<p>Existing career theories are largely based on a stable working environment and have focused excessively on men and single work roles. In the postindustrial era, however, women’s careers, characterized by the constant negotiation of multiple roles and more frequent job changes, have had implications on the changing nature of careers. The general purpose of this thesis is to increase knowledge about the process of career development of women. The focus is on two aspects: Life Career (characterized by multiple role constellations over the life course) and Occupational Career (characterized by different shapes of occupational movement over the life course). Three sets of questions addressed these two aspects of career: trajectory patterns, interrelationships, and antecedents and consequences. Career biographies covered ages 16 to 43. Antecedents reflecting individual agency (e.g., life role value, aspiration, and early experiences) were investigated. The impact of family context on occupational choice was also examined. Among the consequences examined were midlife work wellness and stress, health, and wellbeing.</p><p>Results showed that (1) Career patterns were highly diverse, including nine distinct life career patterns and ten occupational career patterns. (2) Occupational and life careers were significantly related, indicating that the paid work career is embedded in the overall life role structure throughout the life course. (3) Individual agency factors predicted life career. Occupational career was related to life career more than family context. (4) Occupational career did matter in work wellbeing. In terms of stress, health, and wellbeing at midlife, there was little difference among life career patterns, but more significant differences among occupational career patterns. The thesis indicates career theory can benefit from taking multiple roles and career development into account. Implications for career counseling, social policy, and organizations are discussed.</p>

Existing career theories are largely based on a stable working environment and have focused excessively on men and single work roles. In the postindustrial era, however, women’s careers, characterized by the constant negotiation of multiple roles and more frequent job changes, have had implications on the changing nature of careers. The general purpose of this thesis is to increase knowledge about the process of career development of women. The focus is on two aspects: Life Career (characterized by multiple role constellations over the life course) and Occupational Career (characterized by different shapes of occupational movement over the life course). Three sets of questions addressed these two aspects of career: trajectory patterns, interrelationships, and antecedents and consequences. Career biographies covered ages 16 to 43. Antecedents reflecting individual agency (e.g., life role value, aspiration, and early experiences) were investigated. The impact of family context on occupational choice was also examined. Among the consequences examined were midlife work wellness and stress, health, and wellbeing. Results showed that (1) Career patterns were highly diverse, including nine distinct life career patterns and ten occupational career patterns. (2) Occupational and life careers were significantly related, indicating that the paid work career is embedded in the overall life role structure throughout the life course. (3) Individual agency factors predicted life career. Occupational career was related to life career more than family context. (4) Occupational career did matter in work wellbeing. In terms of stress, health, and wellbeing at midlife, there was little difference among life career patterns, but more significant differences among occupational career patterns. The thesis indicates career theory can benefit from taking multiple roles and career development into account. Implications for career counseling, social policy, and organizations are discussed.

Der Aufsatz rekonstruiert die Dialektik von Individualisierung und moderner Sozialpolitik und führt zu diesem Zweck die Diskussionsstränge um die Entstehungsbedingungen von staatlicher Sozialpolitik und um die Weiterentwicklung von Sozialpolitik zusammen. Die Analyse befaßt sich zunächst mit Individualisierung als Voraussetzung für die Entstehung moderner Sozialpolitik, um dann, ebenfalls noch in historischer Perspektive, die Bedeutung von Sozialpolitik für die Vollendung der modernen Individuen als Staatsbürger zu betrachten. Anschließend wird die sozialpolitische Strukturierung von Lebensläufen in der Gegenwart diskutiert und dargelegt, daß Sozialpolitik nicht nur reguliert, sondern auch Handlungsspielräume eröffnet und deren individuelle Nutzung möglich macht. Zuletzt wird nach aktuellen staatlichen Reaktionen auf individuelles Handeln gefragt. Die Beobachtung der historischen Kontinuität, mit der Individuum und Sozialpolitik von den Anfängen der gesellschaftlichen Moderne bis in die Gegenwart aufeinander einwirken und in ihrer Entwicklung miteinander verwoben sind, soll dazu anregen, die Analyse moderner Sozialpolitik in eine umfassende gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektive zu stellen.:Einleitung; Individualisierung und die Entstehung moderner Sozialpolitik; Die Bedeutung von Sozialpolitik für Individualisierung; Sozialpolitische Strukturierung von Lebensläufen; Biographische Handlungsspielräume durch sozialpolitische Sicherung; Sozialpolitische Reaktionen auf individuelles Verhalten; Schluß

