Most research in word recognition uses words that already exist in the reader's lexicon, and it is therefore of interest to see whether newly learned words are represented and processed in the same way as already known words. For example, are newly learned words immediately represented in a special form of lexical memory, or is there a gradual process of assimilation? As for L2 language learners, are newly learned words incorporated into the same processing system that serves L1, or are they represented quite independently?The current study examines this issue by testing for the existence of the Prime Lexicality Effect (PLE) observed in masked priming experiments (Forster & Veres, 1998). Strong form priming was found with nonword primes (e.g., contrapt-CONTRACT), but not with word primes (e.g., contrast-CONTRACT). This effect is generally assumed to result from competition between the prime and the target. So if the readers had been trained to treat "contrapt" as a new word, would it now function like a word and produce much weaker priming? Elgort (2007) demonstrated such an effect with unmasked primes with L2 bilinguals. The current study investigates the PLE in both L1 and L2 bilinguals under different training conditions. When the training program involves mere familiarization (learning to type the words), a PLE was found with visible primes, but not with masked primes, which suggests that unmasked PLE is not the best indicator of lexicalization. In the case of "real" acquisition where the new word is given a definition and a picture of the object it refers to, and learning is spread over two weeks, a clear PLE was obtained. However, when the same experiment was carried out on Chinese-English bilinguals using the same English materials, completely opposite results were obtained. The learning enhanced priming, rather than reducing it, suggesting that the L2 lexicon might differ qualitatively from the L1 lexicon. The implications of these results for competitive theories of lexical access are discussed, and alternative explanations are considered.

This thesis centres around a sensory theory of protolanguage emergence, or STP. The STP proposes that shared biases to make associations between sensory modalities provided the basis for the emergence of a shared protolinguistic lexicon. Crucially, this lexicon would have been grounded in our perceptual systems, and thus fundamentally non-arbitrary. The foundation of such a lexicon lies in shared cross-modal associations: biases shared among language users to map properties in one modality (e.g., visual size) onto another (e.g., vowel sounds). While there is broad evidence that we make associations between a variety of modalities (Spence, 2011), this thesis focuses specifically on associations involving linguistic sound, arguing that these associations would have been most important in language emergence. Early linguistic utterances, by virtue of their grounding in shared cross-modal associations, could be formed and understood with high mutual intelligibility. The first chapter of the thesis will outline this theory in detail, addressing the nature of the proposed protolanguage system, arguing for the utility of non-arbitrariness at the point of language emergence, and proposing evidence for the likely transition form a non-arbitrary protolanguage to the predominantly arbitrary language systems we observe today. The remainder of the thesis will focus on providing empirical evidence to support this theory in two ways: (i) presenting experimental data showing evidence of shared associations between linguistic sound and other modalities, and (ii) providing evidence that such associations are evident cross-linguistically, despite the predominantly arbitrary nature of modern languages. Chapter two will examine well-documented associations between vowel quality and physical size (e.g., /i/ is small, and /a/ is large; Sapir, 1929). This chapter presents a new experimental approach which fails to find robust associations between vowel quality and size absent the use of a forced choice paradigm. Chapter three turns to associations between linguistic sound and shape angularity, taking a critical perspective on the classic takete/maluma experiment (Kohler, 1929). New empirical evidence shows that the acquisition of visual word forms plays a highly influential role in mediating associations between linguistic sound and angularity, but that associations between linguistic sound and visual form also play a minor role in auditory tasks. Chapter four will examine a relatively unexplored modality: taste. A simple survey which asks participants to choose non-words to match representative tastes shows that certain linguistic sounds are preferred for certain food items. In a more detailed study, we use a more direct perceptual matching task with actual tastants and synthesises speech sounds, further showing that people make robust shared associations between linguistic sound and taste. Chapter five returns to the visual modality, considering previously unexmained associations between linguistic sound and motion, specifically the feature of speed. This study demonstrates that people do make robust associations between the two modalities, particularly for vowel quality. Chapter six will aim to take a different empirical approach, considering non-arbitrariness in natural language. Motivated by the experimental data from the previous chapters, we turn to corpus analyses to assess the presence of non-arbitrariness in natural language which concurs with behavioural data showing linguistic cross-modal associations. First, a corpus analysis of taste synonyms in English shows small but significant correlations between form and meaning. With the goal of addressing the universality of specific sound-meaning associations, we examine cross-linguistic corpora of taste and motion terms, showing that particular phonological features tend to connect to certain tastes and types of motion across genetically and geographically distinct languages. Lastly, the thesis will conclude by considering the STP in light of the empirical evidence presented, and suggesting possible future empirical directions to explore the theory more broadly.

