Background: Computed tomography (CT), is commonly used imaging technique in cancer patients. In CT performed for tumour staging to detect the spread of tumours, the liver is a common place for metastases. There are two types of metastases in the liver, hypo- and hyper vascularised, which generally are best seen in the venous phase and the late arterial phase. Therefore, CT of the liver often includes a triple phase contrast-enhancement protocol.   Purpose: The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively examine, through image review and attenuation measurements, respectively, the overall image quality of CT examinations performed in conjunction with positron emission tomography, (PET)/CT and as separate, stand-alone CT-studies, at the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET centre, Uppsala University Hospital.   Method: A retrospective cross-sectional patient records review was undertaken with a descriptive approach of the qualitatively and quantitative data. 286 examinations were included in the study.     Result: The examinations were of high-quality in terms of contrast-enhancement technique, 183/190 (96,3%) of late arterial phases and 211/286 (74%) of venous phases. Some characteristic differences in the contrast-enhancement of the liver and the metastases were found in the different CT phases, allowing for division into four separate categories based on their respective characteristics.   Conclusion: In summary, the performed CT examinations were in majority performed in the right phase. The image quality of Contrast-to-noise, (CNR) and Signal-to-noise (SNR) were satisfactory even if the CNR could be higher for a better distinguish and detected small structures in the images. / Bakgrund: Datortomografi (DT), är den vanligaste avbildningstekniken för cancerpatienter. Vid DT för utredning av tumörspridning är levern en vanlig plats för metastaser. Det finns två typer av metastaser i levern, hypo- och hypervaskulära, som vanligen ses bäst i venfas respektive i sen artärfas. DT-undersökningarna av levern inkluderar därför ofta ett trippelfas-undersöknings-protokoll. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att kvalitativt och kvantitativt undersöka, genom bildgranskning respektive attenueringsmätningar, den totala bildkvaliteten för DT-undersökningar utförda i samband med positronemissionstomografi (PET) / DT och som separata, fristående CT-studier, vid Institutionen för nuklearmedicin och PET-center, Uppsala universitetssjukhus.   Metod: En retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie med patientjournaler där en beskrivande metod användes för att beskriva den kvalitativt och kvantitativt datan. 286 DT-undersökningar granskades och inkluderades i studien. Resultat: Undersökningarna utfördes med DT i samband med PET/ DT, och även som separata DT undersökningar, var av hög kvalité vad gäller kontrastförstärkningsteknik varav 183/190 (96,3%) av sena artärfasundersökningarna och 211/286 (74%) av venfasundersökningarna erhöll maximal kvalitetspoäng. Vissa karakteristiska skillnader i kontrastförstärkningen av levern gentemot metastaserna hittades för de mycket och dåligt vaskulariserade metastaserna i de olika CT-faserna, vilket möjliggjorde uppdelning i fyra separata kategorier baserat på deras respektive egenskaper.   Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis utfördes de utförda DT-undersökningarna i majoritet i rätt fas. Bildkvaliteten på Kontrast-till-brus, (CNR) och Signal-till-brus (SNR) var tillfredsställande även om CNR kunde vara högre för att bättre skilja och upptäcka små strukturer i bilderna.

