Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Le tesi è volta a esplorare la dimensione interculturale nei dizionari bilingue italiano-francese. La prima parte propone un approccio teorico alla questione. Prendendo le mosse da una ridefinizione delle nozioni di cultura e interculturalità, un excursus storico permette di delineare le relazioni tra lingue e culture. Vengono affrontati in seguito temi come lo statuto epistemologico della lessicografia bilingue e i suoi rapporti con la linguistica; le aporie derivanti dal concetto di equivalenza; la specificità della traduzione nei dizionari bilingue; gli apporti della semantica alla lessicografia. Un’attenzione particolare viene rivolta alle nozioni di scarto semantico, referenziale e culturale e alle lacune lessicali. Ci siamo infine concentrati sul fenomeno della connotazione e su alcune tradizioni di ricerca che sottolineano il valore culturale della lingua. La seconda parte è incentrata sullo studio del corpus. L’analisi è stata effettuata sulla lettera A dei quattro dizionari presi in esame (Boch, Garzanti, Hachette-Paravia, Larousse). Si è cercato innanzitutto di sottolineare il valore e la tipologia degli scarti prodotti nell’equivalenza, in particolare di quelli culturali. In seguito, ci si è soffermati sugli esempi a funzione culturale. Infine, un esame delle note culturali e di alcuni falsi prestiti ha consentito di apportare un ulteriore contributo alla problematica. / Our thesis aims at exploring the intercultural dimension in Italian-French bilingual dictionaries. The first part represents a theoretical approach to the issue. A definition of the concepts of culture and cross-cultural precedes a study of the relationships between languages and cultures. After that, the following themes are dealt with: the epistemological status of bilingual lexicography and its relationships with linguistics; the semantic hindrances to equivalence; the peculiarity of translation in bilingual lexicography; the contributions of semantics to lexicography. Special attention is also given to the concepts of semantic, referential and cultural gaps and to the lexical gaps in general. In the last two chapters, the focus shifts to connotation and to some approaches that stress the importance of cultural values in language. The second part is a corpus-based study on the letter A of four Italian-French contemporary dictionaries (Boch, Garzanti, Hachette-Paravia, Larousse). We have tried, in particular, to emphasize the role and the typology of the gaps occurring in the equivalence, especially of cultural gaps. Then, we focus on culture-bound examples. Finally, we deal with cultural notes and some false borrowings in Italian, in order to show other aspects of equivalence.

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Das Projekt \"Altägyptische Wörterbücher im Verbund\" ist ein am Ägyptologischen Institut der Universität Leipzig angesiedeltes Teilvorhaben des Projekts „Wissensrohstoff Text“, an dem sich, aus ESF-Mitteln finanziert, sieben Leipziger geisteswissenschaftliche Institute und das Institut für Informatik beteiligen. Das Ägyptische weist eine mehr als 4000jährige Sprachgeschichte auf. Nach der Entzifferung der Hieroglyphen durch J.-F. Champollion (1822) widmete man sich im 19. und frühen 20. Jh. der Erfassung des Wortschatzes und der Ermittlung von Wortbedeutungen. Das Ende dieser Pionierphase markiert das Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache von Erman/Grapow (Hauptbände 1926-1931), das noch heute ein Standardwerk darstellt. Diesem gehen aber bereits eine Vielzahl von Wörterbüchern, Wortlisten und Glossaren voran, die inzwischen weitgehend vergessen, aber wissenschaftsgeschichtlich von höchster Bedeutung sind. Denn aus ihnen lassen sich einerseits das schrittweise Verständnis der ägyptischen Sprache und die angewandten Methoden zu ihrer Erschließung ablesen und andererseits das Fundament unseres heutigen lexikographischen Wissens eruieren. Das Projekt schafft mittels eines Wörterbuchportals eine Infrastruktur, um das Vorkommen von Wörtern in altägyptischen Wörterbüchern und anderen lexikogra-phisch relevanten Publikationen mit den modernen Lemmaansetzungen der digitalen Wortliste des Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA) (http://aaew.bbaw.de/tla) zu ver¬knüpfen. So wird eine automatisierte Auswertung der Wörterbücher als Beitrag zur Geschichte der ägyptischen Lexikographie ermöglicht. Der TLA enthält neben einer Wortliste eine Textdatenbank, so dass über die Verknüpfung mit der Wortliste auch eine Verlinkung mit ägyptischen Volltexten und Textbelegen erfolgt. This article presents a short overview of the project „Altägyptische Wörterbücher im Verbund“ hosted at Leipzig University. Its aim is to establish a digital infrastructure for linking the lexical material of selected dictionaries of Ancient Egyptian of the 19th and early 20th century to a modern standard wordlist, the one of the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA).

The Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (TLA; http://aaew.bbaw.de/tla) is the publication platform of the project „Structure and Transformation in the Vocabulary of the Egyptian Language: Texts and Knowledge in the Culture of Ancient Egypt“ (formerly known as “Altägyptisches Wörterbuch”) located in Berlin and Leipzig. It contains the largest corpus of Egyptian texts (ca. 1.4 million text words) and it is a very important tool for linguistic, philological, lexicographical, and cultural research. My paper introduces you to the software behind the TLA. I will show how easy it is to add a new text to the corpus with transcription, translation, Hieroglyphic codes, and metadata and how easy you can add any annotations of different types like rubra, citations from other texts, comments, direct speech. The software itself is freely available and platform independent. You are welcome to use our software to edit your texts and to cooperate with us!

Thesis (MA (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, / This study presents conceptions for a German learner's dictionary ("Lemworterbuch"), aimed at the needs of the foreign language learner as recipient. The requirements set and proposals made for such a dictionary are aimed at improving the linguistic competence of the learner when he/she uses the language as recipient, in other words when he/she reads a German text or hears the spoken language (e.g. in conversation, on the radio, television, film etc.). III The target users are persons whose mother tongue is not German, but whose mastery of the language is at a fairly advanced level. Such users, who have mastered the basic grammatical rules of the German language and already have a good basic vocabulary, will nevertheless experience difficulties in using existing German explanatory dictionaries such as DUDEN and WAHRIG. These dictionaries present information in such a complicated way that it remains inaccessible to the average foreign language speaker. The propositions made in this thesis are directed at creating a dictionary that could overcome the existing gap between the bilingual translating dictionary with German as target language and the monolingual explanatory German dictionary. This study proceeds on the assumption that it is impossible to compile a dictionary without the consistent application of theoretically expounded principles (regarding linguistics, typography etc.). The subtlest detail regarding typographical layout is also emphasized, since the presentation of information determines how easily information can be retrieved from the dictionary. Proposals are made for a user friendly arrangement of material, which will enable the user to retrieve desired information easily and immediately. Two language aspects that are of the utmost importance to the recipient, flexion and definition, are examined. The way in which these two aspects are currently dealt with in monolingual dictionaries is investigated. From this investigation it is evident that flexion and defmition are inadequately dealt with for the specific needs of the foreign language learner. Suggestions are made to improve weaknesses and inconsistencies in order to make the dictionary more suitable for the language learner. Finally, the principles required by a German learner's dictionary for recipients are demonstrated by means of various entries. This serves as an example of how the dictionary could finally look. ;The entries are presented in both the printed and the electronic medium. The potential of both these media is utilized to show how the presentation of information can improve the user friendliness and accessibility of the dictionary.