The empirical question which is the focus of present research is: How may the lexicons from different languages interact in the course of one syntactical derivation, resulting in code switching phenomena? We develop the following hypothesis concerning code switching: The units of intrasentential code switching are either heads or functional maximal projections. To get support for this hypothesis, intrasentential code switching instances from Russian-English-Turkish and Dutch- Turkish spoken data are analyzed within the minimalist framework. In the data analysed, it has been observed that the data gathered support this hypothesis and that the Minimalist Program has an explanatory force for bilingual language processing.

No description available.

Along with the increasing development of language resources - i.e., new lexicons, lexical databases, corpora, treebanks - the need for their efficient interlinking is growing. With such a linking, one can easily benefit from all their properties and information. Considering the convergence of resources, universal lexicographic formats are frequently discussed. In the present thesis, we investigate and analyse methods of interlinking language resources automatically. We introduce a system for interlinking lexicons (such as VALLEX, PDT-Vallex, FrameNet or SemLex) that offer information on syntactic properties of their entries. The system is automated and can be used repeatedly with newer versions of lexicons under development. We also design a method for identification of multiword expressions in a parsed text based on syntactic information from the SemLex lexicon. An output that verifies feasibility of the used methods is, among others, the mapping between the VALLEX and the PDT-Vallex lexicons, resulting in tens of thousands of annotated treebank sentences from the PDT and the PCEDT treebanks added into VALLEX. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Submitted by Naiara Gomes Morante (nanamorante@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-25T15:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IMPRIMIR - VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 1068945 bytes, checksum: e12fa8ce763274b6ecf214b29c815931 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Priscila Carreira B Vicentini null (priscila@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-06-26T12:43:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morante_ng_me_arafcl.pdf: 1062172 bytes, checksum: f8ac3fefa8b9d3e98687953759f304a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T12:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morante_ng_me_arafcl.pdf: 1062172 bytes, checksum: f8ac3fefa8b9d3e98687953759f304a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / A presente dissertação volta-se para o estudo do léxico de uma obra traduzida, tendo como base o uso de corpus. Escolhemos para análise o livro The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), do escritor C. S. Lewis, e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa “As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata” – tradução de Paulo Mendes Campos – e para a língua espanhola Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata – Tradução de María Rosa Duhart Silva. Selecionamos três vocábulos para análise, os quais se relacionam à representação das principais personagens femininas e a aspectos simbólicos da narrativa: Jill, Witch e owl. Estas são palavras-chave no corpus que compilamos e foram extraídas por meio de ferramentas específicas do software WordSmith Tools. Investigamos, então, os três vocábulos de acordo com seu cotexto (texto ao redor da palavra de busca) e com seu contexto. Para tal, levamos em consideração os dados fornecidos pelo programa, como o número de ocorrências dos vocábulos escolhidos no texto de partida (TP) e nos textos de chegada (TCs) e os pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). Os resultados das análises apontam para a criação de novos sentidos nos TCs de acordo com o léxico selecionado pelos tradutores, levando o leitor a conceituar de diferentes modos as personagens citadas, a partir de suas impressões ao ter acesso ao TC. / The present dissertation, based on subsidies from Corpus Linguistics consists of a study aimed at studying the lexicon of a literary work. We have chosen to analyze the book The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), by the writer C. S. Lewis, and its translations into the Portuguese language As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata – translated by Paulo Mendes Campos –, and into the Spanish language Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata – translated by María Rosa Duhart Silva. We have selected three words for analysis, which relate to the representation of the main female characters and the symbolic aspects of the narrative: Jill, Witch and owl. These are keywords in the corpus we compiled and they were extracted using specific tools from WordSmith Tools software. We then investigated the three words according to their co-text (text around the search word) and its context. To do so, we took into account the data provided by the program, such as the number of occurrences of the words chosen in the source text (ST) and in the target texts (TTs) and the theoretical assumptions of Corpus-based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). The results of the analyzes point to the creation of new meanings in the TTs according to the lexicon selected by the translators, leading the reader to conceptualize the characters mentioned in different ways, from their impressions upon access to the TT.