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Dans la littérature en contrôle de gestion, plusieurs chercheurs ont exprimé le besoin d’attribuer plus d’attention à l’intégration des problématiques inter-organisationnelles dans l’étude des systèmes de contrôle de gestion depuis l’émergence des nouvelles formes d’organisations qualifiées d’hybrides, de réseaux, ou encore de supply chains. Cette recherche doctorale, de nature exploratoire, consiste donc à étudier le contrôle de gestion supply chain selon une double perspective intra et inter-organisationnelle. Au travers un mode de raisonnement abductif et une méthodologie de recherche qualitative réalisée en trois temps (analyse des descriptifs de profils de 50 contrôleurs de gestion supply chain repérés sur LinkedIn et Viadeo ; 7 entretiens d’experts ; et 19 entretiens semi-directifs avec des informateurs clés), nous proposons une définition du contrôle de gestion supply chain et présentons ses dimensions, ses enjeux, ses axes, ses outils et son périmètre de pilotage. Des facteurs, freins et facilitateurs à sa mise en place, sont aussi repérés. Ils sont regroupés en quatre catégories : intra-organisationnels, inter-organisationnels, techniques/technologiques et humains. Enfin, nous étudions sa dimension interactive à la lumière du levier interactif (Simons, 1995) et la régulation conjointe (Reynaud, 1996) / In the management control literature, several researchers have expressed the need to pay more attention to the integration of inter-organizational issues into the study of management control systems since the emergence of new forms of organization. qualified as hybrids, networks, or even supply chains. This doctoral research, of an exploratory nature, consists in studying supply chain management control from a dual intra and inter-organizational perspective. Through a mode of abductive reasoning and a qualitative research methodology carried out in three stages (analysis of profiles of 50 supply chain management controllers identified on LinkedIn and Viadeo, 7 expert interviews and 19 semi-structured interviews with key informants), we propose a definition of supply chain management control and present its dimensions, its stakes, its axes, its tools and its scope of management. Factors, brakes and facilitators to its implementation, are also identified. They are grouped into four categories: intra-organizational, inter-organizational, technical / technological and human. Finally, we study its interactive dimension in the light of the interactive lever (Simons, 1995) and the joint regulation (Reynaud, 1996).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_zoraide_lucia_padredi.pdf: 669980 bytes, checksum: da1bfe1b4836affc460febdadf61ae40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-19 / The purpose of this work is to investigate meta resources suggested by teachers, to contribute to the students better comprehension of the notion of basis of vectorial space. In doing so, six teachers were interviewed. The analysis of the interviews supported by Dorier, Robert, Robinet and Rogalski ideas about meta lever and the Harel s principles for the teaching and learning of Linear Algebra. The conclusion presents different Meta resources that could became meta lever for students better comprehension / Este trabalho objetivou investigar recursos meta sugeridos por professores para facilitar a compreensão da noção de base de um espaço vetorial. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 6 professores universitários. A análise dessas entrevistas utilizou como suporte teórico os trabalhos do grupo francês composto por Dorier, Robert, Robinet e Rogalski, sobre alavancas meta , assim como os princípios de Harel para ensino e aprendizagem da Álgebra Linear. Concluiu-se, com a indicação de diversos recursos meta que são passíveis de se tornarem alavancas para a compreensão dos alunos

Sur l'intérieur du couvercle de sarcophages, sur la surface extérieure de clepsydres, au plafond de temples et de tombes datés de l'an 2100 à l'an 50 BC et disséminés tout le long de la Vallée du Nil, entre Alexandrie et Assouan, figurent vingt horloges stellaires et quatre-vingt listes d'étoiles dans l'ordre de leurs levers héliaques, de leurs levers nocturnes ou de leurs culminations. Leur identification à des étoiles visibles à l'oeil nu du catalogue Hipparcos a nécessité la constitution préalable d'une liste complète de ces étoiles ainsi que la traduction de leurs appellations hiéroglyphiques respectives. La comparaison entre les arrangements stellaires caractérisant chacune des cent listes d'étoiles a abouti à leur classification en six types de listes et permis la détermination des conditions spatiales, temporelles et optiques d'observation des étoiles. Ces contraintes ont ensuite été appliquées à un modèle de visibilité d'étoile à l'oeil nu dans le ciel nocturne ou crépusculaire de l'Égypte ancienne qui combine divers paramètres astrométriques et éléments photométriques. La constitution de listes d'étoiles dans l'ordre de leurs levers héliaques, de leurs levers nocturnes ou de leurs culminations, leur comparaison avec les six prototypes de listes dont nous disposons, la prise en compte de divers critères astronomiques, philologiques et pariétaux, ont permis de restreindre au strict minimum le nombre d'étoiles candidates à chacun des quatre-vingt dix décans égyptiens. Ce travail a abouti à la cartographie du ciel de l'Égypte ancienne, à une meilleure définition des heures de nuit égyptienne, à une datation plus précise du règne de plusieurs pharaons, etc.

