A produção lexicográfica japonesa iniciou-se logo no período Nara (710-794), florescendo durante o período Heian (794-1185). Os primeiros trabalhos constituíam-se de vocabulários e manuais de poesia, ou manuais de pronúncia para monges budistas. Alguns séculos depois, com a ascensão das classes militares, obras com o intuito de educar esses novos líderes começaram a organizar o léxico de maneira mais universal. Dentro dessa nova tradição, também é possível encontrar as obras produzidas pelos missionários portugueses da Companhia de Jesus. No presente trabalho serão exploradas as características de duas obras: o Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues, feito por alguns Padres, e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesu, e o RACVYOXV. Uma atenção especial será dada para o RACVYOXV, um dicionário de sinogramas dividido em três volumes impressos no ano de 1598, com uma máquina tipográfica trazida da Europa ao Japão pelos jesuítas. Existem poucos estudos dessas duas obras no ocidente, e, no caso do RACVYOXV, nenhum estudo em língua portuguesa. Através da comparação dos vocábulos e entradas desses dois trabalhos cuja publicação é separada por apenas cinco anos, o presente trabalho almeja apresentar o RACVYOXV com a descrição da sua estrutura interna e mostrar as possíveis relações entre o léxico deste com o do Vocabulario tendo em vista a finalidade pedagógica das duas obras / The Japanese lexicographic production begun at the Nara era (710-794), blooming during the Heian era (794-1185). The first works were vocabularies and poetry handbooks, or pronunciation guides to Buddhist monks. Few centuries later, with the rising of military classes, works with the intention to educate those new leaders started to organize all lexicon more universally. Inside this new tradition, it is also possible to find the works made by the Portuguese missionaries of the Companhia de Jesus. In this paper, it will be explored the features from two works: the Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam com a declaração em Portugues, feito por alguns Padres, e Irmãos da Companhia de Iesu, and the RACVYOXV. One special atention will be given to the RACVYOXV, one sinogram dictionary divided in three volumes, pressed at the year of 1598, with a typography machine brought from Europe to Japan by the Jesuits. There are few studies of these two works in the western world, and, about the RACVYOXV, there are no studies in Portuguese. Through the comparison of the lexicon and entries of those two works, whose publication are just five years apart, this paper wills to present the RACVYOXV with the description of its internal structure and show the possible relation with its lexicon with the Vocabularios lexicon, in the light of pedagogical finality of both works

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a elaboração da arquitetura de um dicionário eletrônico off-line em CD-ROM, pedagógico, bilíngue italiano-português, para aprendizes brasileiros adultos. Iniciando-se pela representatividade lexical nos dicionários, procurou-se abordar os critérios de eleição dos corpora de base em sua preparação e a consequente seleção de verbetes, indicativos do público-alvo destes dicionários. Após esta introdução ilustrativa feita com exemplos reais de escolhas lexicais no decorrer da história dos dicionários monolíngues e bilíngues na esfera da língua italiana e portuguesa, enfatizaram-se o valor da língua oral para os aprendizes bem como as recentes pesquisas nesta direção. No âmbito da lexicografia crítica, fez-se necessária a criação de uma metodologia de análise apropriada, aplicada a diferentes dicionários existentes, principalmente aos que utilizam mídias eletrônicas, elaborando-se formulários específicos com vistas à padronização e otimização deste processo de avaliação, e à criação de futuros produtos lexicográficos. A princípio tais formulários foram elaborados como um meio para se alcançar o objetivo final, mas acabaram se transformando naturalmente em uma nova meta criativa. O alcance da verificação foi sendo ampliado para que se pudesse catalogar qualquer dicionário, principalmente quanto às suas informações gerais, macroestrutura, microestrutura (denominadas aqui preferencialmente macroarquitetura e microarquitetura), e possibilidades e recursos oferecidos pelo formato eletrônico. A partir destes resultados, sugere-se uma proposta do modelo teórico selecionado, apresentado na forma de telasexemplo para CD-ROM, considerando-se que a estrutura digital seja uma ferramenta imprescindível à didática do ensino de línguas estrangeiras. / This dissertation\'s main objective is the development of the architecture of an off-line pedagogic, bilingual Italian-Portuguese electronic dictionary on CD-ROM for Brazilian adult learners. Starting at the lexical representation in dictionaries, it was sought to address their base corpora selection criteria and subsequent entry selection, indicative of their target audience. After this illustrative introduction made with real examples of lexical choices in the course of the history of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for Italian and Portuguese language, emphasis was given to the value of oral language to learners, as well as the recent research in this field. As part of the critical lexicography, it was necessary to create an appropriate methodology of analysis applied to various existing dictionaries, especially to those using electronic media, and to develop specific forms having in view the standardization and optimization of this evaluation process and the creation of future lexicographical \'products\'. At first these forms were prepared as a way to achieve the ultimate goal, but eventually it naturally became a new creative aim. The scope of the verification was expanded so that one could categorize any dictionary, especially regarding its general information, macrostructure, microstructure (preferably called here \'macroarchitecture\' and \'microarchitecture\'), and the resources and possibilities offered by electronic format. From these results, it is suggested a proposal of the selected theoretical model, presented as example-screens for CD-ROM, considering that the digital infrastructure is an indispensable tool to the didactic teaching of foreign languages.

