This thesis identifies the financial incentives of litigants and lawyers to behave in certain ways in relation to civil litigation files. By identifying such incentives, this thesis raises questions about the extent to which substantive and procedural private law is capable of being influenced by them. Specifically, this thesis argues that: lawyers have a lawmaking function within the private law system; lawyers have financial incentives distinct from those of their clients; and the costs of retaining lawyers produce observable incentives and effects on the outcomes of civil litigation matters. In addition to the many theoretical materials cited, empirical data have been cited from research observing the legal profession in North America and elsewhere. This thesis argues that external influences--such as financial incentives for non-parties--can affect the way private law applies and develops. This thesis also identifies general regulatory strategies that might limit the influence of external factors on private law.

This study deals with the impact of the legislative bill that enabled the creation of a regulated cannabis market in Uruguay as a means to combat organized crime in the country. This study will also explore the hypothesis that this legislative bill changed the legal character of criminality as well as reformulating narcotic issues from being a criminal issue into a public health issue. Analyzing the very specific case of Uruguay’s current narcotic policies becomes a means to explore the ideas that constitute Law Nr 19.172 “Marijuana and its derivatives” which might be indicative of the attitudes in society regarding criminality. This ties into the new iteration of the dichotomy between law and democracy as a result of this legislative reform in Uruguay and the possible new role of legal theory in a democratic country which is discussed in this article.

"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)" / La Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse prévoit que la détermination des mesures de protection peut faire l'objet d'une décision du Tribunal de la jeunesse ou, alternativement, d'une entente sur mesures volontaires (emv) proposée par un intervenant de la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse et acceptée par le jeune et ses parents. La recherche porte sur le second mode d'application de la Loi. Elle établit la problématique de l'emv en théorie du droit et propose une observation sociologique de la pratique de l'emv dans les cas de troubles de comportements sérieux (art. 38h) L.P.J.). Une problématique scientifique de l'emv commande l'interdisciplinarité. Il s'agit de retracer les origines conceptuelles de cette alternative à la judiciarisation dans des disciplines externes, puis d'insérer cette connaissance en théorie du droit. Le concept d'emv relève de deux mouvements différents, celui de l'intervention contractuelle en travail social et celui de la gouvernance contractuelle en droit. Ce dernier comprend la transaction de droit public, le contrat administratif et le droit souple (soft law). Ces deux mouvements participent d'une même vague de fond théorique, qui déferle actuellement sur l'ensemble des sciences humaines, et qui inclut le contrat de l'analyse transactionnelle en psychologie ainsi que la pédagogie de contrat. Le concept de contrat pédagogique désigne cette mouvance scientifique. Il est inhérent à la modernité et il constitue une mutation paradigmatique par rapport à la division droit privé/droit public, d'où la nécessité, pour définir l'emv, d'un concept nouveau et indépendant par rapport à cette division: le concept d'autorité normative. La recherche sociologique relève de la méthode de l'entretien compréhensif formalisée par Jean-Claude Kaufmann. Elle a pour but d'observer l'effectivité de l'emv. Les entretiens auprès de mères et de jeunes garçons révèlent un vécu subjectif en partie conforme à la finalité instrumentale de l'emv (réactions d'ouverture et d'adhésion au droit), et en partie non conforme (réaction de méprise chez les mères et de peur chez les jeunes). De même, les entretiens réalisés auprès des intervenants révèlent une pensée motrice en partie conforme à la rationalité du droit souple (décision clinique et acceptation de l'autocontrôle requis) et en partie non conforme (attitude rétrospective semblable à celle d'un juge et refus de la finalité imposée par la Loi). Le tout illustre l'important potentiel d'efficacité de l'emv, en termes de protection concrète, mais montre aussi la grande difficulté de la tâche de l'intervenant et l'inadaptation de sa préparation cognitive. Certains d'entre eux refusent le nouveau mode d'action publique parce qu'ils n'en comprennent pas la rationalité. Dans l'approche des problèmes de l'adolescence, il en résulte souvent une prégnance des formes pénales et la survivance, dans l'imaginaire parental, d'une mesure de répression du mineur réfractaire à l'autorité parentale, comme c'était le cas dans l'Acte concernant les écoles d'industrie de 1869. / The Youth Protection Act states that protective measures may be imposed by a decision of the Youth Tribunal or, alternatively, determined through a voluntary measures agreement (vma) proposed by a youth protection case worker and accepted by the minor and his parents. The research bears on the second mode of law application. It draws up the framework of vma in legal theory and proposes a sociological observation of the practice of vma in cases of severe behavior problems (art. 38h) YP.A.). A scientific framework of vma requires interdisciplinarity. The conceptual origins of this alternative to adjudication must be found in external disciplines and then must be introduced in legal theory. The concept of vma cornes from two different scientific movements, the contractual approach in social work and the contractual governance in law. The latter inc1udes public law transaction, administrative contract and soft law. Both movements belong to a large theoretical wave, now invading the whole of human sciences, inc1uding among others transactional analysis in psychology and contract-based pedagogy. The concept of pedagogical contract identifies this large scientific movement. Although inherently modern, the movement represents a paradigm shift from the private law/public law distinction and requires the construction of the new concept of "normative authority", independent from that distinction, in order to define vma. The sociological research follows the principles of comprehensive interview such as formalized by Jean-Claude Kaufmann. Its goal is to study the effectivity of vma. Interviews with mothers and boys reveal a subjective life experience partially in line with the instrumental function of vma (reaction of open-mindedness and adherence to law), and partially not (reaction of misunderstanding amoung mothers and of fear amoung boys). In the same way, interviews with youth protection case workers reveal motives of action partially in line with the rationality of soft law (c1inical decision and acceptance of self-control), and partially not Gudge-like retrospective attitude and refusaI of the official purpose). Globally, the results show the important potential of effectiveness of vma in terms of concrete protection, but they also reveal the great difficulties of the decision-making job undertaken by the youth protection case workers and the inadequacy of their cognitive background. Sorne of them refuse the new administrative mode because they do not understand its rationality. Then, quite often, the treatment of teenager problems reveals the prevalence of a punitive rationality and the survival, in parental imagery, of the idea of a procedure whose purpose would be to repress a child's resistance to authority, as was the case with the Industrial Schools Act of 1869.

