Today there exists a legal norm that declares the existence of a global responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities. Previous doctrines of non-intervention and permissibility were inadequate and demonstrated the need for a new outlook. From a commission proposal to international acceptance the doctrine of a responsibility to protect (R2P) developed quickly and legitimately. Recent events, especially the events in Libya during the Arab Spring, highlight the conceptual evolution of the norm and, more importantly, an international acceptance of its binding quality. Therefore, it is apparent R2P has achieved the status of a legal norm of international law.

Today there exists a legal norm that declares the existence of a global responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities. Previous doctrines of non-intervention and permissibility were inadequate and demonstrated the need for a new outlook. From a commission proposal to international acceptance the doctrine of a responsibility to protect (R2P) developed quickly and legitimately. Recent events, especially the events in Libya during the Arab Spring, highlight the conceptual evolution of the norm and, more importantly, an international acceptance of its binding quality. Therefore, it is apparent R2P has achieved the status of a legal norm of international law.

Dvidešimtas amžius atnešė žmogaus teises ir jų apsaugos idėją, kaip jas būtų galima puoselėti. 2001 metais Tarptautinė komisija dėl intervencijos ir valstybės suverenumo parengė projektą “Pareiga ginti” (Responsability to protect). Ši doktrina paremta valstybės pareiga saugoti ir gerbti jos piliečių žmogaus teises bei tarptautinės bendruomenės pareiga įsikišti, jeigu valstybė padaro didelio masto žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Šis darbas siekia atsakyti į klausimą, ar doktrina “Pareiga ginti” yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma. Tuo remiantis, pirmoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje analizuojama, kas yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė ir kaip ji gali būti pritaikyta realioje situacijoje. Antroje dalyje pateikiamas doktrinos “Pareiga ginti” aprašymas, bei nurodomi pagrindiniai šios doktrinos elementai. Trečioje ir ketvirtoje dalyse analizuojami jėgos panaudojimo prieš valstybę teisiniai aspektai ir pateikiamas naujausias doktrinos pritaikymo atvejis Libijoje. Išvados darbo pabaigoje pateikia atsakymą į darbo pradžioje išsikeltą hipotezę, jog doktrina “Pareiga ginti” dar nėra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma, nors toks statusas padėtų išvengti politinio akligatvio ir Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo tarybos veiksmams suteiktų lankstumo. Pažymėtina, kad baigiamajame darbe taipogi pateikiama idėja, kad pirmasis doktrinos elementas, t.y. valstybės atsakomybė saugoti ir gerbti žmogaus teises yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė. Tačiau antrasis elementas – tarptautinės bendruomenės įsikišimas į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state’s duty to respect its own citizens’ rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state’s duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an... [to full text]

This essay takes aim on the issue that the concept of the best interest of the child has no distinct legal definition. This essay means to explore how the concept is constructed by the social workers in investigations about custody, accommodation and contact. Furthermore, previous research suggests that social norms have an influence on the construction of the concept. Therefore, this essay also aims to understand if this is the case and to what extent norms have an influence on the construction of the best interest of the child. Finally, the goal is also to understand how legal certainty is affected by the influence of social norms. This essay uses a content analysis of investigations that are presented in the court’s legal documents. The content analysis uses the theoretical framework from Håkan Hydéns norm model. The results show that social workers mainly use circumstances in the individual case to create meaning of what is and what is not the best interest of the child. Social workers also use their own knowledge and experience, as well as scientific knowledge. Lastly, social workers sometimes use their own interpretations, opinions and values to give meaning to what the best interest of the child means. The results also show that there is room for norms to influence the assessment of what is in the best interest of the child, but at the same time the result can’t explain to what extent social norms have an influence. Furthermore, the results show that the influence of norms may affect the legal certainty of children negatively.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-24T12:15:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stephanie Carolyn Perez.pdf: 832289 bytes, checksum: fe9cb279e485dec92d08655b227810af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-24T12:15:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stephanie Carolyn Perez.pdf: 832289 bytes, checksum: fe9cb279e485dec92d08655b227810af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / Until the advent of Brazilian Constitution of 1988, the legislature had been concerned to protect individual interests, such as life and property rights. However, with the emergence of so-called Liberal State, the legislator found that the individuality of the XVIII Century was not enough to regulate the demands of the new society that was being born, mainly because of the emergence of relations of a collective character. The concept of the diffuse