended organic scheme on the particle acidity and SOA formation 6.2.3.1 Particle acidity 6.2.3.2 Particle mass 6.2.4 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic radical oxidants 6.2.4.1 OH chemistry 6.2.4.2 NO3 chemistry 6.2.4.3 Comparison of OH and NO3 chemistry 6.2.4.4 HO2/O2- chemistry 6.2.5 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic non-radical oxidants 6.2.5.1 H2O2 chemistry 6.2.5.2 O3 chemistry 6.2.6 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic particulate matter 6.2.6.1 Sulfate chemistry 6.2.6.2 Nitrate chemistry 6.2.6.3 TMI chemistry 6.2.7 Detailed investigations of selected organic subsystems 6.2.7.1 Monofunctional organic compounds 6.2.7.2 Carbonyl compounds 6.2.7.3 Dicarboxylic acids and functionalised monocarboxylic acids 7 Conclusions References Glossary Acronyms List of symbols List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae List of relevant publications Peer-reviewed publications Oral conference contributions Poster conference contributions Appendix A Overview of selected compound classes of tropospheric relevance B Detailed description of the function of SARs C The kinetic database C.1 Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with organic compounds C.2 Reactions of nitrate radicals with organic compounds D Detailed information about the evaluation of prediction methods D.1 Rate data used for the derivation and evaluation of gas-aqueous phase correlations D.2 Explanation of the use of box plots D.3 Additional correlations of homologous series of various compound classes D.4 Additional information of Evans-Polanyi-type correlations D.5 Additional information of structure-activity relationships E Additional information for the development of the protocol of GECKO-A E.1 Investigations on the decay of acylperoxy radicals E.2 Additional information about the sensitivity of mass accomodation coefficients E.3 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the decay of polycarbonyls E.4 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the omission of minor reaction pathways E.5 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the processing of the organic mass fraction E.6 Additional information about the influence of the nitrate radical chemistry F Additional information about the mechanism generation and model initialisation F.1 List of primary compounds used for the generation of CAPRAM 3.5 F.2 List of primary compounds used for the generation of CAPRAM 4.0 F.3 Model initialization of the ‘real atmosphere’ scenarios G The CAPRAM oxidation scheme G.1 Photolysis processes G.2 Inorganic chemistry G.2.1 Phase transfer processes G.2.2 Chemical conversions G.3 Organic chemistry G.3.1 Phase transfer processes G.3.2 Chemical conversions H Detailed information about the model validation with chamber experiments H.1 Additional information about the initialisation of the hexane oxidation experiment H.2 Additional model results from the hexane oxidation experiment H.3 Additional information about the sensitivity runs used in the trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment H.4 Additional results from the TMB oxidation experiment I Additional results from the ‘real atmosphere’ scenario I.1 Particle acidity and SOA formation I.2 Radical oxidants I.3 Organic compounds References of the Appendix / Das zahlreiche Vorkommen organischer Verbindungen in natürlichen und anthropogen beeinflussten Ökosystemen hat diese Verbindungen in den Fokus der Atmosphärenforschung gerückt. Organische Verbindungen beeinträchtigen die Luftqualität, die menschliche Gesundheit und das Klima. Weiterhin werden Partikelwachstum und -eigenschaften, sekundäre organische Partikelbildung und dadurch der globale Strahlungshaushalt durch sie beeinflusst. Um die troposphärische Multiphasenchemie organischer Verbindungen und Wechselwirkungen mit der Flüssigphase zu untersuchen, sind Modellstudien hilfreich. Die Oxidation großer organischer Moleküle führt zu einer Vielzahl an Zwischenprodukten. Der Abbau erfolgt in unzähligen Reaktionen bis hin zum Endprodukt CO2. Bei der Entwicklung expliziter Mechanismen muss deshalb für diese Verbindungen auf computergestützte, automatisierte Methoden zurückgegriffen werden. Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten zur Beschreibung des Abbaus der Zwischenprodukte sind unabdingbar, da eine experimentelle Bestimmung aller benötigten Daten nicht realisierbar ist. Die derzeitige Beschreibung der Flüssigphasenchemie unterliegt deutlich den Beschreibungen der Gasphase in atmosphärischen Chemiemechanismen trotz deren Relevanz für die Multiphasenchemie. