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Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro / A influências das relações sociais na saúde vem sendo largamente investigada em diferentes contextos. No que concerne a influência das relações sociais na atividade física de lazer (AFL) e na obesidade, abordagens multidimensionais e longitudinais, são escassas. O primeiro artigo objetivou investigar o efeito de quatro dimensões do apoio social no engajamento, manutenção, tipo e tempo gasto na prática de AFL em adultos durante um período de dois anos de seguimento (1999-2001). Enquanto que o segundo artigo visou investigar o efeito de cinco indicadores das relações sociais sobre a obesidade e potenciais diferenças de sexo nesta associação, após nove anos de seguimento (1991-2000). Para o primeiro artigo, foram analisados dados longitudinais obtidos através de questionários autopreenchidos aplicados em 3.253 funcionários de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro (Estudo Pró-Saúde). Enquanto que para o segundo artigo, dados longitudinais do Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) foram utilizados. Os resultados do primeiro artigo mostraram associações estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as dimensões de apoio social e AFL coletiva no grupo de engajamento. Além disso, a dimensão emocional/informação associou-se com o tempo em AFL (OR=2,0; IC95% 1,2-3,9). No grupo de manutenção, o apoio material associou-se com AFL coletiva (OR=1,8; IC95% 1,1-3,1) e a dimensão interação social positiva foi associado com o tempo gasto em AFL (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,1-2,7). Os resultados do segundo artigo mostraram que após o ajuste por fatores de confusão, a falta de apoio emocional (RR = 1,98; 95% IC 1,1-3,8) associou-se à incidência de obesidade entre os homens. Além disso, homens no nível mais baixo de IRS (índice de relações sociais) tiveram risco aumentado de desenvolver obesidade (RR = 2,22; 95% IC 1,1-4,4). Entre as mulheres o IRS não esteve significativamente associado com a obesidade. Contudo, um efeito protetor na obesidade para as mulheres que mudaram o estado civil de casada para nãocasada tenha sido encontrado (RR = 0,39; 95% IC 0,2-0,9). Ao que tange o primeiro artigo, conclui-se que todas as dimensões de apoio social influenciaram o tipo ou o tempo gasto em atividade física de lazer. No entanto, nossos resultados sugerem que o apoio social é mais importante no engajamento do que na situação de manutenção. Esse achado é importante, pois sugere que a manutenção da AFL deve estar associada a outros fatores além do nível individual de apoio social, como um ambiente adequado e políticas de saúde/sociais voltadas para a prática da AFL. Em relação ao segundo artigo, o presente estudo fornece evidências de uma associação inversa entre as relações sociais e a incidência de obesidade, evidenciando diferenças de sexo. Além disso, foi sugerido que preocupações com a imagem corporal entre mulheres poderia ser uma explicação para as diferenças de sexo. / The influences of social relations in health is being widely investigated in different contexts. Regarding the influence of social relationships in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and obesity, longitudinal multidimensional approaches are scarce. The first paper aim to investigate how four dimensions of social support affect LTPA engagement, maintenance, type, and time spent by adults during a two-year follow-up (1999-2001). While the second paper aim to investigate the effect of five social relationships indicators on obesity and the potential sex differences in associations after nine years of follow-up (1991-2000). For the first paper were analysed a longitudinal data from 3,253 non-faculty public employees at a university in Rio de Janeiro (the Pró-Saúde study). While for the second paper, longitudinal data from the Swedish level of living Survey (LNU) were used. Results from the first paper found statistically significant associations (p<0.05) between dimensions of social support and group LTPA were found in the engagement group. Also, the emotional/information dimension was associated with time spent on LTPA (OR=2.01; 95% CI 1.2-3.9). In the maintenance group, material support was associated with group LTPA (OR=1.80; 95% CI; 1.1-3.1) and the positive social interaction dimension was associated with time spent on LTPA (OR=1.65; 95% CI; 1.1-2.7). Results from the second paper showed that after adjustment for confounders, lack of emotional support (RR=1.98; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6) influence the incidence of obesity among men. In addition, men with the lowest level of SRI (social relationships index) had an increased risk of being obese (RR=2.22; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4). Among women SRI was not significantly associated with obesity. However, a protective effect on obesity for women who changed their marital status from married to unmarried (RR=0.39; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9) was found. Regarding the first paper, all dimensions of social support influenced LTPA type or the time spent on the activity. However, our findings suggest that social support is more important in engagement than in maintenance. This finding is important, because it suggests that maintenance of LTPA must be associated with other factors beyond the individuals level of social support, such as a suitable environment and social/health policies directed towards the practice of LTPA. In relation to the second paper, the present study provides evidence of an inverse association between social relationships and the incidence of obesity, highlighting sex differences. Moreover, it was suggested that body image concerns among women could be an explanation for sex differences.

