nÃo hà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, os estudos em Lexicologia tÃm-se desenvolvido bastante, especialmente, em relaÃÃo Ãs discussÃes teÃricas acerca de obras lexicogrÃficas. Paralelamente a isso, a lexicografia, que se notabiliza como a arte de fazer dicionÃrios, tambÃm testemunha um grande avanÃo, sobretudo, no que diz respeito aos novos parÃmetros para a confecÃÃo de dicionÃrios. Assim, novas Ãreas de interesse ganham destaque dentro dos estudos lexicogrÃficos como, por exemplo, a lexicografia pedagÃgica ou lexicodidÃtica, que se refere aos estudos de obras voltadas para aprendizes. Nosso trabalho, pois, seguindo os princÃpios da metalexicografia, que se ocupa da anÃlise e da crÃtica a obras lexicogrÃficas, tem por objetivo descrever e analisar o sistema de remissivas em dois dicionÃrios escolares, a saber, Mini AurÃlio jr. (2005) e Mini Houaiss (2004). Para tanto, selecionamos de forma aleatÃria nove verbetes, constantes da nomenclatura das obras em questÃo. Os verbetes escolhidos levam em consideraÃÃo apenas trÃs categorias gramaticais â substantivo, adjetivo e verbo â pelo fato de que estas categorias gramaticais possuem uma alta produtividade de palavras na lÃngua portuguesa, favorecendo, assim, o estabelecimento de remissÃes nos dicionÃrios. Em seguida, fizemos a descriÃÃo das remissivas presentes nos dois dicionÃrios em anÃlise, observando a variaÃÃo em relaÃÃo aos Ãndices utilizados para a remissÃo. Os resultados das anÃlises que foram feitas apontam uma certa discrepÃncia entre o que preceitua a metalexicografia e o que realmente se pratica, em termos de medioestrutura nos dicionÃrios escolares. O que resulta em comprometimento do fluxo da informaÃÃo presente entre as entradas dos dicionÃrios. / In recent decades, studies in Lexicology have been developed considerably, especially in relation to theoretical discussions about lexical works. Alongside this, lexicography, which distinguishes it as the art of making dictionaries, has also witnessed a great progress, especially with respect to new parameters for the construction of dictionaries. Thus, new areas of interest gain prominence within the lexical studies such as the pedagogical lexicography, which refers to studies of works devoted to apprentices. Our work, therefore, following the principles of metalexicography, which deals with analysis and criticism of the lexical works, aims to describe and analyze the system of cross-references in two learnerâs dictionaries, namely Mini AurÃlio jr. (2005) and Mini Houaiss (2004). For this, randomly selected from nine entries, in the nomenclature of the work in question. The entries selected belong to three grammatical categories - noun, adjective and verb - once that these grammatical categories have a high productivity of words in the Portuguese language, favoring thus the establishment of references in dictionaries. We present the description of the cross-references in the two dictionaries under review, noting the variation in relation to the indices used for reference. The results of analyses show a discrepancy between metalexicographic principles and what is actually presented in terms of medioestructure in learnerâs dictionaries. This results is an impairment of the flow of information between entries in the dictionaries.

Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The study focuses on the impact of the language of the cellphone on the development of Northern Sotho. The study argues that Northern Sotho lexicographers do not pay adequate attention to the cellphone language. This is why there are hardly any dictionaries that treat the cellphone language. The study shows that language of the cellphone should be treated like any other language. The study discovered that language of the cellphone assists in the development of African languages. In turn, this helps the cellphone users to close the gap between Northern Sotho and technological terms. Lastly, the study recommends that language of the cellphone should not be ignored as technology is developing every minute.

Little-known lexicographic resources can be of tremendous value to users once digitised. By extending the digitisation efforts for a lexicographic resource, converting the human readable digital object to a state that is also machine-readable, structured data can be created that is semantically interoperable, thereby enabling the lexicographic resource to access, and be accessed by, other semantically interoperable resources. The purpose of this study is to formulate a process when converting a lexicographic resource in print form to a machine-readable bilingual lexicographic resource applying linguistic linked data principles, using the English-Xhosa Dictionary for Nurses as a case study. This is accomplished by creating a linked data framework, in which data are expressed in the form of RDF triples and URIs, in a manner which allows for extensibility to a multilingual resource. Click languages with characters not typically represented by the Roman alphabet are also considered. The purpose of this linked data framework is to define each lexical entry as “historically dynamic”, instead of “ontologically static” (Rafferty, 2016:5). For a framework which has instances in constant evolution, focus is thus given to the management of provenance and linked data generation thereof. The output is an implementation framework which provides methodological guidelines for similar language resources in the interdisciplinary field of Library and Information Science.