(English) What is liability?1 This "big" question has proven to be too tough for many private law theorists during the past 60 years. A dominant Czech approach to liability is the so-called theory of sanction: liability is a secondary duty imposed due to breach of a primary duty. At the same time, however, liability is conceptualized as an active institute, i.e. as liability to fulfil an obligation. This implies a specific "Czech" problem of liability: a paradoxical situation where a man can be liable because he was sanctioned, and also be sanctioned because he was liable. Liability in this sense seems to be an inherently flawed and meaningless concept, since both theories aspire to describe liability to the same extent (co-extensively). The most recent trend in Czech legal theory is thus a sceptical approach that completely eliminates the concept of liability from legal discourse. This is contrary to an ongoing and presumably meaningful debate on liability in foreign non-Czech literature that supports the most recent analytical and normative approaches to European legal regulation and its developments. Unlike in Czech language, this literature treats liability (Haftung) and responsibility (Verantwortung) as two discrete concepts. But why is this so? Wher does the "Czech" problem of liability come...

[pt] Ao longo das últimas décadas, a possibilidade de se assegurar a emancipação da mulher pelo Direito foi empenhada em diversas frentes: consideração de direitos civis e políticos, lutas por direitos reprodutivos e, significativamente, pela tipificação e erradicação de diversos tipos de violências. A partir de uma perspectiva que toma o gênero como fator relevante para a definição do lugar que o sujeito ocupa na vida social, os movimentos feministas têm procurado problematizar o quanto homens e mulheres são impactados de formas diferentes pelo império do Direito. Tendo como principal eixo teórico a obra de Axel Honneth, cuja teoria do reconhecimento permite a compreensão dos conflitos sociais sob a ótica das relações intersubjetivas, a negação do reconhecimento jurídico feminino pode ser visualizada como uma forma de manutenção de uma esfera pública predominantemente masculina. Diante deste panorama, a primeira parte desta dissertação procura examinar o quanto a releitura do Direito por uma ótica feminista foi significativa para a reversão gradual desse quadro. Para cumprir esse objetivo, a pesquisa examina o desenvolvimento das teorias feministas do Direito, sistematizado por Martha Chamallas, e a importância da litigância feminista neste campo para politizar temas anteriormente restritos à esfera privada, tendo como principal objeto a categorização do assédio sexual em suas diversas manifestações. Após apresentar a utilização estratégica do Direito pelas litigantes feminitstas, em um segundo momento, a dissertação procura explorar as recentes atuações pela consideração legal do assédio nas ruas. Por fim, são apresentadas narrativas de mulheres apontando esta interação como responsável pela restrição de liberdades basilares da vida pública democrática.Ao longo das últimas décadas, a possibilidade de se assegurar a emancipação da mulher pelo Direito foi empenhada em diversas frentes: consideração de direitos civis e políticos, lutas por direitos reprodutivos e, significativamente, pela tipificação e erradicação de diversos tipos de violências. A partir de uma perspectiva que toma o gênero como fator relevante para a definição do lugar que o sujeito ocupa na vida social, os movimentos feministas têm procurado problematizar o quanto homens e mulheres são impactados de formas diferentes pelo império do Direito. Tendo como principal eixo teórico a obra de Axel Honneth, cuja teoria do reconhecimento permite a compreensão dos conflitos sociais sob a ótica das relações intersubjetivas, a negação do reconhecimento jurídico feminino pode ser visualizada como uma forma de manutenção de uma esfera pública predominantemente masculina. Diante deste panorama, a primeira parte desta dissertação procura examinar o quanto a releitura do Direito por uma ótica feminista foi significativa para a reversão gradual desse quadro. Para cumprir esse objetivo, a pesquisa examina o desenvolvimento das teorias feministas do Direito, sistematizado por Martha Chamallas, e a importância da litigância feminista neste campo para politizar temas anteriormente restritos à esfera privada, tendo como principal objeto a categorização do assédio sexual em suas diversas manifestações. Após apresentar a utilização estratégica do Direito pelas litigantes feminitstas, em um segundo momento, a dissertação procura explorar as recentes atuações pela consideração legal do assédio nas ruas. Por fim, são apresentadas narrativas de mulheres apontando esta interação como responsável pela restrição de liberdades basilares da vida pública democrática. / [en] Throughout the last decades, the possibility of ensuring the emancipation of women through the Law has been committed on several fronts: consideration of civil and political rights, struggles for reproductive rights and, significantly, the typification and eradication of various types of violence. From a perspective that takes gender as a relevant factor for the definition of the place that the subject occupies in social life, the feminist movements have tried to problematize how much men and women are impacted in different ways by the rule of Law. Having as main theoretical axis Axel Honneth s work, whose theory of recognition allows the understanding of social conflicts from the point of view of intersubjective relations, the denial of female legal recognition can be viewed as a way of maintaining a predominantly male public sphere. Given this panorama, the first part of this dissertation tries to examine how the rereading of the Law in a feminist perspective was significant for the gradual reversion of this picture. In order to fulfill this objective, the research examines the development of feminist legal theories, systematized by Martha Chamallas, and the importance of feminist litigation in this field to politicize subjects previously restricted to the private sphere, having as main object the categorization of sexual harassment in its various manifestations. After presenting the strategic use of Law by feminist litigants, the dissertation seeks to explore recent actions for the legal consideration of street harassment. Finally, narratives of women are presented, understanding this interaction as responsible for the restriction of basic freedoms of democratic public life.