O principal objetivo desta dissertação é a elaboração da arquitetura de um dicionário eletrônico off-line em CD-ROM, pedagógico, bilíngue italiano-português, para aprendizes brasileiros adultos. Iniciando-se pela representatividade lexical nos dicionários, procurou-se abordar os critérios de eleição dos corpora de base em sua preparação e a consequente seleção de verbetes, indicativos do público-alvo destes dicionários. Após esta introdução ilustrativa feita com exemplos reais de escolhas lexicais no decorrer da história dos dicionários monolíngues e bilíngues na esfera da língua italiana e portuguesa, enfatizaram-se o valor da língua oral para os aprendizes bem como as recentes pesquisas nesta direção. No âmbito da lexicografia crítica, fez-se necessária a criação de uma metodologia de análise apropriada, aplicada a diferentes dicionários existentes, principalmente aos que utilizam mídias eletrônicas, elaborando-se formulários específicos com vistas à padronização e otimização deste processo de avaliação, e à criação de futuros produtos lexicográficos. A princípio tais formulários foram elaborados como um meio para se alcançar o objetivo final, mas acabaram se transformando naturalmente em uma nova meta criativa. O alcance da verificação foi sendo ampliado para que se pudesse catalogar qualquer dicionário, principalmente quanto às suas informações gerais, macroestrutura, microestrutura (denominadas aqui preferencialmente macroarquitetura e microarquitetura), e possibilidades e recursos oferecidos pelo formato eletrônico. A partir destes resultados, sugere-se uma proposta do modelo teórico selecionado, apresentado na forma de telasexemplo para CD-ROM, considerando-se que a estrutura digital seja uma ferramenta imprescindível à didática do ensino de línguas estrangeiras. / This dissertation\'s main objective is the development of the architecture of an off-line pedagogic, bilingual Italian-Portuguese electronic dictionary on CD-ROM for Brazilian adult learners. Starting at the lexical representation in dictionaries, it was sought to address their base corpora selection criteria and subsequent entry selection, indicative of their target audience. After this illustrative introduction made with real examples of lexical choices in the course of the history of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries for Italian and Portuguese language, emphasis was given to the value of oral language to learners, as well as the recent research in this field. As part of the critical lexicography, it was necessary to create an appropriate methodology of analysis applied to various existing dictionaries, especially to those using electronic media, and to develop specific forms having in view the standardization and optimization of this evaluation process and the creation of future lexicographical \'products\'. At first these forms were prepared as a way to achieve the ultimate goal, but eventually it naturally became a new creative aim. The scope of the verification was expanded so that one could categorize any dictionary, especially regarding its general information, macrostructure, microstructure (preferably called here \'macroarchitecture\' and \'microarchitecture\'), and the resources and possibilities offered by electronic format. From these results, it is suggested a proposal of the selected theoretical model, presented as example-screens for CD-ROM, considering that the digital infrastructure is an indispensable tool to the didactic teaching of foreign languages.

Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa / Resumo: A derivação é apresentada pelas gramáticas tradicionais como uma lista de prefixos e sufixos, divididos em gregos e latinos, com seus significados e acompanhados de exemplos. Com essa limitação no estudo da derivação, não são apresentadas as possíveis combinações das unidades lexicais com os prefixos, nem tampouco é admitido que, para se formar um derivado prefixado, é preciso que a base a que se junta o prefixo aceite a significação que lhe será impressa. Outra falha ocorre nos dicionários que se limitam a definir as entradas lexicais não contextualizadas dificultando o entendimento do significado da unidade derivada, pois nem sempre é possível entender sua formação visto que o prefixo pode admitir significados diferentes e somente o contexto pode precisar esse significado. Desta forma, o processo de formação de palavras tradicionalmente atrbuído à morfologia deve envolver também outros níveis da língua: sintaxe, semântica e pragmática. Uma vez considerados esses níveis é possível estabelecer paradigmas que sistematizem a formação de palavras considerando o significado do derivado contextualizando e os semas contidos na base. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o paradigma derivacional dos verbos formados por prefixos latinos de movimento, o tipo de base a que se anexam os prefixos, as classes gramticais que entram na formação do derivado e o dignificado contextual do prefixo na unidade lexical analisando o valor semântico do derivado, bem como as interferências pragmáticas. Cnclui-se que, analisando o derivado sob a perspectiva morfológica, semântica, sintática e pragmática, é possível estabelecer um paradigma do sistema prefixal da língua considerando o aspecto diacrônico dos prefixos, os semas das unidades lexicais, agrupando as unidades que apresentam semas comuns e o comportamento pragmético da unidade derivada. / Abstract: The derivation is presented by the traditional grammars as a list of prefixes and suffices, divided into Greek and Latin, with their meanings and accompained by examples. With this limitation in the study of the derivation, possible combinations of the lexical units with the prefixes are not presented. In addition, it is not admitted that, in order to from a derived prefix it is necessary that the base to which the prefix joins, accepts its new signification. Another failure occurs in dictionaries that only define the non-contextualized lexical entries, making it difficult to understand the meaning of the derived unit, as it is not always possible to undestand its formation, since the prefix can admit different meanings and only the context may clarify this meaning. Therefore, the formation process of words, traditionally ascribed to morphology, may also involve other levels of the language: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Once considered these sectors, it is possible to establish that systematize the formation of words, considering the meaning of the contextualized derived and the semes contaimed in the base. This paper has had the aim to identiflay the derivational paradigm of the verbs formed by Latin prefixes of movement, the kind of base to which the prefixes attach, the grammatical classes that enter in the formation of the derived and the contextual meaning of the prefix in the lexical unit, analyzing the semantic value of the derived, as well as the pragmatic interferences. It was concluded that, analysing the derived under the morphological, semantic, and pragmatic perspectives, it is possoble to establish a paradigm of the prefix system of the language considering the diachronic aspect of the prefixes, the semes of the lexical units, joing the units that present common semes and the pragmatic behavior of the derived unit. / Doutor

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / In its Preface the WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH claims to be suitable for both native and foreign speakers of Afrikaans and German. This study presents an evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/ WÖRTERBUCH to determine to what extent the dictionary can be regarded as a helpful and up-to-date tool for the user, whether he or she is a native or foreign speaker of the language pair treated in this dictionary. This ultimate aim is to determine to what degree WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH can serve as a helpful tool in translation. Theoretically and methodically the study is based on the dictionary usage research by HE Wiegand, with the genuine purpose of the dictionary as the main principle. The genuine purpose of the dictionary forms the basis of the theoretical and practical analysis. The study contains a short overview of the development of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH from when it was first published as a monolingual dictionary for native speakers of Afrikaans who wanted to learn German in 1925 to the publication of the eighth edition in 1983, which claims to be a new and more effective source of information for both languages, to enable closer relations between South Africa and Germany. This is followed by a lexicographic discussion on the concepts underlying the planning of a dictionary, with the emphasis on lexicographic processes and lexicographic functions. The problematic issue of active and passive dictionaries is discussed, concluding with the preference for a dictionary orientated towards text production in the case of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH, which would enable translation from Afrikaans into German and vice versa. The problematic nature of equivalent relations is discussed in detail and forms the main focus of the empirical study and the practical study. The evaluation of WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH is continued in the practical study, where the genuine purpose of the dictionary and the lexicographic functions are the main criteria. The empirical study analyses the actual problems target users have when consulting the dictionary in the context of the genuine purpose of the dictionary. The study is concluded with the statement that WOORDEBOEK/WÖRTERBUCH should be revised thoroughly and that this revision can only be successful if it is based on an up-to-date, representative corpus of both Afrikaans and German; and when the lexicographer is steered by the lexicographic functions and the needs of the target user, which determine the genuine purpose of the dictionary.