Orientador: Cristina Martins Fargetti / Banca: Gladis Massini-Cagliari / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Banca: Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral / Banca: Claudete Cameschi de Souza / Resumo: Reconhecidas as lacunas no conhecimento científico acerca de línguas indígenas apontadas por Rodrigues (2002), Seki (1999) e Moore (2008), esta pesquisa realiza um estudo lexicográfico da língua Terena falada na Comunidade Cachoeirinha (Miranda-MS). Elegeu-se a variedade falada nessa Comunidade Indígena de Cachoeirinha pelos critérios da acessibilidade e da frequência de uso da língua Terena. Ancorado em Haensch et al (1982), Carvalho (2001) e Welker (2005), o trabalho estuda essencialmente o léxico da língua Terena, com o objetivo de organizá-lo em forma de um protótipo de dicionário bilíngue Terena-Português. Antecedendo os verbetes que materializam a proposta, apresentam-se: aspectos histórico-geográficos sobre a família linguística Aruak, sobre a educação indígena e sobre a etnia Terena e sua distribuição no território brasileiro (Seção I); descrição detalhada da metodologia da pesquisa, seus princípios, instrumentos e procedimentos de campo ou de análise (Seção II); descrição, com base em trabalhos anteriores (BUTLER; EKDAHL, 1979; SILVA, 2009; ROSA, 2010; NASCIMENTO, 2012, entre outros), da fonética (fones consonantais e vocálicos), morfologia e sintaxe de nomes, pronomes e verbos (tempo, modo, aspecto) da língua Terena (Seção III); discussão de conceitos básicos da lexicografia e da lexicologia, bem como de questões teórico-metodológicas pertinentes à elaboração de dicionários bilíngues (Seção IV). Na Seção V da tese, sistematizam-se os dados das seções anteriores, explana-se a proposta e apresenta-se estrutura do projeto de dicionário, bem como critérios de seleção das entradas e questões relacionadas a macro e microestruturas, no intuito de orientar o consulente. A versão reduzida da proposta de dicionário Terena-Português é apresentada sob a forma de anexo, contemplando as decisões...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Résumé: Reconnaissant les lacunes des connaissances scientifiques sur les langues amérindiennes évoquées par Rodriguez (2002), Seki (1999) et Moore (2008), cette recherche constitue une étude lexicographique de la langue terena parlée dans la communauté Cachoeirinha (Miranda- MS). Nous avons choisi la variété parlée dans cette communauté selon les critères d'accessibilité et de fréquence d'usage de la langue. S'appuyant sur les travaux de Haensch et al (1982), Carvalho (1001) et Welker (2005), ce travail porte principalement sur le lexique de la langue terena, l'objectif étant de l'organiser sous la forme d'un prototype de dictionnaire bilingue terena-portugais. Précédant les entrées qui matérialisent la proposition, nous présenterons : les aspects historico-géographiques de la famille linguistique arawak, l'éducation amérindienne ainsi que l'ethnie terena et sa distribution sur le territoire brésilien (Section I) ; la description détaillée de la méthodologie de recherche, ses principes, instruments et méthodes - de terrain comme d'analyse - (Section II) ; la description, s'appuyant de travaux antérieurs (Butler, Ekdahl, 1979, Silva 2009, Rosa 2010, Nascimento 2012 entre autres), de la phonétique (phones consonantiques et vocaliques), de la morphologie et de la syntaxe des noms, pronoms et verbes (temps, mode, aspect) de la langue terena (Section III) ; le débat à propos des concepts de base de la lexicographie et de la lexicologie tout comme des questions théorético-méthodologiques pertinentes pour l'élaboration de dictionnaires bilingues (Section IV). Au niveau de la section V de la thèse, nous avons systématisé les données des sections antérieures, exposé la proposition et présenté la structure du projet de dictionnaire, ainsi que les critères de sélection des entrées et questions liées aux macro et microstructures,...(Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor

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Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This thesis discusses pertinent issues which should be taken into account in the production of LSP dictionaries in Ndebele. Special reference is made to a prospective Ndebele Linguistic and Literary Terms Dictionary, henceforth the NLLTD. The issues discussed include lexicographic planning, data collection, data processing, lemma selection, the provision of data categories and the utilisation of dictionary structures. The thesis demonstrates and emphasises the need for theoretical guidance in the execution of all lexicographic tasks. Two main theories are used to formulate a theoretical framework for this study. A general theory of lexicography developed by Herbert Ernst Wiegand is used to affirm the status of lexicography as separate from linguistics and other fields from which it draws theoretical and methodological insights. Lexicography is, according to Wiegand (1984), a scientific field concerned with the production of reference works on language. As a typical reference product, a dictionary is regarded as a utility tool with a genuine purpose. These two postulates of the general theory of lexicography enable lexicographers to carry out their tasks in a systematic and efficient way. The postulates are emphasised in the theory of lexicographic functions, which was developed by Danish lexicographers of the Aarhus School of Business, mainly under the direction of Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp. Because of this, the theories are employed in a complementary way. Since lexicography is regarded by these theories as a separate discipline, it follows that the production of user-friendly dictionaries may not be guided exclusively by linguistic theories or other theories developed in disciplines with which lexicography comes into contact. It is important to reiterate this regarding terminological theories and special subject field theories in the case of LSP lexicography. The theory of lexicographic functions requires lexicographers to identify the target users of their dictionaries, and the situations in which the users may experience problems that may be addressed by means of lexicographic data. It determines dictionary typological choices, lemma selection policies, the provision of lexicographic data for individual lemmata, and the planning and utilisation of dictionary structures in a user-friendly way. The main motivation for the complementary use of the general theory of lexicography and the theory of lexicographic functions in this thesis was to ensure that efficiency is achieved on the part of the lexicographer carrying out his/her various lexicographic tasks and also on the part of the user consulting the final product. Although this is demonstrated in the thesis using the prospective NLLTD, the criticism of some published dictionaries indicates that their quality could have been improved if their production occurred under such a strong theoretical guidance. An attempt is also made to show that similar theoretical applications are definitely required in the production of LSP dictionaries other than the NLLTD in Ndebele and other languages.

Thesis (DLitt (English)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / The policy to preserve and implement mother tongues as medium of education in Gabon will lead to the establishing of a bilingual education system. This system will involve mother tongues and French, the official language. In many countries people are nowadays more and more aware of making provision for a multilingual education. In education this has been regarded as the new way and key to development over the last decades. It means that the implementation of a bilingual education system must also include a trilingual vision. Different and new approaches to the role of dictionaries, also in the context in Gabon, lead to diverse areas of particular concern, which are challenging for the metalexicographical research. Accordingly, Part I of the dissertation first presents a comprehensive draft of the structural possibilities of the formulation and compilation of a new type of dictionary. This draft provides for the motivations for the formulation of a Specialized Fang-French- English multi-volume School Dictionary in Gabon, as a type of dictionary, which can fit into the current situation of the national languages and education in Gabon. This comprehensive draft is followed by a complete analysis of the intended target users, who are, among others, students, teachers, educational psychologists, experts in charge of the compilation of textbooks and other study materials, lexicographers and linguistics. This analysis includes the characteristics, the user situations and the user problems or needs of this heterogeneous intended target user group of the proposed dictionary...

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:In the field of the science of language, dictionaries have always been part of a standardisation process. They are also part of the expansion, the development and the promotion of languages in societies. On the other hand, the education system is an important partner for both foreign language teaching and the development of local languages in countries with a weak written tradition like Gabon. It is a strong platform for the production of dictionaries because it includes the diffusion and the application of school programmes and school manuals. Therefore, it is relevant for the Gabonese population to rely on a well-established lexicographic tradition to preserve and promote their local languages. Introducing dictionaries in the field of education can ensure this. Dictionaries have to be compiled in the Gabonese languages for Gabonese pupils learning those languages. Because each culture encourages the development of dictionaries suitable to particular difficulties, dictionaries compiled in Gabonese languages have to be made according to the Gabonese situation. The present dissertation will present a model for a bilingual school dictionary involving Yipunu, one of the Gabonese languages, and French. The aim will be to develop a model, based on metalexicographical principles, applicable to the Gabonese context. In this model the French section of the dictionary will not be active. The frame structure required in the compilation of such a model will contain a front matter, a back matter and a central list. Even if there are two treated languages, the dominant language in this dictionary will be Yipunu. French will appear only as translation equivalents. And for the convenience of the target users, the model will describe the content of a polyfunctional monodirectional bilingual Yipunu/French dictionary for Yipunu learners.

