Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This study reports on a metalexicographical investigation into contextual guidance in Afrikaans translation dictionaries. The problem that gives rise to the need for such an investigation is demonstrated from a practical perspective, after which attention is paid to determining the genuine purpose of a dictionary by looking at the component parts of the concept, i.e. the typological placement and the target user group of the dictionary in question. The discussion of the target user group evolves into an in-depth look at the user aspect, which results in the development and presentation of the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries. This model aims to provide a scientific description of lexicographical user friendliness. Existing proposed definitions of the genuine purpose of a dictionary coupled with the benefit of insights derived from the model of lexicographical parameters for user-friendly dictionaries make the presentation of a new definition of the genuine purpose of a (translation) dictionary possible, which is followed by defining a polyfunctional translation dictionary for Southern Africa. Attention is also paid to some macrostructural issues pertaining to standard translation dictionaries, among others vertical and horizontal alphabetical macrostructures and niching and nesting as manifestations of horizontal alphabetical macrostructures. With regard to nesting, the classification of first and second level nesting is expanded by the description of third and fourth level nesting. The influence of the organisation plan and the dictionary conceptualisation plan on the selection of lexical items for the macrostructure of a standard dictionary is touched upon. An in-depth evaluation of contextual guidance in Afrikaans standard translation dictionaries follows the exposition of the rationale for it and the definitions of the terms context, contextualisation and contextual guidance. The discussion produces the identification of the types of contextualising entries, among others meaning explanations, lexicographical labels and glosses, which fall under the main class of discriminators and which in turn functions alongside the main classes of cotext entries and inserted texts. Each type and subtype is studied meticulously, and distribution structures are determined and evaluated through the study of dictionary data. The study of the data also results in the identification of different levels of contextualisation as well as different types of translation equivalent paradigms. The discussion of lexicographical labels takes on the form of a critical overview of the existing literature on this topic and results in the presentation of a new and scientifically sounder model for the description of labelling in dictionaries in general, i.e. the deixis model. The study of contextualising entries is followed by a discussion of certain elements of the composition of dictionary articles that can support successful contextual guidance, i.e. types of microstructures and the rapid internal access structure. The in-depth study of contextualisation makes the revision of the definition for the term contextualising entry possible. Ultimately a practical model for more effective contextual guidance in polyfunctional Afrikaans translation dictionaries is presented in three main components, i.e. (i) standards for the application of contextual entries, (ii) the proposal of an adapted rapid internal access structure, and (iii) the effective application of functional types of microstructures. The requirements of lexicographical accountability and user-friendliness remain central motives throughout the study.

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation attempts a study in the design of school dictionaries for their use in the mother tongue or first language education. Pedagogical dictionaries have undergone changes, which are also due to changes, which had taken, place in the teaching of the mother tongue and in descriptive linguistics from the 1950s onwards. Features of the pedagogical model also have been affected by the development in language-teaching methodology. The teaching of the mother tongue is now less concerned with the knowledge and critical exploration of texts than with competence in oral and written expression.

Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The compilation of dictionaries is a laborious activity and it takes time, money and staff to achieve the objectives of any dictionary project. Many dictionaries have been compiled using the lexicographers’ personal intuition and guessing rather than being corpus based. That resulted in some dictionaries often being criticised by users because of the lack of representation of some important lexical items. This can probably be explained by the fact that most of these dictionaries were compiled in an era when theoretical lexicography was lacking or not well established. The last decades have witnessed the emergence of metalexicography as a theory directed also at dictionary planning in order to enhance the quality of lexicographic practice and the way in which the management and the compilation of dictionaries are dealt with. The planning of dictionaries takes into account not only the gathering of language material to be used but also the way in which this material will be treated and presented on both the macrostructural and the microstructural level as well as in the front matter texts and the back matter texts. In order to enhance the quality of the presentation in dictionaries, this dissertation pleads in favour of the formulation of a data collection policy that takes into consideration all the different sources of material, written and spoken, used in the different phases of the compilation of a dictionary. The three phases that form the main focus of this study are the material acquisition phase, the material preparation phase and the material processing phase. The involvement of the speech community in the compilation of a lexicographic corpus ensures the collection of representative and balanced data, and the different needs of that community are central to the dictionary project. The different language materials can be organised into different corpus types. The efficiency of a corpus resides in its capacity to provide different data types that can be included in the comment on semantics and the comment on form of each article in the central list of each dictionary. Some dictionaries lack a good representation of data in both these comments in the different articles. However, languages such as the Gabonese languages are in a privileged situation because they can still avoid the mistakes of other dictionary compilers by investing in corpus-based dictionaries at this early stage. Therefore, the establishment of lexicographic units with multifunctional tasks can play an important role. In a multilingual environment such as Gabon the issue of language status needs to be dealt with carefully because it is realistic to choose a certain number of languages to function as official languages. Different alphabets are presented in this study and realistic choices are made. The way in which the language material is organised will impact on the quality of the macrostructure and microstructure; this is essential because dictionaries are consulted most of the time for the spelling of a given lexical item, for a translation equivalent or for the explanation of the meaning of a lemma sign. The computerisation of a corpus is a focal point and needs to be done in a satisfactory manner that presents a clean and helpful corpus in order to provide the lexicographer with useful statistics, frequency word lists and the different concordance lines that are very important for the wording of definitions and the extraction of example sentences. This is why a corpus is seen as an indispensable tool in the improvement of the macro- and the microstructure of any type of dictionary. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die saamstel van woordeboeke is ’n moeisame aktiwiteit, en dit verg tyd, geld en personeel om die doelstellings van ’n woordeboekprojek te bereik. Talle woordeboeke is op grond van die navorsers se persoonlike intuïsie en raaiwerk saamgestel, in stede daarvan dat dit korpusgebaseerd is. Die gevolg is dat baie woordeboeke dikwels deur gebruikers gekritiseer word weens die gebrek aan verteenwoordiging van enkele belangrike leksikale items. Dít kan moontlik verklaar word deur die feit dat die meeste van hierdie woordeboeke saamgestel is in ’n era waartydens teoretiese leksikografie gebrekkig en nie goed gevestig was nie. In die afgelope dekades het metaleksikografie na vore getree as a teorie wat op woordeboekbeplanning gerig is ten einde die