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally accepted that illustrative examples are useful in dictionaries, particularly school and learner’s dictionaries. The South African school situation presents unique challenges to lexicographers, as most learners are being taught in English, which is not their home language, so a monolingual school dictionary is used as a learner’s dictionary, and a bilingual school dictionary may not contain the learner’s first language. This research aims to find out how useful examples are to South African learners, and how one can evaluate the effectiveness of examples in dictionaries. The first method used in this thesis is the development of a table of categories, which is used to analyse, compare and evaluate illustrative examples in five different South African school dictionaries. The data from this table is presented in detail, and the results are discussed and conclusions drawn. The second method makes use of questionnaires given to learners to find out whether they are aware of the supportive functions of examples in dictionaries. The result of the table of categories is a set of guidelines and recommendations for selecting or inventing suitable examples for use in school dictionaries. The table of categories can also be used to analyse and compare the examples in existing dictionaries. The result of the learner questionnaires is that learners do actively look for support for the definition in examples, especially if the headword is new to them, or they do not understand the definition. The conclusion of this thesis is that examples are an important part of a dictionary entry and need to be chosen with care, to provide as much support as possible, within the space constraints of that particular dictionary / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke, veral in skool- en aanleerderswoordeboeke, baie nuttig is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolbestel bied unieke uitdagings aan leksikograwe, aangesien die meeste leerders in Engels (wat nie hulle moedertaal is nie) onderrig ontvang. Gevolglik word 'n eentalige skoolwoordeboek dikwels gebruik as 'n aanleerderswoordeboek, en 'n tweetalige woordeboek bevat dikwels nie die leerder se moedertaal nie. Met hierdie navorsing word gepoog om uit te vind hoe nuttig Suid- Afrikaanse leerders voorbeeldmateriaal vind, en hoe 'n mens die effektiwiteit van voorbeeldmateriaal kan evalueer. Die eerste metode wat in hierdie tesis gebruik word, is die samestelling van 'n tabel van kategorieë wat dan gebruik word om voorbeeldmateriaal in vyf verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse skoolwoordeboeke te analiseer, vergelyk en evalueer. Die data in hierdie tabel word omvattend aangebied, die resultate word bespreek en daar word dan tot gevolgtrekkings gekom. Die tweede metode maak gebruik van vraelyste wat onder leerders versprei is om uit te vind of hulle bewus was van die ondersteunende funksies van voorbeeldmateriaal in woordeboeke. Die resultaat van die tabel van kategorieë is 'n stel riglyne en aanbevelings aan die hand waarvan geskikte voorbeelde vir gebruik in skoolwoordeboeke gekies of geskep kan word. Die tabel van kategorieë kan ook gebruik word om die voorbeeldmateriaal in bestaande woordeboeke te analiseer en vergelyk. Die uitkoms van die leerdervraelyste toon aan dat leerders wel aktief in voorbeelde na ondersteuning vir die definisie soek, veral as die trefwoord by hulle onbekend is of as hulle nie die definisie verstaan nie. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie tesis is dat voorbeeldmateriaal 'n belangrike deel van die woordeboekartikel is en dat voorbeelde met sorg gekies moet word om soveel as moontlik ondersteuning te bied sonder om die beskikbare ruimte in die spesifieke woordeboek te oorskry.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bilingual dictionaries should have a decoding as well as an encoding function. Decoding dictionaries want to assist the user in interpreting the language, while encoding dictionaries want to help the user with the usage of the language. The present role of a bilingual or translation dictionary has to change from that of supplying only translation equivalents to one of supplying a more comprehensive data presentation. This should also include additional semantic and pragmatic information. The main aim of a bilingual dictionary should not only be the establishment of a relation of semantic equivalence between source and target language, but also reaching communicative equivalence in the process. This means that the user must be able to find the applicable equivalent of the source language item in the target language. One of the best ways for a lexicographer to test the communicative aptness of a given translation equivalent, is by means of the reversibility principle. It means that lexical item A, included as translation equivalent of lemma B in the X-section of a bidirectional translation dictionary, has to be included as a lemma in the Y-section ofthe dictionary with at least the lexical