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis offers a description of the semantic potential of the Biblical Hebrew lexeme '7l! in Genesis, Psalms, and Chronicles according to a cognitive linguistic perspective. This specific linguistic approach offers a theoretical framework of how humans cognitively organize lexical meaning, which is advantageous for highly polysemous lexemes, such as '7lJ. The need for this study arises because existing Biblical Hebrew resources do not utilize such a framework as is evidenced by their lists of translation equivalents, rather than full descriptions of meanings, and their lack of a clearly defined semantic model underlying their lexical treatment. However, they do provide a starting point that can be built upon with a cognitive linguistic based methodology. Such a methodology is found in Tyler and Evans (2007) case study of over, a frequent English translation of '7lJ. Tyler and Evans (2007) present how to determine the most prototypical semantic sense (i.e., the Proto-Scene) and how to distinguish between other distinct semantic senses, all of which represent the lexeme's semantic potential. This thesis heuristically utilizes this methodology while strongly considering three other factors. First, the syntactic frame surrounding '7l! is evaluated to assess how syntactic information, specifically verbal valency, contributes to the preposition's semantic value. Second, the frequency of each semantic category is assessed to determine possible insight into prototypicality within the defined corpus. Third, a radial structure is proposed to represent the semantic relationships between the prototypical and nonprototypical categories. This type of organization illustrates a clearly defined semantic model underlying the lexical treatment. This study first describes the Proto-Scene, which involves one entity over or upon another. Then, fifteen other distinct semantic categories of '7l! are presented within a radial structure (i.e. The Vertical Cluster: More, Superior, and Control; Contingent Locative; Accompaniment, In, To, Oppositional, For, Frontal, Causal, Norm, Focus of Attention, Instrumental, and Psalms Titles). Finally, the various senses for the morphologically complex lexemes are proposed. These include '7l!1;1 (i.e. From Upon, Away From, Above, and Contingent Locative) and '7l!=? (i.e. As Concerning). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis heskryf die semantiese potensiaal van die Byhelse Hehreeuse lekseem ?~ in Genesis, Psalms en Kronieke vanuit die perspektief van kognitiewe taalkunde. Hierdie taalkundige model hied 'n teoretiese raamwerk van hoe mense leksikale hetekenis kognitief organiseer. So 'n teoretiese raamwerk is haie geskik vir die heskrywing van 'n polisemiese lekseem soos ?~. Die hehoefte aan 'n meer toereikende teoretiese raamwerk hlyk uit die manier waarop hestaande Byhels-Hehreeuse hulphronne die lekseem heskryf, hyvoorheeld, hulle hied weinig meer as lyste van vertalingsekwiwalente. Hulle hied, nietemin, 'n heginpunt waarop voortgehou kan word met hehulp van 'n kognitiewe taalkundige model. So 'n metodologie word gevind in Tyler en Evans (2007) se gevallestudie van "over", 'n gehruiklike Engelse ekwiwalent vir?~. Tyler en Evans dui aan hoe om die mees prototipiese semantiese hetekenis ( d.i. die "proto-toneel" of "proto-scene") vas te stel, asook hoe om tussen die ander semantiese nuanses ("senses") te onderskei. AI hierdie nuanses verteenwoordig die lekseem se semantiese potensiaal. Hierdie tesis maak op 'n heuristiese wyse gehruik van hierdie metodologie. Terselfde tyd neem dit drie ander faktore in aanmerking: Eerstens, word die sintaktiese raamwerk waarin ?~ voorkom, vasgestel ten einde te hepaal hoe sintaktiese informasie, veral werkwoordelike valensie, hydra tot die semantiese potensiaal van die voorsetsel. Tweedens, word die frekwensie van elke semantiese kategorie hepaal om tot moontlike insigte rakende prototipiese gehruike hinne die vasgestelde korpus te kom. Derdens, word 'n sg. "radial structure" voorgestel om die semantiese verhoudings tussen die prototipiese en nie-prototipiese kategoriee te illustreer. Hierdie studie heskryf, eerstens, die proto-toneel, wat een entiteit bo-oor of op 'n ander hehels. Daama word vyftien ander afsonderlike semantiese kategoriee van ?~ hinne 'n "radial structure" voorgestel ( d.i. die Vertikale Groep: Meer, Superior en Beheer; "Contingent" Lokatief; Begeleiding, In, Na, Teenoor, Vir, Voor, Oorsaaklik, Norm, Fokus van Aandag, Instrumenteel, en Psalmopskrifte ). Laastens, word voorstelle gemaak in verhand met die verskeie hetekenisse van die morphologies-komplekse lekseme ?~~ (d.i. Weg van ho-op, Weg van, Bo, en "Contingent" Lokatief) en ?~:p (d.i. Met Betrekking Tot).

