Notre thèse porte sur les dictionnaires juridiques et comment on peut les améliorer du point de vue du traducteur au sein des institutions européennes. Les dictionnaires juridiques existants sont lacunaires. On peut surtout leur faire grief de limiter la fonction de décodage par la pluralité des équivalents proposés et de sacrificier complètement celle d’encodage. C’est à partir de ce constat que nous avons voulu élaborer un lexique anglais-gaélique du droit de l’environnement de l’Union européenne pour mieux répondre aux besoins des traducteurs. Le statut de nouvelle arrivée de la langue irlandaise en tant que langue officielle de l’Union européenne (2007) fait d’elle un terrain propice à la recherche. Le droit de l’environnement est un nouveau droit dont la terminologie est en devenir. Notre recherche a surtout voulu mettre en évidence l’utilité des corpus pour l’étude de la terminologie et pour l’élaboration de dictionnaires juridiques. Notre corpus, pleinement représentatif du domaine couvert, allié au système de gestion de corpus Sketch Engine, nous a permis d’identifier les termes les plus fréquemment employés. Une fois la sélection faite, nous avons pu approfondir notre recherche en utilisant la carte combinatoire du logiciel (Word Sketch), qui permet de dresser un portrait du comportement concurrentiel des termes. Des divergences entre les termes utilisés au niveau national et ceux qui sont proposés au niveau européen sont également analysées. / Legal dictionaries are notoriously misleading and a source of confusion for translators. This study aims at improving the quality of those lexicographic products in the context of translation in the European Union. The criticism of existing resources is accompanied by the proposal of a new lexicographical model. An English-Irish dictionary of environmental law in the EU is produced for the target users using a corpus of the key jurisprudence and doctrine. Once created, the corpus was exploited using the tools offered by Sketch Engine. The difficulties posed by the terminology of a minority language and that of a relatively recent legal domain are analyzed. Divergences between terminology used at national level and that used at EU level are also discussed.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-10T14:57:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna da Silva_.pdf: 5892378 bytes, checksum: 48ddb61078d9d34123c8e89cfb4539c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T14:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna da Silva_.pdf: 5892378 bytes, checksum: 48ddb61078d9d34123c8e89cfb4539c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho, que se insere na interface entre Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982; 1985) e Lexicografia Eletrônica, objetiva investigar a contribuição da noção de frame para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online, a partir: (i) de uma análise metalexicográfica do Dicionário Olímpico (CHISHMAN, 2016) e de um conjunto de dicionários digitais online convencionais e (ii) de uma análise comparativa entre o Dicionário Olímpico e o conjunto dos demais dicionários, tendo como base o arcabouço teórico da Lexicografia Eletrônica, da Lexicografia tradicional e da Semântica Cognitiva. Para tanto, nos voltamos para a bibliografia da Semântica de Frames, de modo a dar destaque, num primeiro momento, aos preceitos subjacentes à noção de frame e ao potencial teórico desse conceito para a descrição do significado lexical e, num segundo momento, ao viés aplicado da teoria na relação com a Lexicografia (FILLMORE, 2003; FILLMORE; ATKINS, 1992). Porém, propomos uma ampliação da proposta original da interface, na medida em que nos voltamos para a literatura da Lexicografia Eletrônica. Nesse sentido, oferecemos um panorama relativo à área que se dedica ao desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais, de modo a tratar dos desafios, expectativas e demandas que se delineiam a partir da trajetória histórica do campo e de sua configuração atual. A metodologia pode ser dividida em quatro partes que correspondem: (i) à seleção do conjunto de dicionários digitais online convencionais a serem analisados; (ii) aos desdobramentos relativos à análise metalexicográfica, que apontaram para a necessidade de refletir sobre uma proposta de Metalexicografia Digital que sistematizasse os critérios metalexicográficos específicos da Lexicografia Eletrônica; (iii) à elaboração de formulários da análise metalexicográfica, relativos à composição e à natureza de dicionários online e à pesquisa da história da Lexicografia Eletrônica; e (iv) à descrição das estratégias de análise, contemplando os procedimentos de preenchimento dos formulários, a elaboração de fichas de observação e a montagem de rankings dos dicionários. A análise e discussão dos dados se deu a partir das informações obtidas por meio dos materiais de análise e teve como finalidade servir para a discussão acerca do modo como os dicionários evidenciam a identidade digital online e acerca do papel da noção de frame na construção da identidade digital online do Dicionário Olímpico. Os resultados evidenciaram que a falta de clareza sobre formas de assumir a identidade digital online de modo eficiente constitui o principal obstáculo