item B, the relevant lemma from the X-section, as one of its translation equivalents. Each lexical item included as a translation equivalent in the Y-section has to be included as the lemma in the X-section of the dictionary with at least the respective lemma from the Ysection as a translation equivalent. This thesis tries to show how, if not adhered to the above principles, an inferior product can be the result of many hours of painstaking work. The main problematic areas are inter alia those of labels, spelling inconsistencies and an absence of translation equivalents. However, some of the less obvious problematic areas are also touched upon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tweetalige woordeboeke behoort 'n dekoderende sowel as 'n enkoderende funksie te hê. Dekoderende woordeboeke moet die gebruiker help om die taal te interpreteer, terwyl enkoderende woordeboeke die gebruiker moet help met die gebruik van 'n woodeboek. Die huidige rol van 'n tweetalige ofvertalende woordeboek moet verander van een wat slegs vertalingsekwivalente verskaf, na een met meer omvattende data. 'n Tweetalige woordeboek behoort nie slegs die gebruiker van vertalingsekwivalente te voorsien nie, maar behoort ook addisionele semantiese en pragmatiese inligting in te sluit. Een van die beste maniere vir 'n leksikograaf om die kommunikatiewe geskiktheid van 'n gegewe vertalingsekwivalent te toets, is deur middel van die omkeerbaarheidsbeginsel. Hiermee word bedoel dat leksikale item A, wat ingesluit is as 'n vertalingsekwivalent van lemma B in the X-seksie van 'n tweerigtingwoordeboek, ook ingesluit moet word as 'n lemma in die Y-seksie van die woordeboek met ten minste the leksikale item B, die relevante lemma van die X-seksie, as een van sy vertalingsekwivalente. Hierdie tesis gaan aandui hoe, wanneer daar nie aan hierdie vereistes voldoen word nie, 'n minderwaardige produk die resultaat is van baie ure se harde werk. Die hoofareas onder bespreking is onder meer etikette, Spellingonreëlmatighede en die afwesigheid van vertalingsekwivalente. Daar word egter ook aandag geskenk aan probleme wat nie op so 'n groot skaal voor kom nie.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The decision to investigate the lexicographic representation of Kinyarwanda phrasemes has been motivated by two problems. Firstly, the compilers of Kinyarwanda general dictionaries do not take cognisance of the wide-ranging nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes. As a result, the confusion of different types of phrasemes entails inadequate treatment of phraseology in Kinyarwanda dictionaries. Furthermore, some types of phrasemes are mistakenly left out or under-represented in Kinyarwanda dictionaries due to the fact that the multifaceted nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes is not recognised. Secondly, the representation of phrasemes in current Kinyarwanda dictionaries is unsatisfactory as far as data presentation, distribution and accessibility is concerned. Therefore, not only is the multifaceted nature of phrasemes not reflected in the representation of phrasemes in Kinyarwanda dictionaries but Kinyarwanda dictionaries also fall short as far as the application of adequate metalexicographic principles and tools is concerned. It is anticipatively argued that the use of innovative tools and suggestions offered by the contemporary theoretical lexicography coupled with insights from the linguistic classification of phrasemes will enable a user-friendly presentation of phrasemes in general dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. This thesis attempts to bring solutions to these shortcomings by formulating theoretically motivated proposals for lexicographic representation of phraseological items in Kinyarwanda general dictionaries. To achieve this goal and in order to formulate a model for lexicographic representation of phrasemes this study uses a positivist approach and utilises two theories of lexicography, namely the functional theory of lexicography mainly developed by Bergenholtz and Tarp and the general theory of lexicography outlined by Wiegand. The theory of lexicographic functions provided this study with decisive heuristics such as the concept of user situation, lexicographic function and user profile that have been employed to devise a function-motivated model of lexicographic representation of different types of phrasemes. Insights from the theory of dictionary structures were used to determine how various dictionary structures could be used to position phrasemes in the dictionary so that easy access is secured. These theories helped formulate policies for inclusion and treatment of different classes of phrasemes taking into account the function that the dictionary is purported to fulfil and the role different structures of the dictionary play in user-friendly distribution of lexicographic data. In addition, this research relied on various sources of data and used a qualitative approach to data analysis and argument construction. In Chapter 3 the concept of phraseme in the framework of Meaning-Text linguistics is defined and various pitfalls in lexicographic representation of phrasemes in existing dictionaries of Kinyarwanda are addressed. In Chapter 4, proposals have been made regarding both straight lemmatisation and sublemmatisation of Kinyarwanda idioms in the central list whereby the proposed models have been evaluated taking into account different lexicographic functions. In addition, suggestions have been made as to how to use both the central list section and the outer texts, especially the back matter and the middle matter to present proverbs in general language dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. Further, a model for lexicographic presentation of collocations