A dissertação visa expor a tese de Ronald Dworkin que veio a ser conhecida como interpretativismo, segundo a qual o direito é uma prática interpretativa. O objetivo principal é entender a contribuição metodológica que essa tese representa para o entendimento teórico do direito e qual seu argumento contra teorias do direito meramente descritivas. Para localizar a contribuição de Dworkin, são apresentadas, em primeiro lugar, as inovações metodológicas que surgem na obra seminal de Herbert Hart, O Conceito de Direito. A ideia chave que passa a ser discutida a partir dessa obra é a de ponto de vista interno. É considerada uma tese segundo a qual o próprio Hart teria plantado as sementes do interpretativismo. A teoria de Dworkin é então apresentada como uma teoria que, inicialmente, preocupa-se em entender a controvérsia no direito. Para isso, ela se vale de do argumento dos desacordos teóricos e do argumento relacionado do ferrão semântico. Esses argumentos revelam uma característica política da prática jurídica que o positivismo analítico desconsiderou, ao tentar entender essa prática apenas por meio da abordagem da filosofia da linguagem. Ao interpretativismo é contraposto então o desafio proposto por uma teoria positivista contemporânea, a qual, ainda que não discorde do caráter normativo da prática, pretende defender o descritivismo na teoria. Por fim, como resposta a esse desafio, é apresentada a formulação mais recente do interpretativismo, a partir das obras de Dworkin Justiça de Toga e Justice for Hedgehogs. Nessas obras, estão formulados de maneira definitiva dois argumentos que são a chave para o entendimento da teoria interpretativa de Dworkin: o argumento sobre caráter controverso da prática jurídica e a indisponibilidade de explicações criteriais, e o argumento sobre a impossibilidade de realização de teorias arquimedianas (externas). A conclusão do trabalho é apresentada em forma de uma agenda de pesquisas para a teoria do direito e também para a sociologia jurídica, agenda esta que decorre da adoção da teoria interpretativista como a maneira mais adequada de enxergar a prática jurídica. / The dissertation aims to expose the Ronald Dworkins thesis that has come to be known as interpretivism, according to which the law is an \"interpretive practice\". The main objective is to understand the methodological contribution that this thesis represents to the theoretical understanding of the law, and the argument it offers against merely descriptive theories of law. To locate the contribution of Dworkin\'s theory, the dissertation presents, first, the methodological innovations that arise in the seminal work of Herbert Hart, The Concept of Law. The key idea that starts being discussed is that of the internal point of view. It is considered an argument that Hart himself would have \"planted the seeds\" of Dworkins interpretivism. Dworkin\'s theory is then presented as a theory that is initially concerned to understand the controversy in the practice of law. For that, it relies on the argument of theoretical disagreements and on the argument regarding the \"semantic sting\". These arguments reveal the political character of legal practice that was disregarded by analytical positivism due to its commitment to understand this practice only through the approach of the philosophy of language. Interpretivism is then contrasted to the challenge posed by a contemporary positivist theory, which agrees that the legal practice has normative character, but intends to defend descriptivism in theory. Finally, in response to this challenge, it is presented the latest formulation of interpretivism, bearing on recent Dworkin\'s books, Justice in Robes and Justice for Hedgehogs. In these works, two arguments that are key to the understanding of Dworkin\'s interpretive theory receive its final formulation: the argument about the controversial character of legal practice and the unavailability of criterial explanations, and the argument about the impossibility of \"Archimedean\" (external) theories. Following the adoption of interpretive theory as the most appropriate way of looking at legal practice, the study concludes in the form of a research agenda for the theory of law and to legal sociology.