para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online; que a identidade digital se apresenta em diferentes níveis nas ferramentas analisadas e está relacionada ao fato de os dicionários possuírem ou não uma contraparte impressa; e que a noção de frame desempenhou o papel de fornecer as diretrizes para uma apresentação eficiente dos elementos digitais no Dicionário Olímpico. Por fim, constatamos que a noção de frame contribui para o desenvolvimento de dicionários digitais online na medida em que as noções de ‘conhecimento enciclopédico’, ‘empirismo’ e ‘continuidades entre linguagem e experiência’, subjacentes à noção de frame, são responsáveis pelo fato de, em um dicionário baseado em frames, os elementos digitais assumirem funções mais centrais na construção do significado. / This study that is inserted in the interface between Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982, 1985) and Electronic Lexicography aims at investigating the contribution of the notion of frame to the development of online digital dictionaries, based on (i) a metalexicographic analysis of the Dicionário Olímpico (CHISHMAN, 2016) and a set of conventional online digital dictionaries and (ii) a comparative analysis between the Dicionário Olímpico and all other dictionaries, based on the theoretical framework of Electronic Lexicography, traditional Lexicography and Cognitive Semantics. Therefore, we return our attention to the bibliography of Frames Semantics, in order to highlight, in a first moment, the precepts underlying the notion of frame and the theoretical potential of this concept for the description of the lexical meaning and, in a second moment, the applied theory bias in relation to Lexicography (FILLMORE, 2003; FILLMORE and ATKINS, 1992). However, we propose an extension of the original interface proposal, as we turn to the literature of Electronic Lexicography. In this sense, we offer a panorama related to the area that is dedicated to the development of digital dictionaries, in order to deal with the challenges, expectations and demands that are outlined from the historical trajectory of the field and its current configuration. The methodology can be divided into four parts that correspond to: (i) the selection of the set of conventional online digital dictionaries to be analyzed; (ii) the developments related to the metalexicographic analysis, which pointed out the need to reflect on a proposal of Digital Metalexicography that systematized the specific metalexicographic criteria of the Electronic Lexicography; (iii) the elaboration of metalexicographic analysis forms, concerning the composition and nature of online dictionaries and the research on the history of Electronic Lexicography; and (iv) the description of the analysis strategies, including the procedures for completing the forms, the preparation of observation sheets and the assembly of dictionary rankings. The analysis and discussion of the data was based on the information obtained through the analysis materials and was intended to serve the discussion about the way in which the dictionaries show the online digital identity and about the role of the notion of frame in the construction of the online digital identity from Dicionário Olímpico. The outcomes showed that: the lack of clarity about ways to assume the online digital identity efficiently is the main obstacle to the development of online digital dictionaries; the digital identity presents itself at different levels in the tools analyzed and is related to the fact that the dictionaries have or do not have a printed counterpart; and the notion of frame played the role of providing the guidelines for an efficient presentation of the digital elements in the Dicionário Olímpico. Lastly, we find that the notion of frame contributes to the development of online digital dictionaries insofar as the notions of “encyclopedic knowledge”, “empiricism” and “continuities between language and experience”, which underlie the notion of frame, are responsible for the fact that, in a dictionary based on frames, the digital elements take on more central functions in the construction of meaning.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-17T13:30:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Spader de Souza.pdf: 2206624 bytes, checksum: 30715b12e44b6bedea8e7f523b159982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T13:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego Spader de Souza.pdf: 2206624 bytes, checksum: 30715b12e44b6bedea8e7f523b159982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo da presente dissertação é discutir a relação existente entre o fenômeno linguístico das colocações e os conceitos da teoria da Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982; 1985). O trabalho se insere no contexto de dois projetos de pesquisa desenvolvidos pelo grupo SemanTec, o Field – Dicionário de Expressões do Futebol (CHISHMAN, 2014), já disponível para consulta na web, e o Dicionário Eletrônico Modalidades Olímpicas (CHISHMAN, 2014), ainda em fase inicial. Os dois dicionários citados se organizam a partir da noção de frame semântico proposta por Fillmore (1982; 1985), de forma que a dissertação busca evidenciar de que forma esse conceito (e os conceitos que o cercam) repercutem no