gehalte van die leksikografie-praktyk en die manier waarop die bestuur en samestelling van woordeboeke hanteer word, te verbeter. By die beplanning van woordeboeke word nie net die versameling taalmateriaal wat gebruik kan word in berekening gebring nie, maar ook die manier waarop hierdie materiaal op sowel makro- as mikrostrukturele vlakke, asook in die voorwerk en die agterwerk, hanteer en aangebied gaan word. Ten einde die gehalte van die aanbieding in woordeboeke te verbeter, lewer hierdie proefskrif ’n pleidooi vir die formulering van ’n dataversamelingsbeleid wat al die verskillende materiaalbronne, hetsy skriftelik of mondelings, wat in die verskillende stadia van die samestelling van ’n woordeboek gebruik word, in ag neem. Die drie stadia wat die hooffokus van hierdie studie is, is die stadia waarin die materiaal aangeskaf, voorberei en verwerk word. Die spraakgemeenskap se betrokkenheid by die saamstel van ’n leksikografiese korpus verseker die versameling van verteenwoordigende en gebalanseerde data, en die verskillende behoeftes van sodanige gemeenskap is die kern van die woordeboekprojek. Die verskillende taalmateriale kan in verskillende korpussoorte georden word. Die doeltreffendheid van ’n korpus berus op die vermoë daarvan om verskillende datasoorte te verskaf wat in die kommentaar op semantiek en die kommentaar op vorm van elke item in die sentrale lys van elke woordeboek ingesluit kan word. Sommige woordeboeke toon ’n gebrek aan goeie verteenwoordiging van data in albei hierdie soorte kommentaar in die verskillende items. Tale soos die Gaboenese tale is egter in ’n bevoorregte posisie, aangesien hulle nog die foute van ander woordeboeksamestellers kan vermy deur op hierdie vroeë stadium in korpusgebaseerde woordeboeke te belê. Die stigting van leksikografiese eenhede met multifunksionele take kan dus ’n belangrike rol speel. In ’n veeltalige omgewing soos Gaboen moet die kwessie van taalstatus versigtig hanteer word, aangesien dit realisties is om ’n sekere hoeveelheid tale as amptelike tale te kies. Verskillende alfabette word in hierdie studie aangebied en realistiese keuses word gemaak. Die manier waarop die taalmateriaal georden is, sal ’n uitwerking op die makro- en mikrostruktuur hê; dit is van belang omdat woordeboeke meestal vir die spelling van ’n gegewe leksikale item, vir ’n vertaalekwivalent of vir die verklaring van die betekenis van ’n lemmateken geraadpleeg word. Die rekenarisering van ’n korpus is ’n belangrike aspek en moet op ’n bevredigende wyse uitgevoer word wat ’n skoon en nuttige korpus lewer ten einde die leksikograaf van goeie statistieke, frekwensiewoordlyste en die verskillende konkordansielyne te voorsien, wat baie belangrik is vir die skryf van definisies en die onttrekking van voorbeeldsinne. Om hierdie rede word ’n korpus as ’n onmisbare instrument in die verbetering van die makro- en mikrostruktuur van enige soort woordeboek beskou.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study proposes a concept model for an electronic bilingual dictionary of sign language and Afrikaans (or English, or any other spoken language) that can be applied in practice by the De la Bat School for the Deaf in Worcester – or any school of similar organisation – to compile a bilingual dictionary in which it is not only possible to look up a sign via a written word but also to look up a sign even if the user does not necessarily know the written equivalent. This is important as it will mean that, for the first time in South Africa, a Deaf user would not have to be literate in any written language to use a dictionary in his or her own language. At the same time a hearing user would be able to look up a sign of which the meaning is unknown, for example when a sign is noticed in a conversation or an unknown context. The sign language dictionaries currently available in South Africa are little more than alphabetically arranged (or sometimes thematically arranged) lists in which the written language offers the only access to the content. As per introduction the first four chapters provide general discussions of sign language, the Deaf in South Africa, lexicography and sign language dictionaries. The discussions which follow in the remaining chapters focus on the decisions which have to be made in terms of the proposed dictionary’s content and design. These chapters contain recommendations regarding equivalent relations between sign language and Afrikaans, several outer texts which could be included in the frame structure, the characteristics of the electronic database from which the dictionary will be generated, as well as decisions that have to be made about the microstructure. In the last chapter the lexicographic model for an electronic bilingual Foundation Phase dictionary of South African Sign Language and Afrikaans is provided with complete examples. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie stel 'n konsepmodel voor vir 'n elektroniese tweetalige woordeboek van gebaretaal en Afrikaans (of Engels, of enige ander gesproke taal) wat deur die De la Bat Skool vir Dowes in Worcester – of enige ander skool of soortgelyke instansie – in die praktyk aangewend sou kon word om 'n tweetalige woordeboek saam te stel waarin dit nie slegs moontlik is om 'n gebaar via 'n geskrewe woord op te soek nie, maar ook om 'n gebaar op te soek sonder dat die gebruiker noodwendig die geskrewe ekwivalent ken. Dit is belangrik aangesien dit die eerste keer in Suid- Afrika sal beteken dat 'n Dowe gebruiker nie in enige geskrewe taal geletterd hoef te wees om 'n woordeboek in sy of haar eie taal te gebruik nie. Terselfdertyd sal 'n horende gebruiker wat gebaretaal leer in staat wees om 'n gebaar op te soek waarvan die betekenis onbekend is, soos wanneer 'n gebaar in 'n gesprek of onbekende konteks opgemerk word. Die gebaretaalwoordeboeke wat op die oomblik in Suid-Afrika bestaan, is weinig meer as alfabetiese (of soms tematiese) lyste waarin die geskrewe taal die enigste toegang tot die inhoud bied. Ter inleiding word algemene besprekings van gebaretaal, Dowes in Suid-Afrika, leksikografie en gebaretaalwoordeboeke in die eerste vier hoofstukke verskaf. Die besprekings wat in die hoofstukke daarop volg, fokus in meer besonderhede op die besluite wat t.o.v. die voorgestelde woordeboek se inhoud en ontwerp gemaak moet word. Dié hoofstukke bevat aanbevelings rakende ekwivalentverhoudings tussen gebaretaal en Afrikaans, verskeie buitetekste wat in die raamstruktuur gebruik sou kon word, die eienskappe van die elektroniese databasis waaruit die woordeboek gegenereer word asook besluite wat oor die mikrostruktuur geneem moet word. In die laaste hoofstuk word die leksikografiese model vir 'n elektroniese tweetalige grondslagfasewoordeboek van Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal en Afrikaans met volledige voorbeelde uiteengesit. / Nasionale Navorsingstigting / Harry Crosleystigting

<p>U radu se razmatra status aktuelnih pozajmljenica u<br />srpskom jeziku iz perspektive leksikologije i<br />leksikografije. Za potrebe ovog razmatranja prikupljen je<br />korpus od 1000 pozajmljenica ekscerpiranih iz<br />relevantnih &scaron;tampanih medija. Prvi dio rada, nakon<br />osnovnih, uvodnih napomena o predmetu i cilju<br />istraživanja, bavi se teorijskim postavkama koje se ticu<br />pozajmljenica u leksikolo&scaron;koj i leksikografskoj literaturi.<br />U narednom segmentu rada obja&scaron;njava se metodologija<br />primijenjena u radu, te se opisuju izvori za ekscerpciju<br />leksike. Zatim slijedi analiticki dio u kome se analizira<br />ekscerpirana leksika na fonolo&scaron;kom, morfolo&scaron;kom,<br />tvorbenom, leksikolo&scaron;kom, semantickom i pravopisnom<br />nivou. Time se pokazuje adaptiranost pozajmljenica na<br />razlicitim jezickim nivoima, i odnos savremene srpske<br />leksikografije prema ovom znacajnom segmentu aktuelne<br />leksike srpskog jezika. Posebni dijelovi rada izdvojeni su<br />za osvrt na problem vi&scaron;eclanih leksema, i zatim za<br />strukturu rjecnika. Razmatranje se zavr&scaron;ava zakljucnim<br />napomenama, u kojima se daje pregled cjelokupnog rada,<br />i skrece se pažnja na otvorena pitanja. Najobimniji dio<br />rada je rjecnik aktuelnih pozajmljenica u srpskom jeziku.<br />U ovom istraživanju se pokazalo da relevantna<br />leksikolo&scaron;ka i leksikografska literatura, kao ni<br />leksikografska praksa ne obuhvataju u dovoljnoj mjeri<br />vrlo slojevit i kompleksan nanos strane leksike u<br />savremenom srpskom jeziku.