and collective interests emerged with the need to keep up with this social evolution. In this context, the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 attributed protection to consumer's rights, by the Article 5, XXXII. In the same sense, it was followed by the infraconstitucional legislation, that provided criminal protection to the consumers relations, with the definition of Crimes Against the Consumer Relations. The matter up for discussion is whether there is effectiveness in the way in which the legal framework protects this category of interests and, especially, if the application of penal rules for the protection of consumer relations is necessary. Based on the premises of the General Theory of Law and based on a study of Philosophy of Law and Criminal Law, the purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the Effectiveness of Law specifically to the production of results by the legal rules in the context of the Crimes Against the Consumer Relations / Com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988 surgiu um novo cenário de proteção dos interesses jurídicos. Até então, o legislador preocupava-se em tutelar interesses individuais, como a vida e o patrimônio. Contudo, com o surgimento do chamado Estado Liberal, o legislador verificou que a individualidade do Século XVIII não era suficiente para regular as exigências da nova sociedade que estava nascendo, principalmente em razão do surgimento de relações de caráter coletivo. Neste contexto surgiu a tutela dos chamados interesses difusos e coletivos como uma necessidade de se acompanhar essa evolução social. Neste cenário, a Constituição Federal de 1988 passou a prever a proteção dos direitos do consumidor em seu artigo 5º, inciso XXXII. No mesmo sentido seguiu a legislação infraconstitucional, que passou a prever aplicação da tutela penal para as relações de consumo, por meio da tipificação dos Crimes contra as Relações de Consumo. Questão que se coloca em debate é se existe efetividade na forma como o ordenamento jurídico tutela essa categoria de interesses e, principalmente, se é necessária a aplicação da tutela penal para a proteção das relações de consumo. Partindo-se das premissas da Teoria Geral do Direito e com base em um estudo conjunto das áreas da Filosofia do Direito e do Direito Penal, a proposta desta dissertação é analisar a Efetividade do Direito especificamente com relação à produção de resultados pela norma jurídica na aplicação da tutela penal nos Crimes contra as Relações de Consumo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luis Carlos A Mercon de Vargas.pdf: 2709564 bytes, checksum: 077ce454fba7c6f8a71bcc3e3e60cb27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-30 / This study aims to analyze the suspension of tax enforcement, discussed from a normative perspective. The method employed is the analytical-hermeneutics method, based on the premise that the law is constituted by language. For this reason, the work involves a syntactic, semantic and pragmatic analysis. The purpose is to comprehend the suspension of tax enforcement as a normative conditional proposition (i.e, as a formal structure). The antecedents of this proposition are the hypotheses listed in article 151, of the Brazilian Tax Code, and the consequent is the prohibition for the Tax Authority to collect tax credits. Furthermore, the paper also discusses the suspension norm s interactions among the other norms in the legal system, and how the sign-using agents of law deal with it. The work takes into consideration the complete formal structure of the legal norm (i.e., primary and secondary norms) / Esta pesquisa tem por objeto a suspensão da exigibilidade do crédito tributário. Investiga-se o fenômeno do ponto de vista normativo, utilizando-se do método analítico-hermenêutico, e partindo da premissa que o direito é constituído por linguagem. Por conta disso o estudo passa por uma análise sintática, semântica e pragmática. O objetivo é compreender a norma de suspensão como juízo hipotético condicional, em que o antecedente é umas das hipóteses previstas no art. 151, do CTN, e o consequente representa a proibição de que o sujeito ativo exerça a cobrança do crédito tributário perante o sujeito passivo. Além disso, também é estudado como essa norma interage com as demais no sistema, bem como os utentes da linguagem jurídica lidam com ela. Toda essa análise é feita levando em consideração a estrutura completa da norma jurídica (norma primária e norma secundária)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Melo de Oliveira.pdf: 810207 bytes, checksum: 15a138feddb03a4642b33aa27853ff9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-01 / The purpose of this research is to establish the initial deadline for the redirection of tax lien against shareholders, managers or responsible for the abnormal termination of corporate society administrators. The study is done from the perspective of the realities are constructed within a system by linguistic operation that gives it unity. In the case of law, is the legal rule establishing relations and legal facts, which calls for implementing the act, by which one recognizes the fulfillment of the criteria elected by a general and abstract legal norm. After noting that the tax cannot derive from tort and that the abnormal termination is configured as a violation of the law, is defined the legal basis for liability, defining the criteria established in the rule of law in order to undertake an analysis of the legal fact that gives you cause and the new legal relationship formed. Investigates the impact of the legal rule under a logical perspective, emphasizing the necessity of the act of applying