tratamento lexicográfico dispensado às colocações. Nesse sentido, a revisão da literatura, apresentada nos capítulos 2 e 3, discute as bases teóricas para o estudo das colocações e da Semântica de Frames. O método da pesquisa consiste na análise de 74 colocações da linguagem do futebol. A escolha dessas estruturas parte do estudo de 500 combinações lexicais extraídas a partir de um corpus em português brasileiro do discurso do futebol através do software Sketch Engine. A análise das 74 colocações selecionadas acontece em duas fases: a primeira se dedica a averiguar os aspectos quantitativos do conjunto de dados e as características estruturais das colocações da linguagem do futebol; a segunda etapa foca na relação dessas combinações com os preceitos teóricos da Semântica de Frames e da sua contraparte computacional, a FrameNet, a fim de perceber de que modo esse arcabouço teórico oferece subsídios para o tratamento das colocações em contextos lexicográficos. Entre os principais resultados da primeira fase de análise, destaca-se o fato de que a maior parte das colocações do futebol designa estruturas verbais, como fazer gol e mandar bola, o que demonstra que a linguagem esportiva é marcada pela dinâmica das ações e dos eventos que ocorrem durante a partida. Além disso, foi possível perceber que as colocações nominais estão fortemente ligadas aos materiais, participantes e locais do contexto futebolístico. A segunda parte demonstrou que as colocações, no âmbito de dicionários baseados em frames, atuam como unidades lexicais, conceito proveniente da FrameNet. Ao serem consideradas unidades lexicais, as colocações são evocadoras de frame, o que as caracteriza como termos que devem estar presentes na lista principal de verbetes. Foi possível notar, contudo, que a evocação de frame a partir das colocações muitas vezes não segue o modelo tradicional presente na FrameNet, especialmente quando se trata das colocações nominais, que não evocam acontecimentos, mas entidades estáticas, como cartão vermelho e tabela de classificação. A presente dissertação evidencia a relevância da Semântica de Frames e da FrameNet para o estudo de unidades complexas como as colocações em contextos lexicográficos. Outro aspecto a ser mencionado é a importância dos recursos metodológicos da Linguística de Corpus para a área em que o estudo se insere. / The present thesis aims at the discussion of the relation that exists between the linguistic phenomenon of collocations and the concepts of Frame Semantics theory (FILLMORE, 1982; 1985). The study has arisen in the context of two research projects developed by the SemanTec group, Field – Football Expressions Dictionary (CHISHMAN, 2014), already available on the web, and Olympic Modalities Electronic Dictionary (CHISHMAN, 2014), still in early stage. Both dictionaries are organized around the notion of semantic frame proposed by Fillmore (1982; 1985), in such a way that the thesis seeks to demonstrate in which way this concept (and the concepts surrounding it) are related to the lexicographic treatment given to collocations. Thus, the literature review, presented in chapters 2 and 3, discusses the theoretical basis of the studies of collocations and Frame Semantics. The research method consists of the analysis of 74 collocations of football language. The choice of these structures was made after the study of 500 lexical combinations extracted from a Brazilian Portuguese corpus of football discourse through the Sketch Engine software. The analysis of the 74 collocations happens in two steps: the first one is dedicated to investigate the quantitative aspects of the data set and the structural characteristics of football language collocations; the second phase focuses on the relation between these combinations and the theoretical assumptions of Frame Semantics and its computational counterpart, FrameNet, in order to see in which way this theoretical outline treats collocations in lexicographic contexts. Among the main results of the first phase of analysis is the fact that a major part of football collocations are verbal, such as score goal and send the ball, which demonstrates that sport language is marked by the dynamics of actions and events that take place in a game. Besides, it was also possible to realize that nominal collocations are strongly connected to the materials, participants and places of football context. The second phase demonstrated that collocations in the scope of frame-based dictionaries act as lexical units, concept arising from FrameNet. Because they are considered lexical units, collocations are seen as frame evokers, thus characterizing them as terms that must be displayed in the main list of entries. However, it was also possible to note, however, that the frame evoking by collocations many times does not follow the traditional model of FrameNet, especially when it comes to nominal collocations that do not evoke events, but static entities, such as red card and classification table. The present thesis evidences the relevance of Frame Semantics and FrameNet for the study of complex units such as collocations in lexicographic contexts. Another aspect to be mentioned is the importance of the methodological resources of Corpus Linguistics to the area in which this study is included.

