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The thesis is concerned with the substandard expressions of parts of the face in the French language, specifically with the synonyms of mouth, eyes, ears and nose. The theoretical part deals with the definition of slang in general, its history and word formation processes. The practical part presents synonyms of the given parts of the face, which are in the dictionary of slang Dictionnaire avec Bob and also introduces their occurrence in four French slang dictionaries, for example Argoji, and in four reference dictionaries, for example Le Petit Robert, where it compares their lexicographic marking. The thesis further deals with etymology of the synonyms and their Czech equivalents which examines in the parallel French-Czech corpus Intercorp. Last but not least, a questionnaire is implemented, which verifies the knowledge of the most frequent synonyms among native speakers of the French language. In conclusion, the thesis summarizes whether lexicographic marking differ from one reference dictionary to another and presents the most frequent synonyms and results of the questionnaire. Key words: lexicography, lexicographic marking, substandard French, dictionaries, face, Bob

Thesis (MA (Afrikaans Language))--University of Stellenbosch, 1990. / 199 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-187. Includes bibliography. Digitized using a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An evaluation of semantic information in a dictionary must take into account all aspects of meaning of lexical items. Therefore the different homonyms and polysemous senses of lexical items and the underlying semantic relations between lexical items are accounted for. A description should be given of the lexical items which form the macrostructure of HAT. These lexical items include sublexical, multilexical and free lexical items. The treatment of multilexical items in HAT is not satisfactory at present and suggestions are made for the improvement of the situation. Possible solutions for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy are given. Suggestions to determine the possible polysemous senses of a lexical item are also made. The ordering of polysemous senses and different homonyms are discussed. It is essential to make use of a synchronic criterion to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. The HAT's treatment of semantic relations between lexical items is not always very succesfull. The semantic relation which receives the most substantial treatment is that of semantic inclusion between lexical items. The HAT's treatment of synonyms is not without problems. More attention should be given to semantic linking and semantic opposition between lexical items. An evaluation of the system of cross-references in HAT is given, with special reference to the function of cross-references. Sometimes indistinct typographical conventions are used and they confuse the user of the dictionary. The indistinct use of typographical conventions has a detrimental influence on the transfer of information. The cross-reference system of HAT can be improved by an informative explanation in the general introduction, focusing on ways and means to use it more specifically, unambiguously and consistently. A distinction is made between various types of definitions used to define lemmas. Well known lexicographic definitions such as definitions per genus et differentia, synonymdefinitions, example definitions, circular definitions and descriptive definitions are discussed. The usage definition and two definitions which explicate a semantic plus value, the contrast and diminutive definitions, are identified. Attention is also given to the role of the general introduction in a standard synchronic dictionary. Suggestions are made to improve the general introduction of HAT. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wanneer semantiese inligting in 'n woordeboek ondersoek word, word alle aspekte van leksikale items se betekenis in ag geneem. Dit sluit homonimiese vorme en polisemiese onderskeidinge van leksikale items in, asook die semantiese betrekkinge wat leksikale items onderling met mekaar aangaan. Die leksikale items wat die makrostruktuur van die HAT vorm, word beskryf. Dit sluit subleksikale, multileksikale en vrye leksikale items in. Verskillende tipes multileksikale en subleksikale items word onderskei. Tans word multileksikale items in HAT nie na wense hanteer nie en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen hoe die stelsel verbeter kan word. Moontlike oplossings vir die onderskeidingsprobleem tussen homonimie en polisemie, asook maniere waarop 'n leksikale item se polisemiese onderskeidinge vasgestel kan word, word verskaf. Aandag word ook aan die ordening van polisemiese onderskeidinge en homonimiese vorme gegee. Dit is belangrik dat 'n sinchroniese maatstaf gebruik word om tussen homonimie en polisemie te onderskei. Semantiese betrekkinge tussen leksikale items word met 'n wisselende mate van sukses deur HAT hanteer. Semantiese insluiting tussen leksikale items word die meeste beskryf. Daar bestaan egter probleme by die hantering van sinonimie tussen leksikale items. Semantiese aansluiting tussen leksikale items word min deur die woordeboek aangedui. Semantiese opposisie tussen leksikale items kan ook meer deur die HAT aangedui word. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT word ondersoek. Funksies van kruisverwysings word beskryf. Kruisverwysings word wel deur die HAT redaksie gebruik, maar hulle kan nog meer gebruik word. Soms word onduidelike tipografiese konvensies gebruik en dit het swak inligtingsoordrag tot gevolg. Die kruisverwysingstelsel van die HAT kan verbeter word deur dit in die toeligtende aantekeninge te verduidelik, spesifiek en ondubbelsinnig toe te pas en deur dit konsekwent te gebruik. Verskillende tipes definisies waarmee leksikale items gedefinieer word, word onderskei. Bekende leksikografiese definisies soos genus-differentia-definisies, sinoniemdefinisies, voorbeelddefinisies, sirkeldefinisies en deskriptiewe definisies word bespreek. Die gebruiksdefinisie en twee definsies wat semantiese pluswaardes ekspliseer, naamlik die teenstellingsdefinisie en die verkleiningsdefinisie,word geidentifiseer. Die rol van toeligtende aantekeninge in 'n handwoordeboek word bespreek. Daar word gewys op die swak toeligtende aantekeninge van die HAT. Voorstelle word gedoen oor hoe die hantering van semantiese inligting in die toeligtende aantekeninge verduidelik moet.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides a critical assessment of the semantic potential of two Biblical Hebrew lexemes: עִם and אֵת . Previous lexical inquiries of the target lexemes provide the impetus for the current research; this is because the linguistic frameworks assumed by these studies are outmatched in the amount of explanatory power accompanying more recent theoretical developments, primarily evidenced within Cognitive linguistics (and semantics). As its methodological framework, the current study then appropriates these new advances and demonstrates a semantic potential of the target lexemes that can be determined through criteria offered by Tyler and Evans (2003). This criteria specifically aids in the task of semantic demarcation as well as identifying the primary sense, from which the remaining network of senses are derived. Furthermore, not only is an attempt made at representing the range of עִם and אֵת 's semantic potential, but a proposal for the development of these senses is offered as well. This is done primarily through an implementation of the theory of grammaticalization, as posited by Heine et al. (1991). The identified semantic networks are then analyzed from two different perspectives of lexical inquiry: 1) as a monosemy-polysemy cline, and 2) from both a semasiological and onomasiological point of departure (the latter method of onomasiology represents a unique contribution to the assessment of עִם and אֵת since most Biblical Hebrew lexical inquiries are limited to being a semasiological endeavor). The investigation uses the Pentateuch as its data-set and reveals a representation of (at least) eleven distinct senses in עִם 's semantic network as well as אֵת 's. Even though each lexeme's semantic potential is comprised of primarily the same senses, these eleven distinct senses are not completely synonymous and represent different meanings. Significantly, it is determined that 1) both target lexemes share the same primary sense (i.e., proto-scene), 2) both indicate the same core senses and consequently, 3) the target lexemes may rightly be considered as near synonyms. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Hierdie tesis bied 'n kritiese evaluering van die semantiese potensiaal van twee Bybelse Hebreeus lekseme: עִם en אֵת . Gebreke in bestaande navorsing ten opsigte van hierdie twee lekseme het die impuls verskaf vir hierdie projek. Onlangse ontwikkelinge in teoretiese taalkunde, in besonder kognitiewe taalkunde (en semantiek), het aangetoon dat die modelle in terme waarvan die bestaande beskrywing van die lekseme gedoen is, agterhaal is. Hierdie studie gebruik die perspektiewe wat kognitiewe semantiek bied om die semantiese potensiaal van hierdie twee Bybels-Hebreeuse lekseme te beskryf. Kriteria wat deur Tyler en Evans (2003) geformuleer is in hulle beskrywing van ‘n aantal Engelse voorsetsels, word as metodologiese vertrekpunt gebruik. Hierdie kriteria is veral nuttig in die semantiese afbakening, asook die identifisering van die primêre betekenis van die lekseme. Lg. bied die basis in terme waarvan die res van netwerk van betekenisonderskeidings beskryf word. In die studie word nie net die gepoog om die verskillende betekenisse van die lekseme te beskryf nie, maar daar word ook gepoog om aan te dui hoe die verskillende onderskeidings ontwikkel het. Dit word primêr gedoen in terme van die grammatikaliseringsteorie van Heine et al (1991). Die semantiese netwerke wat geïdentifiseer is, word vanuit twee verskillende perspektiewe van leksikale ondersoek gedoen: 1) die mono-polisemiese klien (“cline”) en 2) ‘n semasiologiese en onomasiologiese vertrekpunt. Laasgenoemde benadering tot onomasiologie verteenwoordig ‘n unieke bydrae tot die beskrywing van עִם en אֵת aangesien die meeste bestaande Bybels-Hebreeuse beskrywings van die lekseme semasiologies van aard is. Hierdie ondersoek is beperk tot die gebruik van עִם en אֵת in die Pentateug. Ten minste 11 verskillende betekenisseonderskeidings word vir beide lekseme geïdentifiseer. Alhoewel beide lekseme se semantiese potensiaal in baie opsigte dieselfde is, is dit nie presies identies nie. Wat wel merkwaardig is, is 1) dat beide lekseme dieselfde basiese betekenis (dit is die sg. “proto-scene”) het, 2) dat beide dieselfde kernbetekenisonderskeidings het en dat gevolglik 3) hulle as naby-sinonieme bestempel kan word.