the rule for the construction of legal facts and creation of legal relations. The expects is, in the end, fix the time available to the tax authorities for the establishment of the fact infraction and constitution of the legal relationship derived therefrom, as well as fixing the initial period has expired / A proposta da presente pesquisa é estabelecer o termo inicial do prazo para o redirecionamento da execução fiscal contra os sócios, gerentes ou administradores responsáveis pelo encerramento irregular da sociedade empresarial. O estudo é feito a partir da perspectiva de que as realidades são construídas dentro de um sistema pela operação linguística que lhe confere unidade. No caso do direito, é a norma jurídica que cria as relações e os fatos jurídicos, o que reclama o ato de aplicação, por meio do qual se reconhece o preenchimento dos critérios eleitos por uma norma jurídica geral e abstrata. A partir da constatação de que o tributo não pode derivar de ato ilícito e de que o encerramento irregular se configura como uma infração à lei, é definido o fundamento legal para a responsabilidade, com a delimitação dos critérios estabelecidos na norma jurídica, a fim de proceder a uma análise do fato jurídico que lhe dá causa e da nova relação jurídica formada. Investiga-se a incidência da norma jurídica sob um prisma lógico, ressaltando a necessidade do ato de aplicação da norma para a construção dos fatos jurídicos e criação das relações jurídicas. Pretende-se, ao final, definir o prazo de que dispõe o Fisco para a constituição do fato infracional e criação da relação jurídica dele derivada, bem como fixar o termo inicial do referido prazo

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-18T13:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Di Palma Back_.pdf: 1065653 bytes, checksum: d5a23ae5c08125bd959ac841e5c48e35 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T13:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Di Palma Back_.pdf: 1065653 bytes, checksum: d5a23ae5c08125bd959ac841e5c48e35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-16 / Nenhuma / Trata-se de dissertação que compara os conceitos de Direito carregados por categorias diferentes teorias do Direito. O conceito de norma jurídica descrito por Hans Kelsen e o conceito de expectativa normativa descrito por Niklas Luhmann têm em comum somente o fato de serem o produto de observações voltadas para uma realidade normativa. As suas semelhanças se encerram aí. Nesse sentido, a norma jurídica de Kelsen é marcada pela diferença entre o factual e o normativo, enquanto a expectativa normativa de Luhmann é marcada pela diferença entre o cognitivo e o normativo. Ainda que essas categorizações não sejam são diretamente comparáveis, na medida em que ambos esses conceitos são utilizados pelos seus autores para as suas descrições do Direito, esses conceitos tornam-se, na sua diferença, representativos da diferença que existe entre os conceitos de Direito que os fundamentam. Esse trabalho pretende se valer deles para realizar uma análise comparativa de ambas as descrições: entre o conceito normativo de Direito em Kelsen e o conceito sociológico em Luhmann. Ele será um trabalho bibliográfico e comparativo. A metodologia adotada será a seguinte: em um primeiro momento se apresentarão os fundamentos do modo descritivo da teoria do Direito de Kelsen; após, se apresentarão os fundamentos do modo descritivo da sociologia do Direito de Luhmann; e, ao final, se buscará, a partir dos conceitos-chave mencionados, os conceitos de Direito que os fundamentam para realizar a oposição dos diferentes modos de observação do Direito. Como resultado da pesquisa, concluiu-se que, ainda que realmente se compare um conceito analítico com outro funcional, as diferenças referentes aos conceitos não puderam ser resumidas ao potencial transdisciplinar das teorias, mas à uma opção de como se aproximar do objeto de pesquisa. / This is a dissertation which compares the concepts of law as presented by categories of diferent theories of Law. The concept of legal norm described by Hans Kelsen and the concept of normative expectations described by Niklas Luhmann have in common only the fact that they are the product of observations aimed at a normative reality. Their similarities end there. In this sense, Kelsen’s legal norm is marked by the difference between factual and normative, while Luhmann’s normative expectation is marked by the difference between cognitive and normative. These categorizations are not directly comparable, however, to the extent that both of these concepts are used by the authors for their descriptions of the law, these concepts become, in their difference, representative of the difference between the concepts of Law underlying them. This work intends to make use of them to carry out a comparative analysis of both descriptions: between Kelsen’s normative concept of law and Luhmann’s sociological one. It will be a bibliographical and comparative work. The way to do this is as follows: at first it will be presented the fundamentals of the descriptive mode of Kelsen’s theory of law; a second phase will present the fundamentals of the descriptive way of Luhmann’s sociology of law; in the end, it will be sought to derive, from the key concepts mentioned, those concepts of law underlying them for the purpose of oposing the different ways of observing the law. As a result of the research, it was concluded that, although it is really a comparison between an analytical concept with a functional one, differences related to the concepts could not be summarized to the transdisciplinary potential of theories, but to a choice of how to approach the object of research.