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Gasphasenmechanismusgenerator GECKO-A (“Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere”) um ein Protokoll zur Oxidation organischer Verbindungen in der Flüssigphase erweitert. Dazu wurde eine Datenbank mit kinetischen Daten von 465 Hydroxylradikal- und 129 Nitratradikalreaktionen mit organischen Verbindungen angelegt und evaluiert. Mit Hilfe der Datenbank wurden derzeitige Abschätzungsmethoden für die Vorhersage kinetischer Daten von Flüssigphasenreaktionen organischer Verbindungen evaluiert. Die untersuchten Methoden beinhalteten Korrelationen kinetischer Daten aus Gas- und Flüssigphase, homologer Reihen verschiedener Stoffklassen, Reaktivitätsvergleiche, Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen und Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen. Für die Mechanismusgenerierung großer organischer Moleküle wurden die Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen in dieser Arbeit weiterentwickelt. Es wurde ein Protokol für die Mechanismusgenerierung entwickelt, das auf Struktur-Reaktivitätsbeziehungen bei Reaktionen von organischen Verbindungen mit OH-Radikalen und auf den erweiterten Evans-Polanyi-Korrelationen bei NO3-Radikalreaktionen beruht. Das Protokoll wurde umfangreich in einer Reihe von Sensitivitätsstudien getestet, um Unsicherheiten kritischer Parameter abzuschätzen. Der erweiterte Multiphasengenerator GECKO-A wurde dazu verwendet, neue Mechanismen zu generieren, die in Boxmodellstudien gegen Aerosolkammerexperimente evaluiert wurden. Die Experimentreihen unterschieden sich sowohl in der betrachteten Ausgangssubstanz (Hexan und Trimethylbenzen) und dem Experimentaufbau (ohne oder mit UV-C-Photolyse und ohne oder mit zusätzlicher partikulärer Hydroxylradikalquelle). Bei den Experimenten konnte eine zufriedenstellende bis gute Übereinstimmung der experimentellen und Modellergebnisse erreicht werden. Weiterhin wurde GECKO-A verwendet, um zwei neue CAPRAM-Versionen mit bis zu 4174 Verbindungen und 7145 Prozessen zu generieren. Erstmals wurden Verzweigungsverhältnisse in CAPRAM eingeführt. Außerdem wurde die Chemie organischer Verbindungen mit bis zu vier Kohlenstoffatomen erweitert. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen unter realistischen troposphärischen Bedingungen in urbanen und ländlichen Gebieten haben deutliche Verbesserungen der erweiterten Mechanismen besonders in Bezug auf Massenzuwachs des organischen Aerosolanteils gezeigt. Das Verständnis der organischen Multiphasenchemie konnte durch detaillierte Untersuchungen zu den Konzentrations-Zeit-Profilen und chemischen Flüssen vertieft werden, aber auch gegenwärtige Limitierungen des Generators, der erzeugten Mechanismen und unseres Verständnisses für Flüssigphasenprozesse organischer Verbindungen aufgezeigt werden.:1 Introduction and motivation 2 Theoretical background 2.1 General overview of the tropospheric multiphase chemistry of organic compounds 2.1.1 Gas phase chemistry 2.1.2 Phase transfer 2.1.3 Aqueous phase chemistry 2.2 Tropospheric multiphase chemistry mechanisms 2.2.1 Gas phase mechanisms 2.2.2 Aqueous phase mechanisms 2.2.3 The multiphase mechanism MCMv3.1-CAPRAM 3.0n 2.2.3.1 MCMv3.1 2.2.3.2 CAPRAM 3.0n 2.3 Multiphase chemistry box models 2.3.1 Overview 2.3.2 The model SPACCIM 2.3.2.1 Overview 2.3.2.2 The microphysical scheme 2.3.2.3 The chemical and phase transfer scheme 2.3.2.4 The coupling scheme 2.4 Prediction of aqueous phase kinetic data 2.4.1 Simple correlations 2.4.2 Evans-Polanyi-correlations 2.4.3 Structure-activity relationships 2.5 The generator GECKO-A 3 Evaluation of kinetic data and prediction methods 3.1 Compilation and evaluation of aqueous phase kinetic data 3.2 Extrapolation of gas phase rate constants to the aqueous phase 3.3 Homologous series of compound classes 3.4 Radical reactivity comparisons 3.5 Evans-Polanyi-type correlations 3.5.1 OH rate constant prediction 3.5.2 NO3 rate constant prediction 3.5.3 Development of an advanced Evans-Polanyi-type correlation 3.6 Structure-activity relationships 3.7 Conclusions from the evaluation process 4 Development of the new aqueous phase protocol and its implementation into GECKO-A 4.1 Initialisation and workflow of GECKO-A 4.2 