has been formulated in Chapter 5, taking into account four lexicographic functions: text production, text translation, text reception and cognitive-oriented dictionary. In this chapter it is shown what the representation of collocations could look like when satisfying each of the above-mentioned lexicographic functions. Finally two models for the lexicographic representation of pragmatemes or pragmatic phrasemes are proposed in Chapter 6. In this chapter, both the internal-article treatment of pragmatemes in the central list and the presentation of pragmatemes in the outer texts are discussed and evaluated. Chapter 7 outlines the summary of major research findings along with related recommendations on the lexicographic treatment of different types of phrasemes and assesses whether the initial research questions have been properly answered, while at the same time paving the way for further research and more comprehensive discussions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besluit om die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van Kinyarwanda fraseme te ondersoek, word deur twee probleme gemotiveer. Eerstens word die uiteenlopende aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme nie deur die samestellers van algemene woordeboeke vir Kinyarwanda in ag geneem nie. Die verwarring van die verskillende tipes fraseme lei tot onvoldoende hantering van fraseologie in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke. Voorts word sekere tipes fraseme eenvoudig uit Kinyarwanda woordeboeke weggelaat of swak verteenwoordig, juis omdat die veelsydige aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme misgekyk word. Tweedens is die verteenwoordiging van fraseme in die bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke onbevredigend wat betref die aanbod, verspreiding en toeganklikheid van data. Daarom word die veelsydige aard van fraseme nie net swak verteenwoordig in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke nie, maar sodanige woordeboeke skiet ook ver te kort wat die toepassing van voldoende metaleksikografiese beginsels en toepassings betref. Daar word vooruitskouend ‘n saak voor uitgemaak dat die gebruik van innoverende instrumente en voorstelle vanuit die kontemporêre teoretiese leksikografie tesame met insigte oor die linguistiese klassifikasie van fraseme, ‘n gebruikersvriendelike fraseemaanbod in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke sal bewerkstellig. Hierdie tesis probeer om oplossings vir die tekortkominge te bied deur middel van teoreties gemotiveerde voorstelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseologiese items in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke. Om hierdie doel te verwesenlik en om ‘n model vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme te ontwikkel, word ‘n positivistiese benadering gevolg en word twee leskikografieteorieë, naamlik die funksionele teorie, hoofsaaklik ontwikkel deur Bergenholtz en Tarp, en die algemene leksikografieteorie soos uiteengesit deur Wiegand, toegepas. Die teorie van leksikografiese funksies het hierdie studie van bepalende, deurslaggewende riglyne voorsien, soos die konsep van die gebruiker se situasie, die leksikografiese funksie, en die gebruikersprofiel wat gebruik is om ‘n funksie-gemotiveerde model van leksikografiese verteenwoordiging vir die verskillende tipes fraseme op te stel. Daarbenewens is insigte uit die woordeboekstruktuurteorie aangewend om te bepaal hoe verskillende woordeboekstrukture gebruik kan word om fraseme sodanig in woordeboeke te posisioneer dat vinnige en maklike toegang verseker word. Hierdie teorieë het bygedra tot beleidsformulering vir die insluiting en hantering van verskillende klasse fraseme met inagname van die veronderstelde woordeboekfunksie en die rol wat verskillende woordeboekstrukture in die gebruikersvriendelike verspreiding van leksikografiese data speel. Die navorsing het ook op verskeie databronne staatgemaak en ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering tot data-analise en argumentkonstruksie is gebruik. In hoofstuk 3 is die konsep fraseem binne die raamwerk van die linguistiese teorie van Meaning-Text (Betekenis-Teks) gedefinieer en verskeie slaggate in die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme in bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke word ondersoek. In hoofstuk 4 word voorstelle ten opsigte van die gewone lemmatisering en sublemmatisering van Kinyarwanda idiome in die sentrale lys bespreek en die voorgestelde modelle word geёvalueer met inagname van die verskillende leksikografiese funksies. Daarbenewens word voorstelle gemaak oor hoe om sowel die sentrale lys as die buitetekste, veral die agter- en middelteks, te gebruik om spreekwoorde in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke vir algemene taal aan te bied. ‘n Model vir die leksikografiese voorstelling van kollokasies word in hoofstuk 5 geformuleer. Vier leksikografiese funksies word in ag geneem, naamlik teksproduksie, teksvertaling, teksresepsie en kognitief-georiёnteerde woordeboeke. Daar word aangetoon hoe kollokasies verteenwoordig kan word sodat elk van die bogenoemde leksikografiese funksies in ag geneem word. Twee modelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van pragmateme of pragmatiese fraseme word in hoofstuk 6 voorgestel. Sowel die interne-artikelhantering van pragmateme as die hantering van pragmateme in die buitetekste word bespreek en evalueer. Ten slotte word die belangrikste navorsingsresultate saam met ander voorstelle ten opsigte van die leksikografiese hantering van verskillende tipes fraseme in hoofstuk 7 uitgelig. Daar word ook gekyk of die navorsingsvrae behoorlik beantwoord is, terwyl die weg gebaan word vir verdere navorsing en meer omvattende bespreking.