In der soziologischen Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs von Freiheit und sozialer Sicherheit kann es nur um individuelle Freiheiten in ihren institutionellen Bedingungszusammenhängen gehen. Es geht also um Autonomiegewinne im Wohlfahrtsstaat in den Selbstzurechnung der Leute. Es geht um Freiheiten im Kontext von Institutionen, welche die Lebensbedingungen dieser Leute strukturieren. Und es geht um in der Praxis angestellte Vergleiche durch die Leute: Vergleiche zwischen ihren Freiheitsansprüchen und den gegebenen Realisierungsmöglichkeiten, Vergleichen zwischen tatsächlich erreichbar erscheinenden Alternativen in der Gesellschaft. Damit setzt sich die soziologische Sichtweise ganz ausdrücklich von all den Versuchen ab, einen \"Begriff\" von Freiheit zu entwickeln, um die gegebenen Verhältnissen dann an diesem Begriff zu messen, sei es, um ihnen eine \"Legitimation\" zu liefern, sei es, um an ihnen \"Kritik\" zu üben. Es geht nicht darum, „dem Menschen“, oder \"der Gesellschaft“ von einer gleichsam außergesellschaftlichen Beobachterposition aus „Freiheit“ sans phrase als eine Eigenschaft zuzuschreiben, weder als Gegebenheit, noch als Kontrafaktizität. Dies ist keineswegs einfach Ausdruck einer arbiträren argumentationsstrategischen Wahl unter mehreren Möglichkeiten. Dem Zuschnitt des Themas liegt vielmehr die These zugrunde, dass es sich unter den Bedingungen modernen Denkens um die einzig mögliche Art der wissenschaftlichen Befassung mit \"Freiheit\" handelt. Indem ich die wissenssoziologischen Grundlagen dieser These skizziere, werde ich den Begriff der Freiheit, den seine traditionale philosophische Belastung für sozialwissenschaftliche Analysen weitgehend unbrauchbar gemacht hat, in die Frage nach institutionellen Bedingungen für individuelle Handlungsspielräume überführen. Dann werde ich soziale Sicherheit als Bedingung der Realisierbarkeit bürgerlicher Freiheiten einführen. Vor diesem Hintergrund lässt sich dann fragen, warum in den Diskursen, welche die Entwicklung moderner Wohlfahrtsstaaten begleitet haben, der Zusammenhang von Freiheiten und sozialer Sicherheit nur eine marginale Rolle spielt. Dann werde ich kurz auf die theoretischen Voraussetzungen für die Analyse der Wechselwirkungen von Freiheit und sozialer Sicherheit eingehen und auf dieser Grundlage eine Neuinterpretation des Verhältnisses von Arbeitsmarkt und Sozialpolitik anbieten. Schließlich werde ich zeigen, dass die konservative Sozialstaatskritik diese Interpretation ungewollt bestätigt und empirische Hinweise dafür sammeln, dass die Leute Autonomiegewinne im Wohlfahrtsstaat tatsächlich nützen.:Einleitung; Vormodern/modern; Unterfütterte Freiheiten; Soziale Sicherheit als Abwehr; Sozialismus und soziale Sicherheit; Handlungsspielräume durch Sicherheit; Freiheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt; Sozialstaatskritik als Freiheitskritik; Strategische Nutzung von Sozialpolitik; Schluss

Aj The goal of the diploma thesis is to find out what is the life career of women who provide paid sexual services. The thesis only applies to women who provide sexual services for financial compensation and are over 18 years old. Although we know from research that a large portion of women started providing sexual services for money before the age of 18, we are not getting into direct contact with teenage sex workers. In my work, I focus on the biography of women providing paid sex services. From their perspective, and how they view their lives. The sample of respondents was adapted to the topic and we approached both the clients of Bliss without RISK, z. s. as well as those who no longer working in the sex business. I used the in-depth interview method to get a basic picture of the interviewee's family, personal, and work situation. Furthermore, I focused on capturing their view of the life stage when they worked in the sex business. I tried to identify the moments that led to the entry and exit of this profession. Keywords: Sex business, Bliss without RISK (R-R), Sex worker, Life career, Paid sexual services