A produção lexicográfica japonesa iniciou-se logo no período Nara (710-794), florescendo durante o período Heian (794-1185). Os primeiros trabalhos constituíam-se de vocabulários e manuais de poesia, ou manuais de pronúncia para monges budistas. Alguns séculos depois, com a ascensão das classes militares, obras com o intuito de educar esses novos líderes começaram a organizar o léxico de maneira mais universal. Dentro dessa nova tradição, também é possível encontrar as obras produzidas pelos missionários portugueses da Companhia de Jesus. No presente trabalho serão exploradas as características de duas obras: o Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues, feito por alguns Padres, e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesu, e o RACVYOXV. Uma atenção especial será dada para o RACVYOXV, um dicionário de sinogramas dividido em três volumes impressos no ano de 1598, com uma máquina tipográfica trazida da Europa ao Japão pelos jesuítas. Existem poucos estudos dessas duas obras no ocidente, e, no caso do RACVYOXV, nenhum estudo em língua portuguesa. Através da comparação dos vocábulos e entradas desses dois trabalhos cuja publicação é separada por apenas cinco anos, o presente trabalho almeja apresentar o RACVYOXV com a descrição da sua estrutura interna e mostrar as possíveis relações entre o léxico deste com o do Vocabulario tendo em vista a finalidade pedagógica das duas obras / The Japanese lexicographic production begun at the Nara era (710-794), blooming during the Heian era (794-1185). The first works were vocabularies and poetry handbooks, or pronunciation guides to Buddhist monks. Few centuries later, with the rising of military classes, works with the intention to educate those new leaders started to organize all lexicon more universally. Inside this new tradition, it is also possible to find the works made by the Portuguese missionaries of the Companhia de Jesus. In this paper, it will be explored the features from two works: the Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues, feito por alguns Padres, e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesu, and the RACVYOXV. One special atention will be given to the RACVYOXV, one sinogram dictionary divided in three volumes, pressed at the year of 1598, with a typography machine brought from Europe to Japan by the Jesuits. There are few studies of these two works in the western world, and, about the RACVYOXV, there are no studies in Portuguese. Through the comparison of the lexicon and entries of those two works, whose publication are just five years apart, this paper wills to present the RACVYOXV with the description of its internal structure and show the possible relation with its lexicon with the Vocabularios lexicon, in the light of pedagogical finality of both works

This dissertation identifies and addresses key issues in Septuagint lexicography using case studies from the Greek version of Judges. The first chapter outlines the state of the question on the textual history of Judges in Hebrew and Greek, and also presents my lexicographical method and related matters. Chapter two surveys the history of Septuagint lexicography. I demonstrate how data about the meaning of Septuagint vocabulary has been insufficiently or in appropriately derived, expressed, and/or documented. I also highlight debates over the nature of post-classical Greek and the language of the Septuagint, which has predisposed scholars against viewing the Septuagint corpus as part of post-classical Greek in general. By pointing out methodological flaws that have plagued Septuagint lexicography-as well as theoretical problems in a Hebrew-priority view of the language-I argue for a Greek-priority view that evaluates Septuagint vocabulary in light of contemporary sources and emphasizes the importance of documentary evidence. The following chapters provide case studies from Greek Judges that demonstrate the benefits of a Greek-priority view. Many cases of consistent vocabulary disagreement in the textual history of the book cannot be explained on the basis of the Hebrew text nor given the data available in current lexicons. Examination of post-classical Greek evidence demonstrates that the motivation for the language change is multifaceted, but clearly includes matters of style and semantics in Greek independent from the source text. Chapter three focuses on παρατάσσω and παράταξις; chapter four on παιδάριον, παιδίον, νεανίας, and νεάνισκος; and chapter five on ἀπάντησις and συνάντησις. Each chapter concludes by discussing the relevance of the evidence for Septuagint lexicography, the motivation underlying the revision of Greek Judges, and the potential of Septuagint vocabulary to inform Greek lexicography in general. Chapter six summarizes my lexical analysis and discusses the benefits of a Greek-priority approach and its value for Septuagint lexicography. I posit a time-frame for the translation and revision of Greek Judges based on linguistic evidence. I conclude by emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in Septuagint lexicography to incorporate literary and nonliterary post-classical Greek sources. To address this need, I provide several sample lexicon entries for words discussed in the preceding study.