O presente trabalho parte da concepção de que o direito constitui um medium de exposição da realidade, em analogia, ainda que distante, com as reflexões sobre a literatura do filólogo alemão Erich Auerbach. Desse ponto de partida, segue-se para a identificação de um tema específico em que essa forma de exposição jurídica poderia, com mais clareza, ser analisada. São então enfocados os conflitos e debates ligados às desapropriações por zona realizadas no século XX na cidade de São Paulo e que estiveram fortemente relacionadas com os movimentos de estruturação e crescimento da metrópole. Da observação das densidades históricas e jurídicas do projeto de saneamento do Rio Pinheiros e da reurbanização do Metrô de Santana, será possível identificar, pelo contraste existente entre eles, uma alteração na forma como, face a um mesmo instituto jurídico a desapropriação variou o modo de conceber o público e o privado, suas funções e limites. Se no começo do século XX foi unanimemente aceito o exercício por uma empresa privada do direito de expropriação de terras particulares ao longo do Rio Pinheiros, as visões se alterariam de tal forma que ato semelhante, nos anos de 1970, levaria a uma profunda divisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal quanto à legalidade da medida. A hipótese pesquisada é a de que a jurisprudência reflete e medeia movimentos mais amplos da sociedade e, por isso, tornou-se mais permeável à representação de outros interesses e alargou seu espectro de exposição da realidade, o que se busca mostrar no epílogo com o exemplo da reintegração de posse de uma favela em São Paulo, em que a racionalidade jurídica mais estrita cedeu lugar a uma representação mais direta de um conflito urbano. / The work departs from the conception that the law is a medium of realitys representation, in analogy, perhaps distant, with the work on literature of the German philologist Erich Auerbach. Taking this as a starting point, what follows identifies a specific subject in law practice in which the laws representation of reality could be clearly analyzed: the conflicts and debates arising from excess condemnation procedures in São Paulo along the 20th century and their relationship to the growth and restructuring of the city as a metropolis. Its aim is to observe legal and historical densities related to urban projects of intervention in the Pinheiros River and the urbanization for the construction of the Santana subway station. In both cases shall be identified, in their contrast, how the conceptions of private and public changed along the years. Even if the analysis keeps centered on the same legal instrument takings procedures it shall nevertheless become clear that conceptions of public and private spheres have undergone deep changes, as well as the functions and roles that each of these spheres plays in Brazilian society. If in the beginning of the 20th century the exercise of excess condemnation rights by a private company was unanimously accepted, the legal mentalities would significantly change so that the same procedure would create a deep dissention within Brazilian Supreme Court Justices when they had to decide on its legality. The research hypothesis is that judicial decisions became more open to the representation of a legal reality containing the interests of different people and groups, what shall be shown in the conclusion by the analysis of a legal action undertaken against a slum in São Paulo at the end of 20th century in São Paulo.