Disertacijoje „Jokūbo Brodovskio žodyno leksikografinis metodas“ tiriamas rankraštinis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (prieš 1744, toliau – B). Nors išlikęs nepilnas, šis žodynas laikomas didžiausiu XVIII a. vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų leksikografijos darbu. Disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti ir aprašyti žodyno leksikografinį metodą, kuris suprantamas kaip žodyne pateiktos kalbinės medžiagos atrankos ir pateikimo būdų bei priemonių visuma. Į leksikografinio metodo aprašymą įtrauktas ir žodyno šaltinių tyrimas. Disertacija pradedama įvadu ir dviem apžvalginiais skyriais, skirtais žodyno rankraščio atsiradimo istorijai ir autoriaus gyvenamajam laikotarpiui nušviesti. Ketvirtajame ir penktajame disertacijos skyriuose analizuojama žodyno makrostruktūra ir mikrostruktūra. Čia smulkiai nagrinėjamas B turinys, išskiriami unikalūs jo bruožai ir išsamiai apibūdinama žodyne teikiama leksikografinė informacija bei analizuojamos jos pateikimo formos. Disertacijos šeštasis skyrius skirtas žodyno šaltiniams tirti. Atskiruose skirsniuose aptariami trys pagrindiniai leksikografiniai žodyno šaltiniai ir jų naudojimo pobūdis: Konrado Agricolos Biblijos žodžių konkordancijų Concordantiae Bibliorum, emendatae ac ferè novae […] 1674 m. redakcija, naujai surastas B šaltinis Johanno Jacobo Dentzlerio vokiečių–lotynų kalbų žodynas Clavis Linguae Latinae (1709 m. redakcija) ir paskutiniu žodyno rengimo etapu naudotas anoniminiu laikomas rankraštinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The doctoral thesis „The Lexicographical Method of the Dictionary of Jacob Brodowski“ focuses on the manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (before 1744, further on – B). Although the manuscript has survived till the present day incomplete, it is considered to be the largest German-Lithuanian dictionary throughout the 18th century. The aim of the thesis is to examine and describe the lexicographical method of Brodovskis’ dictionary which is understood as the whole of means and techniques of selection of linguistic material as well as its presentation in the dictionary. The lexicographical method also covers an analysis of sources of the dictionary. The thesis starts with an introduction, two overviews on the history of the survival of the manuscript and on some special circumstances of author‘s life. The fourth and fifth parts analyse the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary. They present a detailed description of the dictionary contents, show its unique characteristics and thoroughly analyse lexicographical information and its presentation forms in B. The sixth part of the thesis focuses on dictionary sources. The most important lexicographical sources of B are discussed in three separate sections: a revised edition of Konrad Agricola‘s concordance to the Bible Concordantiae Bibliorum, emendatae ac ferè novae […] (1674), the German-Latin dictionary Clavis Linguae Latinae by Johann Jacob Dentzler (the... [to full text] / Die Promotionsschrift „Die lexikographische Metode des Wörterbuchs von Jacob Brodowski“ befasst sich mit dem handschriftlichen deutsch-litauischen Wörterbuch Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (vor 1744, nachstehend – B). Obwohl unvollständig überliefert, gilt dieses Wörterbuch als die größte deutsch-litauische lexikographische Arbeit des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das Ziel der Promotionsschrift ist die Untersuchung der lexikographischen Metode des Wörterbuchs, wobei unter lexikographischer Metode die Gesamtheit der Mittel und Vorgehensweisen verstanden wird, die zur Auwahl und Präsentation des sprachlichen Materials im Wörterbuch dienen. Außerdem umfasst die Untersuchung der lexikographischen Methode die Frage der Wörterbuchquellen. Das erste Kapitel der Dissertation bildet die Einleitung, darauf folgen zwei Kapitel, die einen Überblick über die Entstehungs- und Überlieferungsgeschichte des Wörterbuchs sowie die Lebensumstände des Wörterbuchverfassers bieten. Das vierte und fünfte Kapitel sind der Analyse der Makro- und Mikrostruktur des Wörterbuchs gewidmet. Hier werden der Inhalt und die Struktur des Wörterbuchs eingehend analysiert, die einzigartigen Merkmale des Wörterbuchs herausgearbeitet, das sprachliche Material und seine Präsentationsformen im Wörterbuch näher charakterisiert. Das sechste Kapitel der Dissertation befasst sich mit lexikographischen und nicht lexikographischen Wörterbuchquellen, die jeweils in separaten Abschnitten besprochen werden. Zu... [der volle Text, siehe weiter]