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro / A influências das relações sociais na saúde vem sendo largamente investigada em diferentes contextos. No que concerne a influência das relações sociais na atividade física de lazer (AFL) e na obesidade, abordagens multidimensionais e longitudinais, são escassas. O primeiro artigo objetivou investigar o efeito de quatro dimensões do apoio social no engajamento, manutenção, tipo e tempo gasto na prática de AFL em adultos durante um período de dois anos de seguimento (1999-2001). Enquanto que o segundo artigo visou investigar o efeito de cinco indicadores das relações sociais sobre a obesidade e potenciais diferenças de sexo nesta associação, após nove anos de seguimento (1991-2000). Para o primeiro artigo, foram analisados dados longitudinais obtidos através de questionários autopreenchidos aplicados em 3.253 funcionários de uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro (Estudo Pró-Saúde). Enquanto que para o segundo artigo, dados longitudinais do Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU) foram utilizados. Os resultados do primeiro artigo mostraram associações estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as dimensões de apoio social e AFL coletiva no grupo de engajamento. Além disso, a dimensão emocional/informação associou-se com o tempo em AFL (OR=2,0; IC95% 1,2-3,9). No grupo de manutenção, o apoio material associou-se com AFL coletiva (OR=1,8; IC95% 1,1-3,1) e a dimensão interação social positiva foi associado com o tempo gasto em AFL (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,1-2,7). Os resultados do segundo artigo mostraram que após o ajuste por fatores de confusão, a falta de apoio emocional (RR = 1,98; 95% IC 1,1-3,8) associou-se à incidência de obesidade entre os homens. Além disso, homens no nível mais baixo de IRS (índice de relações sociais) tiveram risco aumentado de desenvolver obesidade (RR = 2,22; 95% IC 1,1-4,4). Entre as mulheres o IRS não esteve significativamente associado com a obesidade. Contudo, um efeito protetor na obesidade para as mulheres que mudaram o estado civil de casada para nãocasada tenha sido encontrado (RR = 0,39; 95% IC 0,2-0,9). Ao que tange o primeiro artigo, conclui-se que todas as dimensões de apoio social influenciaram o tipo ou o tempo gasto em atividade física de lazer. No entanto, nossos resultados sugerem que o apoio social é mais importante no engajamento do que na situação de manutenção. Esse achado é importante, pois sugere que a manutenção da AFL deve estar associada a outros fatores além do nível individual de apoio social, como um ambiente adequado e políticas de saúde/sociais voltadas para a prática da AFL. Em relação ao segundo artigo, o presente estudo fornece evidências de uma associação inversa entre as relações sociais e a incidência de obesidade, evidenciando diferenças de sexo. Além disso, foi sugerido que preocupações com a imagem corporal entre mulheres poderia ser uma explicação para as diferenças de sexo. / The influences of social relations in health is being widely investigated in different contexts. Regarding the influence of social relationships in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and obesity, longitudinal multidimensional approaches are scarce. The first paper aim to investigate how four dimensions of social support affect LTPA engagement, maintenance, type, and time spent by adults during a two-year follow-up (1999-2001). While the second paper aim to investigate the effect of five social relationships indicators on obesity and the potential sex differences in associations after nine years of follow-up (1991-2000). For the first paper were analysed a longitudinal data from 3,253 non-faculty public employees at a university in Rio de Janeiro (the Pró-Saúde study). While for the second paper, longitudinal data from the Swedish level of living Survey (LNU) were used. Results from the first paper found statistically significant associations (p<0.05) between dimensions of social support and group LTPA were found in the engagement group. Also, the emotional/information dimension was associated with time spent on LTPA (OR=2.01; 95% CI 1.2-3.9). In the maintenance group, material support was associated with group LTPA (OR=1.80; 95% CI; 1.1-3.1) and the positive social interaction dimension was associated with time spent on LTPA (OR=1.65; 95% CI; 1.1-2.7). Results from the second paper showed that after adjustment for confounders, lack of emotional support (RR=1.98; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6) influence the incidence of obesity among men. In addition, men with the lowest level of SRI (social relationships index) had an increased risk of being obese (RR=2.22; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4). Among women SRI was not significantly associated with obesity. However, a protective effect on obesity for women who changed their marital status from married to unmarried (RR=0.39; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9) was found. Regarding the first paper, all dimensions of social support influenced LTPA type or the time spent on the activity. However, our findings suggest that social support is more important in engagement than in maintenance. This finding is important, because it suggests that maintenance of LTPA must be associated with other factors beyond the individuals level of social support, such as a suitable environment and social/health policies directed towards the practice of LTPA. In relation to the second paper, the present study provides evidence of an inverse association between social relationships and the incidence of obesity, highlighting sex differences. Moreover, it was suggested that body image concerns among women could be an explanation for sex differences.