Bakgrund Diabetes typ II är ett globalt och nationellt växande hälsoproblem. Lågkolhydratkost har väckt debatt i samhället, men har enligt studier resulterat i gynnsamma effekter för patientgruppen. Socialstyrelsen rekommenderar måttlig lågkolhydratkost som en av flera primära alternativ till kosthållning för patienter med diabetes typ II. Syfte Att undersöka diabetessjuksköterskors attityd och kunskap gällande lågkolhydratkost vid diabetes typ II. Metod Kvalitativa semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sju diabetessjuksköterskor inom Uppsalas primärvård. Resultat Diabetessjuksköterskorna hade observerat positiva effekter i sitt kliniska arbete av kolhydratreduktion, men ingen sjuksköterska gav måttlig lågkolhydratkost som rekommendation i första hand till patienterna. Farhågor för att lågkolhydratkost, främst orsakat av ett ökat fettintag, skulle kunna resultera i en ökning av risken för hjärt-kärlsjukdom eller andra negativa hälsoeffekter skildrades. Medvetenheten gällande kostrekommendationer och uppdateringen kring aktuell forskning varierade. Slutsats Medvetenhet och kunskap gällande lågkolhydratkost som kosthållning vid diabetes typ II varierade hos diabetessjuksköterskor inom Uppsalas primärvård. Generellt kunde en negativ attityd till lågkolhydratkost urskiljas. För att upprätthålla en evidensbaserad hälso- och sjukvård är det av största vikt att diabetessjuksköterskor får möjlighet att inom arbetsplatsen hålla sig uppdaterade om aktuella forskningsresultat samt att skapa reflektion kring vilken extern och intern påverkan sjuksköterskor kan exponeras för. / Background Diabetes type II is an increasing problem on a national and global scale. Low carbohydrate diets have created debate in today society, all though it has come to show positive effects in studies made on this patient group. In the national guidelines by The National Board of Health and Welfare moderate low-carbohydrate diet is described as a primary diet recommendation for patients with diabetes type II. Aim To investigate the attitude and knowledge of nursing staff towards low-carbohydrate diets as a method for patients with diabetes type II to achieve positive health benefits. Method Qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven nurses in district health centers in Uppsala, Sweden. Result The nursing staff had observed health benefits as a result from low-carbohydrate diets in their daily clinical work with patient suffering from diabetes type II, yet none of the nurses did suggest patients to eat according to this diet. Apprehensions that low-carbohydrate diets, and specifically the increased intake of fat, would contribute to an increased risk of heart disease or cause other harmful bodily effects over a long period of time were described. The awareness of national guidelines and recommendation did vary widely among the nurses. Conclusion Awareness and knowledge regarding a low carbohydrate diet when it comes to patients with diabetes type II ranged with the diabetic nurses in Uppsala Primary Care. Generally, a negative attitude towards low carbohydrate diet could be distinguished. To maintain an evidence-based health care, it is important that diabetes nurses have the opportunity to be updated of current research and to make reflections on what kind of external and internal influences nurses may be exposed to.

In this study, the efficiency of linear and rotational tuned mass dampers (TMD) and lever type vibration isolators (LVI) in improving ride comfort is investigated based on a vehicle quarter-car model. TMDs reduce vibration levels by absorbing the energy of the system, especially at their natural frequencies. Both types of TMDs are investigated in the first part of this study. Although linear TMDs can be implemented more easily on suspension systems, rotational TMDs show better performance in reducing vibration levels / since, the inertia effect of rotational TMDs is higher than the linear TMDs. In order to obtain better results with TMDs, configurations with chain of linear TMDs are obtained in the second part of the study without changing the original suspension stiffness and damping coefficient. In addition to these, the effect of increasing the number of TMDs used in the chain configuration is investigated. Results show that performance deterioration at lower frequencies than wheel hop is reduced by using chain of TMDs. In the third part of this study, various configurations of LVIs with different masses are considered and significant attenuation of vibration amplitudes at both body bounce and wheel hop frequencies is achieved. Results show that TMDs improve ride comfort around wheel hop frequency while LVIs are quite efficient around body bounce frequency. Finally, parameter uncertainty due to aging of components and manufacturing defects are investigated.