Le vocable khetem étudié dans cette thèse est attesté en Égypte ancienne de la Première Période Intermédiaire à l’époque romaine. C’est cependant au Nouvel Empire que son utilisation est la plus fréquente. Dérivé de la racine khetem, « sceller », ce terme peut désigner à la fois « ce qui est scellé » et « ce qui scelle ». Il est appliqué à diverses réalités. Au Moyen Empire, khetem désigne ainsi un type de magasin. À partir du Nouvel Empire, plusieurs sens lui correspondent : il peut occasionnellement, dans des documents littéraires, désigner des portes de ville ou des enclos – un sens que l’on retrouve d’ailleurs aux périodes suivantes – ; mais le terme est surtout choisi pour désigner les postes-frontières du pays, ainsi que le centre administratif et poste de contrôle du village de Deir el-Médineh. Les postes-frontières khetemou, dont les plus connus sont ceux de Tjarou, Ouadjour, Tjékou et Senmout, marquent les frontières restreintes de l’Égypte, et contrôlent les entrées et sorties du territoire. Ils constituent également des villes-magasins, par lesquelles transitaient le tribut et assumaient peut-être même le rôle de postes de douane. L’analyse, fondée essentiellement sur les sources textuelles, prend également en considération les données archéologiques et géomorphologiques. Centrée autour des structures khetemou, cette étude nous a cependant amenée à aborder la thématique plus large de l’organisation de l’espace par le pouvoir égyptien. Les domaines de la politique étrangère, de l’économie, de l’administration sont donc largement mis à contribution. / The word khetem which is the main object of this dissertation is attested in ancient Egypt from theFirst Intermediary Period to Roman times. It was nevertheless most used during the New Kingdom.Derived from the khetem-root, which means « to seal », this word could be used to depict both whatwas sealed and the device which assured the actual sealing. It testifies to various realities. In theMiddle Kingdom, khetem was a certain type of storerooms. From the New Kingdom on, severalmeanings can be found: occasionally, in literary documents, it was used for the gates of a city or forenclosures – the latter meaning is still found in more recent periods. Nevertheless, the word wasmostly used for the border-posts of the Egyptian State as well as the administrative hall and checkpoint of the village of Deir el-Medineh. As for the border-posts khetemou, the best known ones areTjaru, Wadj-wr, Tjeku and Senmut as they stand for the inner borders of Egypt, where in- and outcomerswere checked. These settlements are also warehouse-cities, through which went the tributefrom foreign countries and operated as customs. The methods of analysis used here are grounded inthe textual sources, along with the archeological and geomorphological data. Focused on thestructures called khetemou, this thesis also consider the wider problem of the organisation of space bythe Egyptian state. Thus foreign policy, economics and administration have been widely taken intoconsideration.