Previous research has shown a social gradient in health that suggests that better health is found for people in more advantaged positions in society. This research has mainly been focused on the relationship between social position in childhood and health or current position and health. However, little is known about the impact of positions held in between these two time-points. In this paper a potentially lasting health effect of occupational class positions is explored. The study starts with a description of the work-life biographies for people in different current class positions. Then goes on to investigate if the effect of current class is modified when including previous positions during adulthood, as well as how much extra information is gained by utilizing information on individual work histories. An association between accumulated experience of manual working class and self-rated health is found. Also, when controlling for accumulated class experience, the social gradient for current class is no longer significant. Furthermore, even for non-manual employees the odds of reporting less than good self-rated health is increasing with each added year of previous manual experience. This suggests that the social gradient in health is more complex than just a matter of current social position influencing current health, and that the effects would potentially be modified if the full complexity of life-time social positions were taken into account.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine how a selection of social welfare officers based on the principle of the best interest of the child construct a minimum level of the material standard in a home. Another purpose was to examine whether different units with varying socioeconomic prerequisites in the municipality of Stockholm construct this level differently.</p><p>The method used in this study was Sociology of Law and two focus groups were used for the gathering of the data. A social constructive theory, a class perspective using concepts of Bourdieu and a perspective of law were used to analyse the material of data.</p><p>The results showed that the courses of action varied from enactment and the policies of the municipality of Stockholm, unspecified theories of the development of children, the conception of what is normal and what children needs, the context in which they work, the development of the society and what they estimate that children needs when attending school. The results also showed a difference between the two units concerning the minimum level of the material standard in a home</p>

The purpose of this study was to examine how a selection of social welfare officers based on the principle of the best interest of the child construct a minimum level of the material standard in a home. Another purpose was to examine whether different units with varying socioeconomic prerequisites in the municipality of Stockholm construct this level differently. The method used in this study was Sociology of Law and two focus groups were used for the gathering of the data. A social constructive theory, a class perspective using concepts of Bourdieu and a perspective of law were used to analyse the material of data. The results showed that the courses of action varied from enactment and the policies of the municipality of Stockholm, unspecified theories of the development of children, the conception of what is normal and what children needs, the context in which they work, the development of the society and what they estimate that children needs when attending school. The results also showed a difference between the two units concerning the minimum level of the material standard in a home

The Diploma thesis {\clqq}How to heighten the level of living, with the subtitle Comittee ÚV KSČ for questions of the level of living 1963-1968, deals about the standard of living of the people in Czechoslovakia of 1960s. The Sixties is evaluated for high quality of culture. Althought it was not the priority for the political leadership. Therefore neither do I in my thesis. The interest was rather addressed to the material satisfaction of citizen´s needs before their cultural and spiritual demands. The hightening of the level of living happened one of the partie´s priorities. The aim of the work is to get closer to an everyday live of the citizens on the basics of economic and social policy of the state. All foundations of the comitee UV KSC for the questions of life level became the source basement, which were determined to it by another comitee and organs of authority importance interested in it. On the base of the source it was possible to analyse economic and social conditions of Czechoslovakia and reforms before all, wchich above mentioned comitee was proposing. Before all it concerned to changes having the influence on the state of life standard. Population, flat, salary, price, socila policy of the state induce its quality. I ellected population problemacy, flat crisis, economic reforms, role of women, mainly the employment of women, shortening of working time, a question of free time and socilailist family as the crucial topic of the thesis. Politicaly relieved period of the sixties enabled an introduction of a new system of conducting national economy with the outsanding influence on material satiation of the citizens. Simultaneously with economic reform even a short period feeling of freedom came in. Interviews with contemporaries helped to disclose personal impressions of people.

The dissertation analyses access to welfare resources within the areas of schooling, leisure and peer relations for youth in out of home care. The study was conducted in three counties in mid Sweden and is a replication of the recurrent Swedish surveys of living condition of children in general populations. By using the same design, children aged 13–18 (n=272) in foster care and residential care were approached. Throughout the analysis results are compared with conditions for peers living at home, based on data from the 2004/2005 survey on living conditions for children (Child-ULF). Furthermore the results are linked to the young people’s experience of psychosomatic complaints and emotional wellbeing and discussed within the theoretical framework of childhood sociology. Questions regarding society’s ability to convey resources to youth while in care as well as young persons’ potential to exercise determination while in care are also discussed. The study shows that youth in care in general have access to fewer resources than those in general populations in the studied areas. For youth in residential care the differences compared to peers living at home are substantial, while conditions for youth in foster care are more alike those of young people in general. Youth in residential care have fewer school related resources and fewer contacts with friends than peers living at home. Youth in foster and residential care are more subjected to bullying than the general population. The overall conclusions are that society, in the form of foster parents and residential staff fails in certain areas to convey resources to youth in care. The young people’s lack of resources poses limitations to their potential to exercise self-determination while in care. The study points out areas where targeted efforts might be needed to improve the living conditions for youth in out of home care and perhaps broaden their potential to exercise self-determination while in care as well as after. / Välfärd i samhällsvården? En levnadsnivåundersökning av barn och ungdomar i socialtjänstens dygnsvård