Estimation of phase transfer data 4.3 OH reactions of stable compounds 4.4 NO3 reactions of stable compounds 4.5 Hydration of carbonyl compounds 4.6 Hydrolysis of carbonyl nitrates 4.7 Dissociation of carboxylic acids 4.8 Degradation of radical compounds 4.8.1 RO2 recombinations and cross-reactions 4.8.2 HO2 elimination of ff-hydroxy peroxy radicals 4.8.3 Degradation of acylperoxy radicals 4.8.4 Degradation of fi-carboxyl peroxy radicals 4.8.5 Degradation of alkoxy radicals 4.8.6 Degradation of acyloxy radicals 5 Investigation and refinement of crucial parameters in GECKO-A and CAPRAM mechanism development 5.1 Formation and degradation of polycarbonyl compounds in the protocol 5.2 Influence of the mass accommodation coefficient on the organic multiphase chemistry and composition 5.3 Influence of the cut-off parameter for minor reaction pathways 5.4 Influence of the chosen SAR in the protocol 5.5 Processing of organic mass fraction in the protocol 5.5.1 Parameterisations for radical attack of the overall organic mass fraction 5.5.2 Detailed studies of organic nitrate sinks and sources 5.5.3 Phase transfer of oxygenated organic compounds in the protocol 5.5.4 Decay of alkoxy radicals in the protocol 5.5.5 Revision of the GROMHE thermodynamic database 5.6 Influence of the nitrate radical chemistry 5.7 The final protocol for aqueous phase mechanism self-generation 5.8 CAPRAM mechanism development 5.8.1 CAPRAM 3.0 5.8.2 CAPRAM 3.5 5.8.3 CAPRAM 4.0 6 Model results and discussion 6.1 Comparisons of model results with aerosol chamber experiments 6.1.1 Design of the aerosol chamber experiments 6.1.1.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.1.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.1.2 Mechanism generation and model setup 6.1.2.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.2.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.1.3 Evaluation of the model versus aerosol chamber results 6.1.3.1 Hexane oxidation experiment 6.1.3.2 Trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment 6.2 Simulations with a ‘real atmosphere’ scenario 6.2.1 Model setup 6.2.2 Meteorological and microphysical parameters 6.2.3 Influence of the extended organic scheme on the particle acidity and SOA formation 6.2.3.1 Particle acidity 6.2.3.2 Particle mass 6.2.4 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic radical oxidants 6.2.4.1 OH chemistry 6.2.4.2 NO3 chemistry 6.2.4.3 Comparison of OH and NO3 chemistry 6.2.4.4 HO2/O2- chemistry 6.2.5 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic non-radical oxidants 6.2.5.1 H2O2 chemistry 6.2.5.2 O3 chemistry 6.2.6 Influence of the extended organic scheme on inorganic particulate matter 6.2.6.1 Sulfate chemistry 6.2.6.2 Nitrate chemistry 6.2.6.3 TMI chemistry 6.2.7 Detailed investigations of selected organic subsystems 6.2.7.1 Monofunctional organic compounds 6.2.7.2 Carbonyl compounds 6.2.7.3 Dicarboxylic acids and functionalised monocarboxylic acids 7 Conclusions References Glossary Acronyms List of symbols List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae List of relevant publications Peer-reviewed publications Oral conference contributions Poster conference contributions Appendix A Overview of selected compound classes of tropospheric relevance B Detailed description of the function of SARs C The kinetic database C.1 Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with organic compounds C.2 Reactions of nitrate radicals with organic compounds D Detailed information about the evaluation of prediction methods D.1 Rate data used for the derivation and evaluation of gas-aqueous phase correlations D.2 Explanation of the use of box plots D.3 Additional correlations of homologous series of various compound classes D.4 Additional information of Evans-Polanyi-type correlations D.5 Additional information of structure-activity relationships E Additional information for the development of the protocol of GECKO-A E.1 Investigations on the decay of acylperoxy radicals E.2 Additional information about the sensitivity of mass accomodation coefficients E.3 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the decay of polycarbonyls E.4 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the omission of minor reaction pathways E.5 Additional information about the sensitivity studies concerning the processing of the organic mass fraction E.6 Additional information about the influence of