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Edgar Chambers, IV / A total of more than 100 different coffee samples from 14 countries around the world were used to create a coffee lexicon. The first list of terms consisted of 74 attributes that were developed from the review of 13 samples from Colombia. A second development incorporated an existing commercial lexicon and examined an additional of 72 coffee samples from different parts of the world. Validation sessions were also performed with 20 samples from the area of San Adolfo, Colombia. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to mapped the scores obtained during the validation phase of the terminology, the panelists were able to described specific characteristics that were present in the coffee samples such as sweet, nutty and fruity notes, as well as the differentiation of notes such as burnt, smoky, astringent, acrid and bitter. At the end of the process, a total of 110 attributes and their references were identified. Another study was conducted to identify the sensory properties of three coffee samples using four different brewing methods. The coffee samples were prepared using a consumer drip coffee maker, a home or food service automated espresso machine, a coffee grader “cupping” method and a filtered infusion method. The cupping method produced a higher intensity for the “roasted” flavor attribute across all samples. This method also tended to produce higher scores for burnt and acrid than other brewing methods. Flavor and aroma attributes both varied with preparation methods, but not necessarily in the same ways. The drip brewing method showed the most differences in the three coffee samples for aroma, flavor and aftertaste attributes, but other methods may be appropriate depending on the objectives of each study.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Edgar Chambers IV / Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), is an ancient grain that possesses many health and economic values. Understanding the differences in the flavor profiles among cultivars is essential to increase the usage of the grain for food application purposes. The main objectives of this study were to 1) develop a model system to taste grain varieties and 2) develop a sensory lexicon to describe the flavor profile of sorghum grains. Fifty-seven sorghum cultivars including US commercially available samples as well as important breeding lines from around the world were included and investigated in the study. After thorough investigations, this study developed a model which includes cooked grain and cookie applications to facilitate flavor characterization among different cultivars. The cooked grain and cookie recipes developed in this project are neutral and consistent. Therefore, they can serve as systems prototypes for identification of a grain’s flavor profile and support descriptive analysis studies of flavor among grain cultivars. The developed model has been applied in sorghum and wheat to successfully characterize the flavor profile among different cultivars. Moreover, a sensory lexicon with 28 descriptive terms was developed by the trained panel to describe the flavor of sorghum in grain form and in finished products. Some of the terms in the lexicon were starchy, beany, cardboard, oil-heated, brown-sweet, buttery, umami, overall green, musty dusty, woody, wheat like, sweet, salty, sour, bitter and metallic. Each attribute has a descriptive definition to describe the term and two to three descriptive references. The panel validated the effectiveness of the developed lexicon using a set of 20 sorghum cultivars, which were presented to the panelists in two forms: cookies and cooked grains. The descriptive analysis results were analyzed using PCA to produce sensory maps with key attributes associated with each sample. The generated maps for both cooked grain and cookies application showed clear differentiation in flavors among sorghum cultivars indicating that the lexicon can be used to effectively characterize sorghum’s flavors in multiple applications. Such understanding will help to support researchers, food producers, food manufacturers and contribute to promoting the use of sorghum grains in food applications.