Thesis (MA (Ancient Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis spreek die probleem aan van polisemie in die beskrywing van die Bybels- Hebreeuse lekseem תחת in die Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Tradisioneel word die lekseem meestal as ‘n voorsetsel beskou. In hierdie ondersoek word aangetoon dat die lekseem ook as as ‘n naamwoord, bywoord of voegwoord gebruik kan word. ‘n Kritiese analise van standaard Bybels-Hebreeuse woordeboeke toon aan dat hierdie bronne mank gaan ‘n leksikografies begronde raamwerk in terme waarvan polisimiese lekseme ge-orden kan word. Wat nodig is vir hierdie doeleindes, is leksikale beskrywings eerder as ‘n lys “oënskynlike” betekenisse. Dit word verder duidelik aangetoon dat vertalingsekwivalente nie altyd gelykgestel kan word aan die betekenis van ‘n lekseem nie – ‘n praktyk wat al jare lank onkrities aanvaar word. Kognitief-linguistiese instrumente ten opsigte van kategorisering en leksikale semantiek word dan ingespan om die lekseem תחת beter te beskryf. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig so ‘n kognitief-linguistiese analise van die polisemiese dimensies van die semantiese netwerk van תחת , wat ook bruikbaar kan wees in digitale leksikografie. Die voorgestelde netwerk word gekomplementeer deur semantiese diagramme wat die betekenis grafies uitbeeld in plaas daarvan om dit met behulp van vertalingsekwivalente te beskryf. Die betekenisonderskeidings wat getref word, is die volgende: substantief (onderkant), plek (spesifieke plek “spot”), substitusie (in die plek van), uitruiling (in ruil vir), oorsaaklikheid (omdat) en implisiete perspektief (x onder [die spreker]). Hierdie betekenisonderskeidings word georganiseer met behulp van ‘n grafiese netwerk wat die semantiese verhouding tussen die verskillende nuanse illustreer. Die semantiese netwerk stel ook ‘n ontwikkelingsprofiel van die lekseem voor. Hierdie diagram bied ‘n moontlike verklaring waarom תחת ‘n bepaalde reeks polemiese onderskeidings simboliseer. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis addresses the problem of polysemy in describing the biblical Hebrew lexeme תחת in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Traditionally treated as mainly a preposition, it is demonstrated in this study that תחת can also be used as a noun, adverb or conjunction. A critical analysis of standard biblical Hebrew lexica reveals that they typically lack a clear lexicographic framework with which polysemous lexemes can be organized. Ideally, this would offer lexical explanations to users of a lexicon rather than supply lists of alleged meanings. Further, it is also made clear that target language glosses can no longer be accepted as "meaning", a practice which has been uncritically accepted for years. In order to move beyond English glosses, cognitive linguistic tools for categorization and lexical semantics are utilized. This thesis contributes a cognitive linguistic analysis of the polysemous lexeme תחת and a semantic network of תחת that can be useful for digital lexicography. The proposed network is complemented by frame semantic diagrams which describe meaning imagically rather than only with a target language gloss. The various senses established are: substantive (underpart), place (spot), substitution (in place of), exchange (in exchange for), vertical spatial (under), approximately under (at the foot of), control (under the hand), causation (because), and implied perspective (x below [the speaker]). These senses are organized in the proposed network showing the semantic relationship between the senses. The semantic network also provides an evolutionarily plausible explanation of how תחת came to symbolize so many distinct polysemies.