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo buscar subsídios na concepção de polissemia da Semântica Cognitiva para auxiliar na disposição das acepções de itens lexicais polissêmicos em learner’s dictionaries. Para tanto, ele, inicialmente, analisa de que forma os quatro principais dicionários que compreendem esse genótipo – CALD (2008), COBUILD (2006), LDCE (2009) e OALD (2005) – apresentam suas acepções, considerando duas variáveis: (i) o emprego de uma solução homonímica ou polissêmica para a estruturação dos verbetes e (ii) a divisão e ordenação das acepções. A partir das análises, percebe-se que a solução empregada por essas obras varia, havendo a adoção tanto da solução polissêmica, com e sem divisão interna nos verbetes, quanto da solução homonímica, por critério morfológico e semântico. Quanto às acepções, por um lado, as formas como os dicionários dividem e relacionam os significados são diferentes e, por outro, os critérios utilizados pelas obras para a ordenação das acepções não se mostram plenamente satisfatórios, pois algumas delas não explicitam quais critérios são empregados na ordenação das acepções e a utilização do mesmo critério (de frequência) por diferentes obras gera resultados distintos. Além disso, para que a frequência pudesse ser empregada como critério objetivo, seria necessária a delimitação de parâmetros quantitativos ainda não disponíveis. A seguir, são levantadas questões teórico-metodológicas que surgem ao abordar a organização microestrutural, destacando que a discussão da ordenação das acepções nos dicionários é dependente de outras variáveis, como sua vinculação a uma teoria do significado lexical e da definição lexicográfica. Por fim, o trabalho busca delimitar quais das características da visão prototípica de estrutura lexical podem ser transpostas ao âmbito lexicográfico para lidar com o problema da representação da polissemia nos learner’s dictionaries.Apresentam-se propostas de verbetes criados com base em critérios estabelecidos por nós para a transposição das noções semântico-cognitivas para a ordenação das acepções. / In this thesis, we aim at contributing to sense ordering of polysemous lexical items in learner‘s dictionaries based on the conception of polysemy as developed by Cognitive Semantics. First we analyze in which way the four main dictionaries known under the label of learner‘s dictionary present their senses – CALD (2008), COBUILD (2006), LDCE (2009) e OALD (2005). We consider two variables in this analysis: (i) the use of a homonymic or a polysemous solution for structuring the entry and (ii) the sense division and ordering. From the analysis, we find out that the solutions applied in the dictionaries vary, for they adopt both a polysemous solution, with and without a division within the entry, and a homonymic solution, through morphological and semantic criteria. Regarding the senses, on the one hand, the way the dictionaries split and relate them is different. On the other hand, the criteria used in the dictionaries for ordering senses showed to be unsatisfactory, because some of the works do not explicit which criteria they apply in sense ordering, and because the use of the same criterion (frequency) in different dictionaries yields distinct results. Moreover, in order to use frequency as an objective criterion, the definition of quantitative parameters, which are still not available, would be made necessary. Hereafter, we discuss theoretical-methodological issues raised when it comes to sense ordering: this microstructural organization is dependent upon other variables, such as its relation to a theory of word meaning and a theory of lexicographical definition. At the end of this work, we present the characteristics of the prototypical conception of lexical structure that could be applied to lexicography to deal with the problem of representing polysemy in learner‘s dictionaries. We, then, propose some entries developed according to criteria we established in order to use cognitive semantic notions in sense arrangement.