Cette recherche porte sur la lexicologie, la lexicographie et l’enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Modélisation ontologique des savoirs lexicographiques en vue de leur application en linguistique appliquée, surnommé Lexitation, qui est, à notre connaissance, la première tentative d’extraction des savoirs lexicographiques — i.e. connaissances déclaratives et procédurales utilisées par des lexicographes — utilisant une méthode expérimentale. Le projet repose sur le constat que les savoirs lexicographiques ont un rôle crucial à jouer en lexicologie, mais aussi en enseignement/apprentissage du lexique. Dans ce mémoire, nous décrirons les méthodes et les résultats de nos premières expérimentations, effectuées à l’aide du Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). Nous expliquerons l’organisation générale des expérimentations et comment les savoirs lexicographiques extraits sont modélisés pour former une ontologie. Finalement, nous discuterons des applications possibles de nos travaux en enseignement du lexique, plus particulièrement pour la formation des maîtres. / This research is about lexicology, lexicography and vocabulary teaching/learning. It is part of a project called Ontologization of lexicographic abilites for use in the fields of applied linguistics, nicknamed Lexitation, which is, to our knowledge, the first attempt at extracting lexicographic abilities using experimental techniques. The project relies on the assumption that lexicographic abilities play a role in teaching and acquisition of lexical knowledge, and not only in lexicography per se. We will describe the methods and results of our initial set of experiments, that are based on the use of so-called Think Aloud Protocol (Ericsson et Simon, 1993). We will explain how experiments have been set up and how we are currently proceeding with the extraction and modeling of various types of knowledge and strategies used by lexicographers while performing lexicographic tasks. Finally, we will present possible applications of our work in the field of language teaching, more specifically, teachers’ training.

Notre mémoire porte sur l’attrition de la marque d’usage PROVERBIAL de la 7e (1878) à la 8e édition du Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (1932-35). L’informatisation des huit éditions achevées de l’ouvrage (Redon 2002), qui permet tant le relevé quantitatif que qualitatif des données, laisse voir que la marque jouit d’une grande stabilité dans les sept premières éditions, mais que son emploi chute considérablement de l’édition de 1878 à celle de 1932-35. Dans les limites notre projet, nous tâchons de comprendre le comment de cette érosion. Pour ce faire, nous avons recensé exhaustivement les lexies touchées de la 7e à la 8e édition, en tenant compte des cas de figure logiquement possibles : retrait d’un article ou d’une lexie dans la 8e édition, lexies partagées avec la 7e édition mais a) dépouillées de la marque, b) marquées différemment ou c) héritières du marquage d’origine. Dans l’édition de 1878, PROVERBIAL s’applique à 4 674 lexies distribuées dans 1 645 articles. Au terme de notre recherche, nous identifions les expressions proverbiales disparues ou maintenues dans le passage crucial de la 7e à la 8e édition du Dictionnaire de l’Académie française. Nous en tirons des résultats qui portent, entre autres, sur la transformation du système de marquage dans la tradition du Dictionnaire de l’institution. / This study looks at the attrition of the usage label PROVERBIAL between the 7th (1878) and 8th edition (1932-35) of the Dictionnaire published by the Académie française. The electronic version of the eight completed editions of this work (Redon 2002), which allows for the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data, shows that the label was consistently used in the first seven editions, but that its use falls dramatically between the 1878 and 1932-35 edition. Within the scope of this study, we have tried to identify the reasons behind this reduction. To achieve this, all lexies (~ lexical unit) from the 7th and the 8th edition with this usage label were meticulously noted, while taking into consideration all logically possible cases: the removal of an article or a lexie in the 8th edition, shared lexies with the 7th edition but a) lacking the label, b) labelled differently or c) inheriting the original label. In the 1878 edition, PROVERBIAL is assigned to 4 674 lexies in 1 645 articles. Through our research, we have identified the proverbial expressions that have disappeared or have been maintained during the crucial passage from the 7th to the 8th edition of the Dictionnaire published by the Académie française. We draw conclusions from these results that, amongst other things, address the transformation of the labelling system in the tradition of the institution’s Dictionnaire.