</p> / <p>The thesis discusses the position of the current<br />loanwords in the Serbian language from the lexicological<br />and lexicographical point of view. The corpus of 1,000<br />loanwords excerpted from the relevant press has been<br />collected for this study. After some basic and introductory<br />comments on the subject and the goal of the research, the<br />first part of the thesis deals with theoretical statements<br />concerning loanwords in lexicological and<br />lexicographical literature. The following segment of the<br />study explains the methodology applied in practice and<br />describes the sources of the excerpted lexis. The next is<br />the analytical part where the excerpted lexis is analysed<br />on the levels of phonology, morphology, word formation,<br />lexicology, semantics and ortography. It is used to show<br />the adaptibility of loanwords to different linguistic levels<br />and approach of the contemporary Serbian lexicography<br />towards this significant segment of the current lexis in the<br />Serbian language. Some specific parts of the thesis have<br />been selected as the review of the issue of composite<br />lexemes, as well as the structure of the lexicon. The study<br />is ended with the concluding notes where the overview of<br />the complete thesis is given and the attention is drawn to<br />the open questions. The most extensive part is the lexicon<br />of the current loanwords in the Serbian language. This<br />research has shown that relevant lexicological and<br />lexicographical practice do not adequately comprise quite<br />layered and complex accumulation of foreign lexis in the<br />contemporary Serbian language.</p>

Highly structured for efficient communication, natural languages are complex systems. Unlike in their computational cousins, functions and meanings in natural languages are relative, frequently prescribed to symbols through unexpected social processes. Despite grammar and definition, the presence of metaphor can leave unwitting language users "in the dark," so to speak. This is not problematic, but rather an important operational feature of languages, since the lifting of meaning onto higher-order structures allows individuals to compress descriptions of regularly-conveyed information. This compressed terminology, often only appropriate when taken locally (in context), is beneficial in an enormous world of novel experience. However, what is natural for a human to process can be tremendously difficult for a computer. When a sequence of words (a phrase) is to be taken as a unit, suppose the choice of words in the phrase is subordinate to the choice of the phrase, i.e., there exists an inter-word dependence owed to membership within a common phrase. This word selection process is not one of independent selection, and so is capable of generating word-frequency distributions that are not accessible via independent selection processes. We have shown in Ch. 2 through analysis of thousands of English texts that empirical word-frequency distributions possess these word-dependence anomalies, while phrase-frequency distributions do not. In doing so, this study has also led to the development of a novel, general, and mathematical framework for the generation of frequency data for phrases, opening up the field of mass-preserving mesoscopic lexical analyses. A common oversight in many studies of the generation and interpretation of language is the assumption that separate discourses are independent. However, even when separate texts are each produced by means of independent word selection, it is possible for their composite distribution of words to exhibit dependence. Succinctly, different texts may use a common word or phrase for different meanings, and so exhibit disproportionate usages when juxtaposed. To support this theory, we have shown in Ch. 3 that the act of combining distinct texts to form large 'corpora' results in word-dependence irregularities. This not only settles a 15-year discussion, challenging the current major theory, but also highlights an important practice necessary for successful computational analysis---the retention of meaningful separations in language. We must also consider how language speakers and listeners navigate such a combinatorially vast space for meaning. Dictionaries (or, the collective editorial communities behind them) are smart. They know all about the lexical objects they define, but we ask about the latent information they hold, or should hold, about related, undefined objects. Based solely on the text as data, in Ch. 4 we build on our result in Ch. 2 and develop a model of context defined by the structural similarities of phrases. We then apply this model to define measures of meaning in a corpus-guided experiment, computationally detecting entries missing from a massive, collaborative online dictionary known as the Wiktionary.