L'objet de ce travail est d'étudier le système de représentation qu'avaient les Égyptiens du cerveau, à travers une recherchelexicographique, incluant textes médicaux et textes funéraires. La connaissance que nous avons de la conception du cerveau, en Égypte ancienne, est notre propre représentation de la leur. Une approche des connaissances médicales, grâce à l'étude des textes médicaux, notamment, le papyrus Edwin Smith, sera confrontée à celle des momies, dont lapathologie cérébrale ou spinale a pu faire l'objet d'un diagnostic rétrospectif. L'étude des textes funéraires, en particulier, le Rituel de l'Embaumement, donnera de nouveaux éléments, permettant la recherche de la signification rituelle du traitement de l'endocrâne, incluant ou non une excérébration, comparée à l'utilité de cette pratique pour la conservation de la momie. Une étude de momies, centrée sur le traitement du crâne, rassemblant « éléments durs » et « éléments mous », complètera les données fournies par les textes égyptiens, à travers une approche de l'évolution des pratiques funéraires. / The object of this work is the study of the system of representation that had the Egyptians about the brain, through a lexicographical research, with medical and funerary texts included. The knowledge that we have from the conception of the brain, in Ancient Egypt, is our own representation of their. An access to medical texts, more particularly, the papyrus EdwinSmith, will be compared with mummies’ study, the cerebral or spinal diseases of whom could be the subject of etrospective diagnosis. The study of funerary texts, particularly, the Embalming Ritual, will give new elements, which allowed the research of ritual signification of skull’s treatment, including or not an excerebration, compared to the usefulness of thispractice for the conservation of the mummy. A study of mummies, focused on skull’s treatment, reassembling « hard elements » and « soft elements », will complete the ideas given by Egyptian texts, through an approach of the evolution of funerary texts.

Nossa pesquisa apresenta um dicionário terminológico da área de Ortopedia Técnica (responsável pela fabricação de órteses e de próteses ortopédicas) sob uma abordagem lexicográfico-terminológica. Nosso corpus é constituído de 702 termos. O levantamento dos termos foi feito segundo os modelos teóricos da Lexicografia e da Terminologia. As definições foram elaboradas com base nos contextos colhidos de obras específicas sobre a área de Ortopedia Técnica. O dicionário terminológico é organizado em categorias temáticas, sendo que, dentro de tais categorias, os termos estão listados em ordem alfabética. Em seu final, apresentamos um índice remissivo do qual constam todos os termos que foram definidos e a indicação da respectiva página. Nossa pesquisa também apresenta uma análise morfossintático-semântica e pragmática dos termos, assim como dos principais processos de variação e de criação neológica do universo pesquisado / In this research the terminological dictionary of the Technique Orthopedics (responsible for the fabrication of the orthopedic orthestics and prosthetics), is presented using a terminologic and lexicografic approach. The dicionary is made up of 702 terms, wich were identified and collected using lexicographic and terminologic models. In other to make the definitions, contexts were taken from specifd books about Technique Orthopedics. The terminological dictionary is organized into thematic categories, and within each one of them terms are presented in alphabetical order. A remissive index with all terms definied in the dictionary is presented at the end, with indication of the respective page. This research also features a pragmatic, semantic, morphological an syntax analyses of the terms, as well as the mais process of variation and neologic creation featured by the universe of the area

Nossa pesquisa apresenta um dicionário terminológico da área de Ortopedia Técnica (responsável pela fabricação de órteses e de próteses ortopédicas) sob uma abordagem lexicográfico-terminológica. Nosso corpus é constituído de 702 termos. O levantamento dos termos foi feito segundo os modelos teóricos da Lexicografia e da Terminologia. As definições foram elaboradas com base nos contextos colhidos de obras específicas sobre a área de Ortopedia Técnica. O dicionário terminológico é organizado em categorias temáticas, sendo que, dentro de tais categorias, os termos estão listados em ordem alfabética. Em seu final, apresentamos um índice remissivo do qual constam todos os termos que foram definidos e a indicação da respectiva página. Nossa pesquisa também apresenta uma análise morfossintático-semântica e pragmática dos termos, assim como dos principais processos de variação e de criação neológica do universo pesquisado / In this research the terminological dictionary of the Technique Orthopedics (responsible for the fabrication of the orthopedic orthestics and prosthetics), is presented using a terminologic and lexicografic approach. The dicionary is made up of 702 terms, wich were identified and collected using lexicographic and terminologic models. In other to make the definitions, contexts were taken from specifd books about Technique Orthopedics. The terminological dictionary is organized into thematic categories, and within each one of them terms are presented in alphabetical order. A remissive index with all terms definied in the dictionary is presented at the end, with indication of the respective page. This research also features a pragmatic, semantic, morphological an syntax analyses of the terms, as well as the mais process of variation and neologic creation featured by the universe of the area