288 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-275. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the user perspective in Afrikaans lexicography. Placing the user and his needs first, research was done to determine the user-friendliness of Afrikaans dictionaries. In order to conduct such research user target groups had to be identified. This was problematic, since until now, almost no research on Afrikaans dictionary users had been done. An overview of the research on the user perspective is given in the first chapter. Since the teaching of dictionary use in schools forms a substantial part of the user perspective, the present state was investigated. As a result the necessity of teaching of dictionary use in schools has been emphasized and some improvements in this regard have been suggested. The following Afrikaans dictionaries were studied to determine their userfriendliness: Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) and Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionarv (RD) and Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT). These dictionaries were investigated with regard to their functions, textual segments and transfer of information. Some more user-friendly models for dictionaries have been suggested. The study is aimed at the metalexicographer, since it has been approached from a theoretical point of view, but also at the practical lexicographer because practical dictionary use has been investigated. Ultimately, it is hoped that this study will contribute towards more user-friendly dictionaries that put the user first. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie na te vors. In die studie word die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel en daar word nagevors in watter mate Afrikaanse woordeboeke hul gebruikers ter wille is. Vir so 'n studie moet gebruikersgroepe geidentifiseer word en dit op sigself is problematies, aangesien daar feitlik geen navorsing oor Afrikaanse woordeboekgebruikers tot op hede onderneem is nie. 'n Oorsig oor navorsing oor die gebruikersperspektief in die Afrikaanse leksikografie word in die eerste hoofstuk verskaf. 'n Wesenlike deel van die gebruikersperspektief is 'n studie van die stand van woordeboekonderrig in Suid-Afrikaanse skole. Die noodsaaklikheid van woordeboekonderrig in skole word beklemtoon en die huidige stand van sake word ondersoek. Etlike voorstelle word gemaak om woordeboekonderrig in skole te verbeter. Die gebruikersvriendelikheid van verskeie Afrikaanse woordeboeke, te wete Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT) en Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (VAW), Basiswoordeboek van Afrikaans (BA), Reader's Digest Afrikaans-Engelse Woordeboek/English-Afrikaans Dictionary (RD), Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) en Groot Tesourus van Afrikaans (GT) word getoets aan die hand van hul funksies, tekstuele segmente en ontsluiting van inligtingstipes. Verder word gebruikersvriendeliker modelle van woordeboeke voorgestel. Hierdie studie is gerig op die metaleksikograaf, aangesien dit vanuit 'n teoretiese perspektief onderneem is, maar ook op die praktiese leksikograaf, aangesien die praktiese gebruik van woordeboeke bestudeer is. Die oogmerk van die studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer tot die skep van meer gebruikersgerigte woordeboeke waarin die gebruiker en sy behoeftes sentraal gestel word.

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel woordeboeke op spesifieke teikengebruikers gerig is, het die leksikografie slegs 'n baie beperkte bydrae gelewer om hulpmiddels vir vertalers te ontwikkel. Veral die bestaande vakwoordeboeke gee min blyke van 'n teoretiese fundering en nog minder van 'n erkenning van die behoeftes van een van die tipiese gebruikersgroepe, te wete die professionele vertaler. Vertalers is 'n gebruikersgroep met eiesoortige behoeftes en benodig woordeboeke wat spesifiek op hierdie behoeftes gerig is. In hierdie proefskrif word daar eerstens aandag gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie met spesifieke verwysing na die vakleksikografie en die belangrikste rolspelers op hierdie gebied sowel as aan die ontwikkeling van die vertaalteorie wat insluit die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings tot vertaling en die onderskeie rolspelers binne elk van die benaderings. Daar word ook gekyk na die probleem van ekwivalensie binne die vertaalteorie sowel as binne die leksikografie. Daarna word daar gekyk na die woordeboekgebruiker, die gebruikersperspektief en die verskillende woordeboekfunksies wat tydens die beplanning en samestelling van woordeboeke in gedagte gehou en in ag geneem moet word. Daar word vervolgens aandag gegee aan vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers en daar word aangedui watter soort probleme vertalers met bestaande vertalende vakwoordeboeke het. Daarna word die fokus geplaas op die leksikografiese behoeftes van en vereistes wat professionele vertalers aan vertalende vakwoordeboeke stel. Laastens word 'n teoreties gefundeerde model ontwikkel vir die beplanning en opstel van vertalende vakwoordeboeke wat aan 'n wye reeks eiesoortige probleme aandag gee en aan die spesifieke behoeftes van professionele vertalers voldoen. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although dictionaries are aimed at specific target users, lexicography has only made a very limited contribution to developing resources for translators. Existing language for special purposes dictionaries (LSP dictionaries) in particular show very little evidence of a theoretical foundation and even less evidence of recognising the needs of one of the most typical user groups, namely the professional translator. As a user group translators have distinctive needs and they are therefore in need of dictionaries specifically targeting these needs. In this dissertation the development of lexicography with specific reference to LSP lexicography and the most important role players in the field as well as the development of translation theory which includes the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalistic approaches to translation and the various role players with regard to each of these approaches are dealt with first. Furthermore the problem of equivalence with regard to translation theory as well as lexicography are also investigated. Thereafter attention is given to the dictionary user, the user perspective and the different dictionary functions that should be kept in mind during the planning and compilation of dictionaries. Translators as dictionary users are also explored and the type of problems translators have with existing translation LSP dictionaries is indicated. Then the focus falls on the lexicographical needs and requirements that professional translators have with regard to translation LSP dictionaries. Lastly a theoretically founded model is developed for the planning and compilation of translation LSP dictionaries that address a wide range of problems and meet the specific needs of professional translators.

Les auteurs francophones vivent et écrivent souvent dans des contextes plurilingues ; ainsi, un des traits marquants des littératures francophones est de placer au cœur de la problématique identitaire une réflexion sur la langue et sur la manière d’articuler les rapports entre la langue et la littérature. La complexité de ces rapports, généralement conflictuels, qu’entretiennent entre elles les langues en contact, donne lieu à la « surconscience linguistique » (Gauvin 1997), caractéristique commune des littératures francophones, qui peut prendre des formes diverses. Quatre romans provenant d’aires francophones fort différentes ont été considérés, ainsi que leur traductions respectives : Les soleils des indépendances de Kourouma, Texaco de Chamoiseau, Les belles-sœurs de Tremblay et Jour de silence à Tanger de Ben Jelloun. Cette étude vise à saisir de quelle façon il est possible de traduire les rapports sociolinguistiques entre les langues. Les difficultés et les stratégies mises en place par les traducteurs italiens ont été analysée grâce à l’élaboration d’un modèle d’analyse qui considère le contexte de la création de l’œuvre ; la représentation de l’œuvre face au public cible ; les signifiés dénotatifs et connotatifs des lexèmes diatopiquement marqués et des néologismes d’auteur ; les techniques de traduction employées. Il s’agit de voir quelle image, éventuellement exotique, a été « fabriquée »pour attirer l’attention des lecteurs italiens ; par quelles techniques les traducteurs ont réussi à véhiculer les signifiés strictement liés à une langue non standard. En somme, la thèse met en relation les études sur la francophonie avec les recherches en traductologie. / Francophone authors often live and write in plurilingual contexts. Reflections about language and the way to articulate the relationship between language and literature are thus very frequent in Francophone literature while treating the identity issue. Complex and controversial relationships among languages in contact give birth to “linguistic overconscoiusness” (surconscience linguistique- Gauvin 1997), which is common in Francophone literature, even if it can have different forms. We take into consideration four novels originitaing from four different Francophone areas: Les Soleils des Indépendance by Kourouma, Texaco by Chamoiseau, Les Belles-soeurs by Tremblay, and Jour de silence à Tanger by Ben Jelloun. This study aims to investigate in which way it is possible to translate different sociolinguistic relations into Italian. Difficulties and strategies used by the Italian translators have been analyzed thanks to a model of analysis taking into account various factors: the context of novel creation; the representation of the francophone novel in the target culture; the connotative and denotative meanings of diatopic words and authorial neologisms; formal techniques of translation. We try to understand which image, possibly exotic, has been built in order to catch the attention of the Italian reader, and by which techniques translators succeed in transposing meanings linked to a non standard language. Finally, this dissertation relates studies in Francophony to research on translation.