1 Abstract This paper aims at an empirical corpus driven analysis of a closed set of German comparative idioms with adjectives. Regularities in their variations are examined from several points of view. The contrastive German-Czech perspective contributes to a more objective understanding of the phenomenon itself. Corpus research results are integrated into the context of practical lexicography. The strategy of equivalence in a bilingual dictionary is discussed and reevaluated both theoretically and practically. Keywords: phraseology, comparisons, variability, lexicography, dictionary, corpus

The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of currently used helvetisms in the field of cuisine and eating. In the initial part, a concept of German as a pluricentric language is introduced, followed by a description of the language situation in the German speaking Switzerland and basic characteristics of the Swiss variety. Five sources were analyzed, besides other things also a journal of a Switzerland-based Germanist and business company Migros' product database. Internet was used as a linguistic corpus in order to provide an analysis tool next to the selected dictionaries. Ascertained helvetisms were assessed on the basis of their existing lexicographic form and the degree of their intelligibility for other German speaking countries speakers. Selected helvetisms were processed as dictionary entries for the emerging Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Esta tese de doutorado deriva do programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Geração de Dicionários da Língua de Sinais Brasileira (Libras) conduzido pelo Professor Capovilla no último quarto de século. A tese pertence aos campos da lexicologia, lexicografia e metalexicografia. A tese foca na pesquisa lexicográfica que a autora conduziu como coautora do Dic-Brasil: Dicionário da Língua de Sinas do Brasil (Capovilla, Raphael, Temoteo, & Martins, 2017a, 2017b, 20917c) nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e no Distrito Federal . Ela descreve as estratégias usadas para estudar o léxico de Libras, e compara as estratégias lexicográficas usadas em seis dicionários clássicos, três dos quais d e Libras e os outros três da Língua de Sinais Americana. A tese analisa o papel que a iconicidade do sinal desempenha nos dicionários de sinais, e compara diferentes modos com que a iconicidade é tratada nesses seis dicionários clássicos de língua de sinai s. De modo a aumentar a eficácia pragmática com que os dicionários representam sinais, esta tese analisa o papel desempenhado pelas ilustrações e descrições, tanto da forma do sinal quanto de seu significado; bem como da iconicidade, etimologia e morfologi a do sinal. A tese descreve um estudo sobre a iconicidade dos sinais, e analisa a relação entre o grau em que a forma de um sinal pode ser considerada admissível para representar um dado significado e o grau em que esse significado pode ser efetivamente ad ivinhado. Sinais icônicos têm significado admissível e adivinhável. O paradoxo na bibliografia é que sinais não adivinháveis são considerados admissíveis. No estudo analisando relação entre admissibilidade e adivinhabilidade, 70 sujeitos ingênuos (Grupos 1 e 2) observaram 201 sinais (Conjuntos A e B). Sujeitos do Grupo 1 julgavam a admissibilidade dos sinais do Conjunto A (atribuindo nota numa escala Likert: - 2, - 1, +1, +2) e adivinhavam o significado dos sinais do Conjunto B. Sujeitos do Grupo 2 faziam o o posto: julgavam a admissibilidade dos sinais do Conjunto B e adivinhavam significado dos sinais do Conjunto A. Resultados revelaram que s ujeitos julgaram 28 sinais como inadmissíveis (Adm M - 1), 77 como admissíveis (+1 Adm M ), e 96 como neutros ( - 1,00< Adm M <+1,00). Dos 201 sinais, adivinharam somente 24 (+1 Adv M ), todos os quais haviam sido previamente considerados admissíveis pelo outro grupo. Nenhum sinal que foi considerado inadmissíve l por um grupo chegou a ser adivinhado pelo outro. Logo, a admissibilidade de um sinal parece ser condição necessária para a adivinhabilidade desse sinal, e correlacionada positivamente com essa adivinhabilidade. O estudo sugere que, aparentemente, a admis sibilidade só passa a predizer fortemente a adivinhabilidade quando essa admissibilidade ultrapassar certo limiar de forte admissibilidade, que está localizado em algum ponto entre 1,50 e 1,75 (i.e., 1,50 Adm M 1,75) na escala Likert / This doctoral dissertation springs from the Research and Development Program on Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) Dictionaries conducted by Professor Capovilla and students at the University of Sao Paulo over the last 25 years. The dissertation pertains to Libras lexicology, lexicography, and metalexicography. The dissertation centers on the lexicographic research that the author has conducted as coauthor of the Dic-Brasil: Libras Dictionary (Capovilla, Raphael, Temoteo, & Martins, 2017a, 2017b, 20917c). It describes the strategies used for studying Libras lexicon, and compares lexicographic strategies used in six classic dictionaries, three of which on Libras, and the other three on American Sign Language. The