the nitrate radical chemistry F Additional information about the mechanism generation and model initialisation F.1 List of primary compounds used for the generation of CAPRAM 3.5 F.2 List of primary compounds used for the generation of CAPRAM 4.0 F.3 Model initialization of the ‘real atmosphere’ scenarios G The CAPRAM oxidation scheme G.1 Photolysis processes G.2 Inorganic chemistry G.2.1 Phase transfer processes G.2.2 Chemical conversions G.3 Organic chemistry G.3.1 Phase transfer processes G.3.2 Chemical conversions H Detailed information about the model validation with chamber experiments H.1 Additional information about the initialisation of the hexane oxidation experiment H.2 Additional model results from the hexane oxidation experiment H.3 Additional information about the sensitivity runs used in the trimethylbenzene oxidation experiment H.4 Additional results from the TMB oxidation experiment I Additional results from the ‘real atmosphere’ scenario I.1 Particle acidity and SOA formation I.2 Radical oxidants I.3 Organic compounds References of the Appendix

Despite the built-in garbage collector, Java programs can still suffer the memory leak problem resulted from the unhealthy programming style of retaining unwanted references. This paper presents an aspect-based tool for assisting programmers in locating such references to fix the problem. This tool, FindLeaks, utilizes an aspect to collect memory consumption statistics and object references created during a program’s execution and analyzes them for detecting memory leaks. The distinctive feature of FindLeaks is that it reports not only suspected classes of leaked objects but also where in the source the unwanted references were created. Besides, this paper also reports our experience with FindLeaks on three open source Java programs and how we enhanced it to lower its overhead.

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Les ataxies épisodiques (EA) d’origine génétique sont un groupe de maladies possédant un phénotype et génotype hétérogènes, mais ont en commun la caractéristique d’un dysfonctionnement cérébelleux intermittent. Les EA de type 1 et 2 sont les plus largement reconnues des ataxies épisodiques autosomiques dominantes et sont causées par un dysfonctionnement des canaux ioniques voltage-dépendants dans les neurones. La présente étude se concentrera sur les mutations causant l'EA-1, retrouvées dans le senseur de voltage (VSD) de Kv1.1, un canal très proche de la famille des canaux Shaker. Nous avons caractérisé les propriétés électrophysiologiques de six mutations différentes à la position F244 et partiellement celles des mutations T284 A/M, R297 K/Q/A/H, I320T, L375F, L399I et S412 C/I dans la séquence du Shaker grâce à la technique du ‘’cut open voltage clamp’’ (COVC). Les mutations de la position F244 situées sur le S1 du canal Shaker sont caractérisées par un décalement des courbes QV et GV vers des potentiels dépolarisants et modifient le couplage fonctionnel entre le domaine VSD et le pore. Un courant de fuite est observé durant la phase d'activation des courants transitoires et peut être éliminé par l'application du 4-AP (4-aminopyridine) ou la réinsertion de l'inactivation de type N mais pas par le TEA (tétraéthylamonium). Dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la stabilisation d’un état intermédiaire, nous avons étudié séparément la neutralisation des trois premières charges positives du S4 (R1Q, R2Q et R3Q). Il en est ressorti l’existence d’une interaction entre R2 et F244. Une seconde interface entre S1 et le pore proche de la surface extracellulaire agissant comme un second point d'ancrage et responsable des courants de fuite a été mis en lumière. Les résultats suggèrent une anomalie du fonctionnement du VSD empêchant la repolarisation normale de la membrane des cellules nerveuses affectées à la suite d'un potentiel d'action. / The genetic episodic ataxias form a group of disorders with heterogeneous phenotype and genotype, but share the common feature of intermittent cerebellar dysfunction. Episodic ataxia (EA) types 1 and 2 are most widely recognised amongst the autosomal dominant episodic ataxias and are caused by dysfunction of neuronal voltage-gated ion channels. The present study focuses on mutations causing EA-1 located in the voltage sensor domains (VSDs) of Kv1.1. A member of the Shaker channel family. Here, we have characterised the