This thesis examines data and theory about how the system of law (SL) operates and evolves: it contrasts data from social workers and attorneys working in the juvenile dependency court with theories about how individuals and social systems evolve. The analysis is based on research conducted in San Diego and revolves around a theory about human development, or the "individual as a system" (HD), and a theory about social systems, such as the autopoietic theory of law and its self-reproducing system (LA). It is suggested that together, the theories of HD+LA help to examine how professionals and law operate and evolve in the legal system. Overall, the thesis rejects the autopoietic systems theory that law reproduces itself, by itself. Instead, analysis in this study supports the finding that law is defined and operates through a dialectic of the individual and the social (or the organic and the mechanistic respectively) such that each gives rise to the other. On the basis of this system connection, aspects from systems theory about legal autopoiesis are integrated into concepts from constructive-developmental theory (HDLA), thus providing a new framework through which to examine how law and its system functions. The new framework is built around an equation that emerged some time after data analysis and theoretical development: SL=HDLA+DSA . The equation states that: The evolution of the system of law involves processes of human development and to some but a much lesser degree, the autopoietic nature of law. The extent of this evolution is best determined by analyzing data from a court setting. The dialectical relationship between individual and social influences in the evolution of law is facilitated by the accumulation of social action � such as activity from media and advocacy groups � and the individual meaning that professionals make about this action, which in turn has an influence on the formal and informal operations that they perform when operating law. The nature of these interacting dynamics will be shown through two interconnected tools of analysis: one is a typology of individual, professional and system self-concepts; the typology helps to show how a cycle of system change (human development giving rise to legal change and vice versa) occurs in the court; the other is the operative structure (or culture) of systems for law and social work in child abuse cases � which unite in court operations. These two interconnected tools help to show how the court operates and how social action (SA) for change contributes to professional and system change in the evolution of law.

This thesis concerns the violation of the right to a fair trial by the appointment of ineffective public defenders. The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees the right to appointed counsel if a defendant cannot afford it. The first section of the thesis focuses on how the history of the case law which constitutionally mandates effective appointed counsel for all United States citizens who cannot afford otherwise. However, this right is not being fulfilled for millions of American citizens. The judicial system is structured so that many indigent accused criminals are convinced by their overworked and underpaid public defenders to plead guilty. This "meet and plead" style of representation expedites the trial process at the expense of indigent defendants. The second section covers the epidemic of fair trial rights violations in the United States. In order to fix this problem there are solutions that the Supreme Court, trial courts, and the legislature can address. The third and final section concludes the thesis with a discussion of possible remedies for the deficiencies of the American public defender conglomerate.

The term &#039 / Costitutional Democracy&#039 / is characterized by an underlying conceptual tension between the rule of law and populSar sovereignty. This is reflected in the controversy surrounding the judicial review of legislation in contemporary political systems. In this thesis, the development of the idea of &#039 / governmernt under law&#039 / in political thought, contemporary debates on the doctrine of judicial review and normative relation between law and politics is analyzed. It is concluded that both &#039 / constitutionality&#039 / and &#039 / popular sovereignty&#039 / are essentil to modern democracy. Yet, it might be problematic to disassociate constitutional law from ordinary politics, since the latter is the principal means through which a polity shapes its future.