Qu’est-ce qui fait qu’une norme juridique est respectée en pratique ? Dans un contexte de complexification du droit international et d’émergence de nouvelles formes de normativité, le régime juridique de lutte contre les changements climatiques fournit un champ d’étude particulièrement stimulant. Pour répondre à l’urgence d’une action universelle en faveur de la protection du climat, le Mécanisme pour un développement propre du Protocole de Kyoto (MDP) constitue un outil pionnier en tant qu’instrument de marché destiné à faciliter la réalisation des obligations juridiques. Offrant la possibilité aux États industrialisés et aux entreprises de compenser leurs émissions de carbone à travers des projets réalisés dans les États en développement, le MDP a donné lieu à une pratique abondante, encadrée par une architecture normative complexe. Cette architecture est composée de normes de natures et de portées très diversifiées, façonnée par l’engouement fort des États et du secteur privé. Bonnes pratiques, codes de conduite, recommandations, sont autant de normes dépourvues de caractère obligatoire, mais qui connaissent cependant une remarquable effectivité. / Why are legal norms complied with in practice? In the context of an evolutionary process of complexification of international legal regimes, with emergence of changing forms of normativity, the international climate change regime offers an interesting illustration. As collective answer to the challenge of mitigation of the green house gas emissions at the global level, an open market of carbon credits was created, in order to make attractive and financially interesting the mitigation projects. As a pioneer, the Clean Development Mechanism, one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, is at the disposal of the industrialized States and of the private sector to reduce their carbon emissions in the territory of developing States. This Mechanism gives raise to an intense practice, regulated by a complex normative architecture. This architecture is composed by norms very diverse in nature and scope, designed by the infatuation of the States and private sector. Good practices, codes of conduct, recommendations, as norms, despite their non-binding character, that are particularly effective. Through the tentative of qualification of this legal system, this analysis describes a participative law- making process, where norms are continuously debated among actors. The system organizes new ways in order to ensure legal certainty, whereas the key question of its coherence is raised. This research finally allows envisaging a tool of identification of factors of the legal effectiveness, which could inspire other emerging normative models.

Detta arbete visar en möjlig väg för skapandet av en utökad norm/lagprövning genom att öka lagrådets befogenheter samt självständighet, där den lagstiftande församlingen samt den dömande och uttolkande myndigheten får en tydligare gräns än tidigare, där lagprövning står i fokus. Detta görs utifrån svensk rättstradition, där tidigare lagar omarbetats samt omplacerats utifrån traditionell rättsutredning. Lagrådet har givits en egen personalbudget vilket tidigare låg under Högsta domstolen samt ett eget kapitel i Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform - RF. Lagrådets befogenheter och sammansättning har utökats samt deras tillsättning har överförts från politisk tillsättning till domarnämnden vilket omfattas av flera grupper från samhället, inte bara av politiker. Dessa sammanlagda åtgärder ger ett ökat tryck på parter att göra rätt från början i ett lagarbete, men det ger också möjlighet till att i efterhand granska och omarbeta fel som visat sig på vägen i ett konkret arbete. Detta systematiska sätt att arbeta ger en ökad öppenhet samt rättssäkerhet kring lagskapande och granskande arbete på ett ekonomiskt fördelaktigt sätt. / This work shows a possible path for the inception of an expanded norm / law review by increasing the powers for Council of law and its independence, where the legislative government and the judging law reviewing parts will have a clearer boundary than before, where legal reviewing is in focus. This is done on the basis of Swedish legal tradition, where previous laws have been revised and repositioned based on traditional legal reviewing method. The law council has been given its own staff budget, which was previously under the Supreme Court, and it has been given a separate chapter in The (1974:152) Instrument of government- RF. The council's powers and composition have been expanding and their appointment has been transferred from political appointment to the judicial committee, which is covered by several groups from society, not just by politicians. These aggregated measures give a total increase in pressure on parties to do right from the start, but also give the opportunity to retrospectively review and rework errors that have proven themselves in court’s rulings. This systematic way of working provides increased transparency and legal certainty of reviewing and creating of new law in a positive economic way.