L’objet de la présente thèse consiste en l’identification de l’action d’un substrat et/ou d’un adstrat libyco-berbère en latin littéraire et épigraphique. Inspiré par le continuum des « écritures libyco-berbères » (les inscriptions libyques et les tifinagh), le « libyco-berbère » représente la notion opérationnelle, relativement aux questions de substrat, d’un état ancien de la langue berbère. Notre recherche constitue la première enquête sur les formes lexicales parmi les plus anciennement attestées du latin dans une comparaison avec le libyco-berbère. L’état de l’art consiste, sous différentes perspectives, en la problématisation historique d’un substrat appelé « méditerranéen » et/ou « libyque » en latin « africain » et en roman (cf. les synthèses toujours actuelles de Hubschmid 1956 et Silvestri 1977 et 1978) d’une part et en l’examen des études récentes sur un substrat « amazigh » en latin « africain » littéraire et épigraphique de Múrcia Sànchez (2010) d’autre part. La méthodologie de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique structurale et à la croisée de l’anthropologie linguistique et de la philologie. Son encadrement historique situe les « barbares » d’Afrique dans une comparaison avec la Sardaigne romaine et byzantine. Notre première « histoire du mot » concerne la reconstruction formelle et sémantique du nom d’une divinité faisant partie de la religion romaine archaïque (cf. Dumézil 1956), (MATER) MĀTŪTA, pour élargir la comparaison avec le libyco-berbère aux lexiques techniques de la botanique, de l’agriculture et de l’élevage, ainsi qu’à ceux du tressage et du tissage. Autre MĀTŪTA, les mots dont nous proposons une étymologie libyco-berbère sont : ARBŌS (ARBOR) ; BATTUŌ ; FALCŌ, FALX, FILIX, PULCHER ; LILIUM ; NIGER ; OLĪUA ; PIRUS ; QUISQUILIAE, CUSCULIUM ; RŌSMARĪNUM ; TARUA, TERGUM ; BUDA ; BUTTIS, *BUTTIA, ABYSSUS ; CAETRA, CHERDA, CARTALLUS, GERDIUS, CHITARA, CISTA ; FĒNUM ; FĪLUM ; FŪNIS, FĪNIS, SINUS ; RĒTE ; TABULA. L'influence libyco-berbère en latin est aussi analysée sous la forme prise par la médiation du grec. / The object of this thesis in historical linguistics concerns the action of a Libyco-berber substrate and/or adstrate in literary and epigraphic Latin. The concept of “Libyco-berber” is meant to be inspired by the continuum of the Libyan scripts and the tifinaγ. Historically identified by the geographic distribution and the partial interpretation of the Libyan scripts, this concept denotes an ideal link with the Berber-speaking area and a diachronic dimension. This thesis represents the first linguistic investigation on Latin’s attested most ancient lexical forms in comparison with Libyco-berber. The state of the art on this field consists in the problematization of the “Mediterranean substrate” and/or of the “Libyan substrate” in African Latin and in Romance languages (cf. Hubschmid 1956; Silvestri 1977 and 1978), and in the recent studies on an “amaziγ” substrate in African literary and epigraphic Latin and Romance by Múrcia Sànchez (2010).The methodology adopted is based on a structuralist approach at the crossroads of linguistic anthropology and philology. The historical framework of this thesis situates the African “barbarians” in a comparison with the Roman and Byzantine Sardinia’s inhabitants. The first etymology put forward (chap. III) is about the phonetic and semantic reconstruction of the name of a deity belonging to the Archaic Roman religion (cf. Dumézil 1956): (MATER) MĀTŪTA. The technical languages of phytonymy, agriculture and breeding (chap. IV) as well as those of braiding and weaving (chap. V) are then investigated. The technical words etymologized are: ARBŌS (ARBOR); BATTUŌ; FALCŌ, FALX, FILIX, PULCHER; LILIUM; NIGER; OLĪUA; PIRUS; QUISQUILIAE, CUSCULIUM; RŌSMARĪNUM; TARUA, TERGUM; BUDA; BUTTIS, *BUTTIA, ABYSSUS; CAETRA, CHERDA, CARTALLUS, GERDIUS, CHITARA, CISTA; FĒNUM; FĪLUM; FŪNIS, FĪNIS, SINUS; RĒTE; TABULA. The Libyco-berber influence on Latin is sometimes mediated by the Greek language. An etymology for these words is also put forward.