Summaries in English, Zulu and Southern Sotho / The primary aim of the study was to explore the relationship between career adaptability and organisational commitment of employees who work in the investment sector. The secondary aim was to ascertain whether individuals from various demographics (age groups, gender, ethnicity, qualifications, tenure and business unit) differed significantly regarding their career adaptability and organisational commitment. A cross-sectional quantitative, correlational research approach was followed where a non-probability convenience sample (n=200) of permanent employees in the investment sector was used. The instruments used for the study were the biographical questionnaire, Career Adapt Abilities Scale (CAAS) and Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). The research results revealed statistically significant relationships between career adaptability and organisational commitment of employees who work in the investment sector in terms of correlational and inferential statistical analyses. There were statistically significant relationships between the demographic variables with some dimensions of career adaptability and organisational commitment. The test of mean differences revealed that some differences exist in career adaptability and organisational commitment in terms of demographical variables. The study provides recommendations for use by industrial psychology professionals in terms of career adaptability and organisational commitment practices, specifically within the investment sector. / Inhloso engaphezulu yalolucwaningo yabe ingukucubungula ubudlelwano phakathi kokuzinza ezifundweni-msebenzi nokuzibophela kwabasebenzi ezinkampanini zasengxenyeni yokukhulisa umnotho wezimali. Inhloso engaphansi yabe ingukungukuqondisisa ukuthi ngabe labasebenzi abakhethiwe bayahlukahlukana na ngokwenhloso engaphezulu uma kucutshungulwa ngokweminyaka yobudala babo, nangokohlanga lwabo, nangokwezinga lemfundo abalizuzile ekuqeqeshweni kwabo, nangokwesikhathi asebasisebenzile egunjini elikhethiwe enkampanini yabo. Ngokwenhloso engaphansi, lolucwaningo lacubungula ngokuqhathanisa okusemaphakathini kwalabasebenzi abangu (n=200) ababekhethwe kalula bebonke, ngesizathu sokuqhashwa kwabo ngokuphelele kulenkampani eyabe ikhethiwe. Amathulusi asetshenziswa ahlaziya ngokwenhloso yangaphansi eqoshelwe ukucubungula izilinganiso zamakhono emfundo-msebenzi (CAAS) kanye nokuzibophela kwabasebenzi ezinkampanini abasebenza kuzo (OCQ). Imiphumela yocubungulo yabubonisa ngokungasoleki ubudlelwano obuqondile nobuchazekayo ngokwamanani ohlaziyo phakathi kokuzinza ezifundweni-msebenzi nokuzibophela kwalabasebenzi enkampanini eyayikhethiwe esengxenyeni yokukhulisa umnotho wezimali. Imiphumela yocubungulo yabubonisa futhi ubudlelwano obungasoleki phakathi kweminyaka yobudala yalabasebenzi ababekhethiwe, nobulili babo, nobuhlanga babo, nezinga lezifundo abalifinyelele, nangeminyaka asebayisebenza engxenyeni abasebenza kuyo umakulinganiswa ukuzinza ezifundweni-msebenzi nokuzibophela kwabo lulenkampani ekhethiwe abasebenza kuyo. Ngaleyondlela, ucubungulo lwezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene lwabonisa ukuthi ukhona umahluko phakathi kokuzinza ezifundweni-msebenzi nokuzibophela kwabasebenzi ngokwenhloso engaphansi. Kanjalo, locubungulo lunikeza imibono engasetshenziswa ozosayensi bengqondo mayelana nokuziphatha kwabasebenzi umabefuna ulwazi ngokuzinza ezifundweni-msebenzi nasekuzibopheleni ezinkampanini kwabasebenzi. / Morero oa pele oa boithuto e ne e le ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo mesebetsing le boitlamo ba mokhatlo hara basebetsi ba lekala la matsete. Morero oa bobeli e ne e le ho netefatsa hore na batho ba lilemo tse fapaneng, bong, morabe, mangolo a thuto, nako ea khoebo le khoebo li fapane haholo mabapi le ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing le boitlamo ba mokhatlo. Mokhoa o fapaneng oa likarolo tse ngata, oa boithuto o kopaneng o ile oa lateloa moo sampole e sa khonehang ea bonolo (n = 200) ea basebetsi ba ka mehla lefapheng la matsete e sebelisitsoeng. Lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa boithuto e ne e le lenane la lipotso tse mabapi le lipale tsa bophelo, Career Adapt Ability Scale (CAAS) le Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ). Sephetho sa lipatlisiso se senotse likamano tsa bohlokoa lipalo pakeng tsa ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing le boitlamo ba mokhatlo hara basebetsi ba lekala la matsete ho latela ditshekatseko tsa liphuputso tse amanang le lipalo-palo. Ho bile le likamano tsa bohlokoa lipalo-palong lipakeng tsa lilemo, bong, morabe, mangolo a thuto, nako ea khoebo le yuniti ea khoebo maemong a mang a ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing le boitlamo ba mokhatlo. Liteko tsa liphapang tse boleloang li senotse hore liphapang tse ling li teng molemong oa ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing le boitlamo ba mokhatlo ho latela maemo a palo ea batho (lilemo, bong, mangolo a thuto ea morabe, nako ea khoebo le khoebo). Litlhahiso li khothaletsa hore li ka sebelisoa ke litsebi tsa kelello tsa indasteri le tsa mokhatlo le litsebi tsa litsebo tsa batho mabapi le ho ikamahanya le maemo mesebetsing le litloaelo tsa boitlamo ba mokhatlo, haholoholo lekaleng la matsete. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

No description available.

The purpose of the current research was to explore the narrative career experiences of Grade 12 learners as well as the constructs of the Life-Career Rainbow. Knowledge of how these constructs relate to one another added to the career literature as it relates to Grade 12 learners’ experiences of career guidance/development and served as a guide for the career guidance/counselling process. The main findings indicated that the past experiences of learners relating to subject choices highlighted that there is dissatisfaction with certain subjects not being included in the schools’ subject choices for Grades 10 to 12. At this phase, learners were found to be uncertain about their future plans. The learners’ present experiences in career crystallising indicated that they are in the process of exploring and crystallising their career choices. In terms of future employment options, learners indicated interests that fitted within most career types while other learners were undecided about their future aspirations. The career types included sports, entertainment, financial, the military and medicine/nursing. The findings demonstrate consistency with previous national research on adolescents’ occupational aspirations. Influences which were found to be prominent were personality, interests and abilities, parents, friends, teachers, schooling experiences, financial support, availability of jobs, work experience, and opportunities to work overseas. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)