Cette thèse de doctorat, qui fait partie du projet des « Plus anciens documents linguistiques de la France », s’inscrit à la fois dans le domaine de la linguistique et dans celui de la philologie. L’étude lexicologique qu’elle propose est basée sur des documents d’archives du XIIIe siècle et s’accompagne de la transcription de deux corpus de chartes inédites. L’analyse détaillée de cinquante mots liés au champ lexical de l’agriculture, présentée sous forme de dossiers lexicologiques, constitue le noyau du travail. Les apports nouveaux que les dossiers permettent d’obtenir en matière de sens et de formes nouveaux, de réseau sémantique et d’étymologies corrigées sont présentés à la suite des dossiers. La méthode d’analyse intensive qu’ils adoptent fournit un complément indispensable à la lexicographie existante et sa méthode extensive. L’étude comporte en outre une réflexion sur le rôle des chartes vernaculaires dans l’élaboration et le changement linguistiques, à travers notamment le lexique. / This doctoral thesis studying the words related to agriculture in medieval charters is situated in the fields of historical linguistics and philology. It is part of the research project “The most ancient linguistic documents of France” and provides a transcription of two corpuses of charters as well as a lexicological study of 50 words related to agriculture. Each word is treated separately in an article including the word’s etymology, the different writings appearing in the charters, a semantic description, a short context of each occurrence, the information from the most important Old French dictionaries as well as a critique of the latter. The articles, forming the main part of the thesis, are followed by a chapter that sums up their results concerning new words or meanings, etymology, hyperonyms and (co)hyponyms. The words are thus studied in an intensive manner forming a complement to the extensive description provided by the dictionaries. The study also includes a reflection on the role the charters play in language elaboration through their vocabulary.

This thesis deals with lexical elements of National Socialist language and its aim is to study their lexicographic treatment. The theoretical part first of all sketches the elementary historical connection among language, lexicography and the political regime and it explains the effect of the politics on language through three historical examples, among which the language of the Third Reich is the most important one. As far as the language of the Third Reich is concerned, the attitudes of the NSDAP to language and language maintenance are further explained. The theoretical part is concluded by characterization and overview of the most important lexicographic projects which were implemented during the National Socialism. The practical part focuses on the contemporary lexicographic treatment of certain chosen lexemes which were mostly used during the period of National Socialism. This treatment is mostly based on the comparison of their past and their contemporary meanings and their representation in the contemporary discourse. The various types of discourse are analyzed by the corpus methods developed at the Institute of German Language in Mannheim.

This dissertation defines aspects of Russian culture which bear the marks of French influence and explores the historical origins of that influence. While it is generally acknowledged that Russia’s culture has been influenced by France, no systematic history of the origins of this influence has been written. Previous research has dealt only superficially with the topic, focusing almost exclusively on the Francophile preferences of society’s elite. The present study examines Russian society more broadly and explores those elements of French cultural influence still relevant today through an historical analysis of the Russian language. French loanwords found in dictionaries from the time of Peter the Great to the present are analyzed chronologically and topically, yielding the conclusion that the most significant period of long-lasting French influence was the turn of the nineteenth century and was primarily cultural in nature—including the areas of fashion, cuisine, the arts, interior design and etiquette—but was also in areas related to technology and official administration. Following this lexical analysis, other primary sources—archival documents, military memoirs, and periodical publications from the resultant period—are searched for influences in these areas, especially during the period’s two major Franco-Russian events: the wave of immigration to Russia following the French Revolution and Russia’s war with Napoleon. The former facilitated deep cultural enrichment as native Frenchmen and French women, engaged in various occupations, acted as cultural mentors to the Russian nobility. The latter facilitated broad cultural immersion as tens of thousands of Russian troops—noble and common alike—marched into France and experienced French culture firsthand. This dissertation concludes that both of these explosive events, though by no means the beginning of French influence, were unique in the depth and permanence of their mark upon Russia’s culture.