A mídia de massa constitui um grupo detentor de um grande poder no âmbito discursivo, uma vez que esse grupo tem acesso e pode controlar as informações que vão a público. O movimento punk, por outro lado, representa diversas minorias na sociedade e sua principal ferramenta de divulgação de ideias é a arte, principalmente a música. O discurso punk, porém, tem um alcance bastante limitado em comparação com a mídia de massa. Tendo em mente essa assimetria de poder, analisamos, nesta dissertação, o discurso da mídia em relação ao punk brasileiro. Desde sua chegada ao Brasil, o punk é alvo de várias confusões, acusações e controvérsias. Sem o mesmo destaque que teve nos anos 1980, o movimento punk, hoje em dia, não tem muita expressividade na mídia de massa. Quando ele é veiculado, em geral, é em razão de algum episódio que envolva violência física ou crimes. Em novembro de 2011 um caso de briga entre punks e neonazistas acabou com um punk morto e um neonazista gravemente ferido. Esse acontecimento teve um destaque notável na mídia, diversos periódicos e programas televisivos abordaram o assunto e até dedicaram programas inteiros para falar sobre o assunto. Esse caso serviu como recorte metodológico para compormos nosso corpus. Selecionamos textos que abordam a vida do jovem assassinado, pois vários deles tratam não só o caso do assassinato, mas também o punk como um todo. Além disso, selecionamos alguns textos da fase inicial do movimento punk para termos uma base de como ele era visto naquela época. Tendo o corpus definido, fizemos um levantamento lexical e separamos as lexias em campos semânticos, utilizando as noções sobre Léxico encontradas em Barbosa (1978), Biderman (1978) e Pottier (1975 e 1985). Analisamos esses dados à luz da abordagem triangular proposta por van Dijk (2008), segundo a qual a produção de sentido deve ser entendida de acordo com os seguintes elementos: discurso, cognição e sociedade. Além disso, utilizamos o recurso metodológico do mesmo autor, chamado de quadrado ideológico (VAN DIJK, 2005) para situar e compreender criticamente as escolhas lexicais no discurso midiático. A partir das análises dos dados obtidos, concluímos que o punk, enquanto objeto do discurso da mídia de massa, adquire um caráter bastante negativo e estereotipado. O indivíduo punk é visto como um sujeito perigoso, ligado ao crime e a situações violentas, além de ser, segundo o estereótipo criado, preconceituoso e agressivo. Entendemos que diversas informações divulgadas pela mídia são manipuladas e manipuladoras. Segundo o pensamento de van Dijk, a manipulação ocorre quando um grupo com mais poder abusa de sua posição favorável para informar as pessoas de modo parcial, isso gera uma compreensão incompleta do evento sobre o qual se fala no discurso. Apesar de não negarmos que o movimento punk manifeste-se de modo violento algumas vezes, notamos que ele, em muitos casos, é alvo de discursos manipuladores, o que gera um estereótipo majoritariamente negativo. / The mass media is a group which holds a great discursive power within itself, once it has access to information that becomes public and can control it. The punk movement, on the other hand, represents several minorities in society and its main tool for the dissemination of ideas is the art, especially music. The punk discourse, however, has a very limited range in comparison with the mass media one. Thinking about that power asymmetry, we analyzed, in this thesis, the media discourse in relation to Brazilian punk. Since its arrival in Brazil, the punk movement is the target of several confusions, accusations and controversies. Without the same prominence it had in the 1980s, the punk movement, today, does not have much expressiveness in the mass media. When it is reported, in general, is due to some incident involving physical violence or crimes. In November 2011 a case of fight between punks and neo-Nazis ended up with a punk killed and seriously injured a neo-Nazi. This event had a remarkable prominence in the media; various journals and television shows have discussed the issue and even devoted entire programs to talk about it. This case served as a methodological approach to compose our corpus. We have selected texts that discuss the life the young punk murdered because many of them talk not only about the murder case, but also about punk as a whole. In addition, we selected some texts of the early punk movement to have a base as he was seen at that time. Having defined the corpus, we did a survey and separate lexical semantic fields using notions about Lexicon found in Barbosa (1978), Biderman (1978) and Pottier (1975 and 1985). We analyze these data in the light of the triangular approach proposed by van Dijk (2008), according to which the production of meaning must be understood according to the following elements: discourse, cognition and society. Furthermore, we use the methodological resource by the same author, called the ideological square (van Dijk, 2005) to locate and critically understand the lexical choices in media discourse. From the analysis of the obtained data, we conclude that the punk, as an object of discourse of the mass media, acquires a very negative and stereotypical image. The punk individual is seen as a dangerous person, linked to crime and violent situations. He/she also is, according to the created stereotype, prejudiced and aggressive. We understand that various disclosures by the media are manipulated and manipulative. According to van Dijk thought, manipulation occurs when a group with more power abuses its comfortable position to inform people partially, so it generates an incomplete understanding of the event about which it speaks in the discourse. While not denying that the punk movement manifests itself violently sometimes, we noticed that it, in many cases, is the target of manipulated speeches, which generates an overwhelmingly negative stereotype.