dissertation analyzes the role of sign iconicity in sign dictionaries. It compares different ways in which iconicity is dealt with in six classic sign language dictionaries. In order to increase the pragmatic efficacy with which dictionaries represent signs, the present dissertation analyzes the role played by both illustration and description of both sign form and sign meaning, as well as by descriptions of sign iconicity, etymology and morphology. The dissertation describes a study on sign iconicity that analyzes the relationship between sign admissibility and sign guessability. Signs are iconic when their meaning is admissible and can be guessed. Paradoxically, while only 10% of sign meaning can be guessed, the remaining 90% of signs that cannot be guessed are considered admissible, once the observer is informed about what they mean. In the study, 70 naive subjects (Groups 1 and 2) examined 201 signs (Sets A and B). Group 1 subjects rated the admissibility of Set A signs (using a Likert scale: -2, -1, +1, +2) and guessed the meaning of Set B signs. Group 2 did the opposite. Results showed that: Subjects rated 28 signs as inadmissible (average rating -1), 77 signs as admissible (average rating +1), and 96 signs as neutral (-.99 average rating +.99). Only 24 of 201 signs were effectively guessed (average rating +1), all of which had been regarded as being admissible by the other group subjects. No sign that had been regarded as inadmissible ended up being guessed. Therefore, admissibility seemed necessary for guessability and positively correlated with it. Yet it seemed insufficient for guessability. The data suggests that, apparently, sign admissibility can only predict sign guessability when admissibility surpasses a given threshold of strong admissibility, which is located somewhere in between 1.5 and 1.75 point (1,50 average rating 1,75) in the Likert scale

La tension constante qui s’instaure entre dictionnaires et approches théoriques de la signification s’avère une dynamique majeure de l’histoire et de l’historicité des idées linguistiques. Il s’agit dès lors de faire ressortir la perméabilité, les effets de continuité et les ruptures éventuelles entre les dictionnaires en tant qu’outils linguistiques et les approches théoriques qui se penchent sur le sens. La période retenue permet de suivre, sur le moyen terme, les formes de cette interaction. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, de voir comment la lexicographie monolingue française de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle contribue à la promotion du sens au rang d’objet d’étude. En effet, le dictionnaire s’avère un lieu heuristique révélateur des problèmes théoriques que pose la description sémantique. À partir des matériaux empiriques collectés dans le cadre de cette description de la langue, les linguistes de la fin du XIXe siècle cherchent à parvenir à une synthèse des observations. Une relecture du débat qui se développe autour de l’institutionnalisation de la sémantique au XIXe siècle permet de montrer, dans un deuxième temps, que les dilemmes du lexicographe sont susceptibles d’aboutir à des impasses théoriques. Néanmoins, les failles repérées dans les outils linguistiques sollicitent la réflexion et lui suggèrent de nouvelles hypothèses. Dans un troisième temps, il s’agit de retracer, au cours du XXe siècle, la dispersion de l’interaction entre dictionnaires et approches théoriques du sens et ce, dans des horizons de recherche différents qui adoptent l’outil linguistique comme modèle de la langue, de la compétence sémantique ou comme terrain d’expérimentation. / The constant strain between dictionaries and theoretical approaches to signification proves to be one of the major dynamics of the history and the historicity of linguistic ideas. Hence what matters is to bring out the permeability, the effects of continuity and the possible breaking points between dictionaries as linguistic tools and the theoretical approaches that look into meaning. The period considered here provides an understanding of the various forms of this interaction in the medium term. First, this study shows how French monolingual lexicography in the second half of the 19th century contributes to making meaning an object of study. As a matter of fact dictionaries prove to play a heuristic role which reveals the theoretical problems raised by semantic description. From the empirical evidence collected in the context of that description of language, late 19th-century linguists seek to come to a synthesis of observations. A new reading of the debate surrounding the institutionalization of semantics in the 19th century then shows that a lexicographer’s dilemmas are likely to end up in theoretical deadlocks. Nevertheless, the faults found in linguistic tools trigger off further reflection and suggest new hypotheses. Finally, this study aims to trace back the dissipation of the interaction between dictionaries and theoretical approaches to meaning, during the 20th century, thanks to different research perspectives which take on linguistic tools as the model for language, for semantic competence, or as an experimental field.