electrophysiological properties of six different mutations at the position of F244 and we also reported the partiality effects of these following mutations T284A/M, R297K/Q/A/H, I320T, L375F, L399I S412C/I on Shaker sequence using the cut open voltage clamp technique (COVC). We have shown that mutations of F244 in the S1 of the Shaker Kv channel positively shift the voltage dependence of the VSD movement and alter functional coupling between VSD and pore domain. The mutations causing immobilization of the VSD movement during activation and deactivation and responsible for creating a leak current during activation, are removed by the application of 4-AP (4-aminopyridine) or by reinsertion of N-type inactivation but not by TEA (tetraethylamonium). Insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of the intermediate state have been investigated by separately neutralizing the first three charges (R1Q, R2Q and R3Q) in the S4 segment. The result suggests an interaction between R2 and F244 mutants. It was established that a second co-evolved interface exists between S1 and the pore helix near the extracellular surface and it acts as a second anchor point. It is also responsible for generation of leak currents. The results suggest a dysfunction of the VSD in which the affected nerve cells cannot efficiently repolarize following an action potential because of altered delayed rectifier function

Facial Artery Musculomucosal Flap in Skull Base Reconstruction Xie L. MD, Lavigne F. MD, Rahal A. MD, Moubayed SP MD, Ayad T. MD Introduction: Failure in skull base defects reconstruction can have serious consequences such as meningitis and pneumocephalus. The nasoseptal flap is usually the first choice but alternatives are necessary when this flap is not available. The facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap has proven to be successful in head and neck reconstruction but it has never been reported in skull base reconstruction. Objective: To show that the FAMM flap can reach some key areas of the skull base and be considered as a new alternative in skull base defects reconstruction. Methods: We conducted a cadaveric study with harvest of modified FAMM flaps, endoscopic skull base dissection and maxillectomies in 13 specimens. Measures were taken for each harvested FAMM flap. Results: The approximate mean area for reconstruction from the combination of the distal FAMM and the extension flaps is 15.90 cm2. The flaps successfully covered the simulated defects of the frontal sinus, the ethmoid areas, the planum sphenoidale, and the sella turcica. Conclusion: The FAMM flap can be considered as a new alternative in the reconstruction of skull base defects. Modifications add extra length to the traditional FAMM flap and can contribute to a tighter seal of the defect as opposed to the FAMM flap alone. / Le lambeau musculomuqueux de la joue dans la reconstruction de la base du crâne Xie L. MD, Lavigne F. MD, Rahal A. MD, Moubayed SP MD, Ayad T. MD Introduction: Un échec dans la reconstruction de la base du crâne peut avoir des conséquences graves telles que la méningite ou la pneumocéphalie. Le premier choix de la reconstruction est le lambeau nasoseptal. Lorsque ce dernier n’est pas disponible, d’autres alternatives sont nécessaires. Le lambeau musculomuqueux de la joue (FAMM) a une place établie dans la reconstruction des déficits de la tête et du cou, mais il n’a pas jamais été décrit dans la reconstruction de la base du crâne. Objectif: Démontrer que le lambeau de FAMM peut atteindre des zones clés de la base du crâne et être considéré comme une nouvelle option de reconstruction de cette région. Méthode: Nous avons entrepris une étude cadavérique avec prélèvement de lambeaux de FAMM modifiés et une dissection endoscopique de la base du crâne sur 13 spécimens. Des mesures ont été prises pour chaque lambeau prélevé. Résultats: L’aire de reconstruction moyenne du lambeau de FAMM et des extensions est de 15.90 cm2. Les lambeaux couvrent totalement les déficits simulés du sinus frontal, des ethmoïdes, le toit du sphénoïde et la selle turcique. Conclusion: Le lambeau de FAMM peut être considéré comme une nouvelle alternative dans la reconstruction des déficits de la base du crâne. Les modifications apportent une longueur additionnelle et contribuent à une couverture plus étanche du déficit que le lambeau de FAMM seul.

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