The thesis deals with the comparison of physics textbooks for primary schools. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the representation of individual sets of textbooks in primary schools in the South Bohemian Region, to develop and test custom teaching concepts revolving around thematic unit of 'Simple Machines'. This work is addressed primarily to teachers as a tool to enhance teaching effectiveness, to support the imagination and to increase interest in physics among pupils. These are the reasons why thematic unit, called Simple Machines, has been developed in form of interactive presentation, whose contribution and efficiency has been practically verified directly during physics classes in few selected primary schools. Benefits have been verified through accredited didactic tests and their evaluation and results are processed at the end of this thesis.

Despite many advances in the design methods for compliant mechanisms, it is still not possible to know if a set of user-specifications has a solution. Furthermore, practical considerations such as failure limits and manufacturing limitations cannot be easily incorporated into existing methods. To address these issues, we have recently developed the concept of feasible stiffness and inertia maps. This thesis extends the concept of feasible maps and proposes another kind of maps that comprehensively depict the nonlinear kinetoelastostatic behaviour of compliant mechanisms. Feasible maps drawn as per user-specifications, with compliant mechanisms of the database overlaid on it, instantly inform the reader whether the specifications are feasible; whether the specifications are stringent; whether any mechanisms in the database meet the specifications, and whether any mechanism can be interactively modified to meet the specifications including size, strength and manufacturability. This thesis extends the earlier work on feasible maps by relaxing one condition that all beam segments in a compliant mechanism must retain their relative proportions. This is achieved by using size optimization. Thus, a certain degree of automation is brought into the procedure, which enhances the ease of use of the feasible maps. Illustrative examples are presented and implementation into a software is demonstrated. A major contribution of this work is the development of the concept of kinetoelastostatic maps of compliant mechanisms with fixed topology, shape, and relative proportions of beam segments in them. The map is drawn on a 2D plot using two non-dimensional quantities, one that captures the response of the mechanism and the other that combines the force, geometry, and material parameters. The map encloses a region that indicates the kinetoelastostatic capability of the mechanism. Another contribution of this work is the observation that the enclosed region can be parameterized using average slenderness ratio of the beam segments. The resulting curves help designers in assessing the capability and limits of a mechanism in terms of geometric advantage, mechanical advantage, normalized output displacement, inherent stiffness, etc. Numerous examples are presented to explain various uses of the non-dimensional maps.

Bakgrund: En av sjuksköterskans främsta arbetsuppgift är att lindra lidande. I tidigare forskning framkommer att det råder stigmatisering kring HIV och att vårdpersonal har negativa attityder gentemot personer som lever med sjukdomen. För att minska stigmatiseringen och de negativa attityder som förkommer mot personer som lever med HIV behövs mer kunskap och utbildning kring ämnet. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser av lidande hos personer som lever med HIV i Sverige. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys baserad på självbiografier. Resultat: Fyra teman som beskriver olika upplevelser av lidande hos personer som lever med HIV i Sverige framkom. Dessa var ensamhet, begränsningar i livet, förakt och ångest. Slutsats: Resultatet av den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen tyder på att personer som lever med HIV i Sverige lider. Studien visar att detta lidande skulle kunna vara ett onödigt lidande då den största orsaken till lidandet i studien är bristen på kunskap både i samhället och inom vården hos bland annat sjuksköterskor. Med mer kunskap kring sjukdomen kan bemötandet av personer som lever med HIV förbättras och stigmatisering samt attityder skulle minska. / Background: One of the nurse’s most important task is to relieve suffering. Earlier research reveals that there is a stigma around HIV and that healthcare professionals have negative attitudes towards people living with HIV. To reduce stigma and negative attitudes that exists towards people living with HIV, more knowledge is needed on the subject. Aim: To describe the experiences of the concept suffering from people living with HIV in Sweden. Method: Qualitative content analysis based on autobiographies. Results: Four themes that describe different experiences from people that suffer from HIV in Sweden was found. These were loneliness, limitations in life, disrespect and anxiety. Conclusion: The result of this qualitative content analysis shows that people living with HIV in Sweden are suffering. The study shows that the suffering should not be necessary when the major cause to the suffering in the study is the lack of knowledge in society and in the care of including nurses. With more knowledge about the disease can be an improvement in the treatment of people living with HIV, stigma and attitudes could be reduced.