This study applies major principles of cognitive linguistics to the task of developing a novel model of the bilingual dictionary called the dictionary for productive comprehension (DPC). Based on conceptual analysis and coherent network representation of entry words, multi-word expressions, and constructions, the DPC provides access to the conventional linguistic knowledge of native speakers. In seeing linguistic units as contentful symbolic forms, the DPC is designed with a view of language as a lexicogrammatical continuum. By constructing the bilingual dictionary at the intersections of the two languages’ concepts under clearly specified conditions of their neutralization, it is given theoretical status. However, the main purport of this study is in the realm of applied lexicography. Among its tasks are: operationalizing conceptual analysis by establishing heuristically viable discovery procedures; working out guidelines for converting conceptual networks into the microstructure of dictionary entries, and for organizing its macrostructure as a natural-language thesaurus of lexicalized and lexicogrammatical concepts; laying a foundation for selecting and locating MWEs, proverbial expressions and constructions in a principled way, and suggesting approaches to organizing the constructicon, the part of the dictionary that contains schematic constructions. The DPC model offers effective remedies for the two major faults of the conventional bilingual dictionary, i.e. unrecognizability of the SL entry as a coherent whole by the TL user, and, consequently, inability to suggest precise cognitive orientations for the user's own production of an equivalent TL text. It proves that the bilingual dictionary can be something other than an inventory of disparate senses, a boundless set of translation equivalents, or an eclectic mixture of the two. By maintaining conceptual integrity of linguistic units, DPC affords the user a means of grasping the essence of a foreign word, MWE, or construction as if they were units of one’s native speech, as well as a generative potential with regard to translating into the TL. At the same time, by making conventional linguistic knowledge of the native speaker explicit, DPC serves the purpose of a learner’s dictionary.

Many lexicographers found some words unsuitable for inclusion in their dictionaries, thus the examination of general purpose dictionaries alone will not give us a faithful history of changes of the language. Nevertheless, by taking into account cant and slang dictionaries, the origins and history of such marginalized language can be truly examined. Despite people's natural fascination with these works, the early slang dictionaries have received relatively little scholarly attention, the later ones even less. This dissertation is written to honor those lexicographers who succeeded in a truthful documentation of nonstandard language. One of these disreputable lexicographers who found joy in an unending search for new and better ways of treating abstruse vocabulary was John Camden Hotten. This study investigates the importance of Hotten's Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words in the evolution of dictionary making. I analyze how many editions exist, the popularity of the 1864 edition, and differences between this and preceding editions, suggesting the inexorable growth of Hotten as a compiler. A short history of British cant and slang lexicography is provided and questions concerning the inclusion and exclusion of obsolete words and who makes such decisions are answered. Key terms such as slang and cant are defined and discussed briefly within the context of recent, relevant scholarship. The conclusions drawn from this research are laid out in extensive annotations embedded in the lexical items of a critical edition demonstrating once again that Hotten's compilation was extremely important in the evolution of dictionary making. That Hotten's work was accepted as authoritative is evidenced by the number of allusions and borrowings from it as seen in the work of later lexicographers: Barrere and Leland draw extensively upon it in A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant, 2 vols. (1889-90) as do Farmer and Henley in Slang and Its Analogues, 7 vols. (1890-1904), and Eric Partridge in A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). Hotten's work seems to have been very influential in the preservation of words as well. A vast number of slang words that are cited in Hotten's dictionaries were used for a long time among the common people; in fact, the popular literature of the nineteenth century, particularly historical fiction, draws upon this vocabulary, and may well prove to be specifically indebted to Hotten's work. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Joyce's Ulysses are full of slang expressions; Conan Doyle shows himself familiar with the terminology of pugilism in Rodney Stone, as does George Bernard Shaw in Cashel Byron's Profession. This dissertation places John Camden Hotten as a writer/publisher/compiler and his work within contemporaneous scholarly argument, and, contrary to popular opinion, acknowledges the publisher's significant contributions to the development of Victorian literature and late nineteenth- and twentieth-century lexicography.