This thesis describes mechanistic studies, rational ligand design, and synthesis of asymmetric transition metal catalysts. The topics addressed concerned [Papers I-VII]: [I] The asymmetric addition of diethyl zinc to N-(diphenylphosphinoyl)benzalimine catalyzed by bicyclic 2-azanorbornyl-3-methanols was studied. An efficient route to both diastereomers of new bicyclic 2-azanorbornyl-3-methanols with an additional chiral center was developed, in the best case 97% ee was obtained with these ligands. The experimental results were rationalized by a computational DFT-study. [II] An aza-Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with chiral heterocyclic imines derived from (S)-1-phenylethylamine and different heteroaromatic aldehydes was developed. The cycloaddition proved to be highly diastereoselective and offers a very rapid access to possible biologically active compounds and interesting precursors for chiral (P,N)-ligands. [III] A convenient and high-yielding method for the preparation of (R)-tolterodine, utilizing a catalytic asymmetric Me-CBS reduction was developed. Highly enantio-enriched (R)-6-methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-2-one (94% ee) was recrystallized to yield practically enantiopure material (ee >99%) and converted to (R)-tolterodine in a four-step procedure. [IV] The reaction mechanism of the iridium-phosphanooxazoline-catalyzed hydrogenation of unfunctionalized olefins has been studied by means of DFT-calculations (B3LYP) and kinetic experiments. The calculations suggest that the reaction involves an unexpected IrIII-IrV catalytic cycle facilitated by coordination of a second equivalent of dihydrogen. On the basis of the proposed catalytic cycle, calculations were performed on a full system with 88 atoms. These calculations were also used to explain the enantioselectivity displayed by the catalyst. [V and VI] A new class of chiral (P,N)-ligands for the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of aryl alkenes was developed. These new ligands proved to be highly efficient and tolerate a broad range of substrates. The enantiomeric excesses are, so far, the best reported and can be rationalized using the proposed selectivity model. [VII] The complex formed between the quincorine-amine, containing both a primary and a quinuclidine amino function, and [Cp*RuCl]4 catalyzes the hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic ketones in up to 90% ee approx. 24-times faster than previously reported Ru-diamine complexes. The reason for the lower but opposite stereoselectivity seen with the quincoridine-amine, as compared to the quincorine-amine, was rationalized by a kinetic and computational study of the mechanism. The theoretical calculations also revealed a significantly lower activation barrier for the alcohol mediated split of dihydrogen, as compared to the non-alchol mediated process. A finding of importance also for the diphosphine/diamine mediated enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones.

Die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren für die Rückführung von Palladium aus Altmaterialien, wie gebrauchten Autoabgaskatalysatoren, in den Stoffstromkreislauf ist sowohl aus ökologischer als auch ökonomischer Sicht erstrebenswert. In dieser Arbeit wurden neue Flüssig-Flüssig- und Fest-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittel entwickelt, mit denen Palladium(II) aus einer oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung, die neben Palladium auch Platin und Rhodium sowie zahlreiche unedle Metalle enthält, zurückgewonnen werden kann. Die neuen Extraktionsmittel ungesättigte monomere 1,2-Dithioether und oligomere Ligandenmischungen mit vicinalen Dithioether-Einheiten – sind im Gegensatz zu vielen in der Literatur aufgeführten Extraktionsmitteln hochselektiv. Aufgrund ihrer geometrischen und elektronischen Präorganisation bilden sie mit Palladium(II) stabile quadratisch-planare Chelatkomplexe. Für die Entwicklung des Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittels wurde eine Reihe von ungesättigten 1,2-Dithioetherliganden dargestellt, welche auf einer starren 1,2-Dithioethen-Einheit, die in ein variierendes elektronenziehendes Grundgerüst eingebettet ist, basieren und polare Seitenketten besitzen. Neben der Bestimmung der Kristallstrukturen der Liganden und ihrer Palladiumdichlorid-Komplexe wurden die elektro- und photochemischen Eigenschaften, die Komplexstabilität und das Verhalten in Lösung untersucht. In Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsuntersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige der neuen Liganden industriell genutzten Extraktionsmitteln durch eine schnellere Einstellung des Extraktionsgleichgewichts überlegen sind. Anhand von Kriterien, die für eine industrielle Nutzbarkeit entscheidend sind, wie: guter Oxidationsbeständigkeit, einer hohen Extraktionsausbeute (auch bei hohen Salzsäurekonzentrationen der Speiselösung), schneller Extraktionskinetik und einer hohen Selektivität für Palladium(II) wurde aus der Reihe der sechs Liganden ein geeignetes Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionsmittel ausgewählt: 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen. Mit diesem wurde ein praxisnahes Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionssystem entwickelt. Nach der schrittweisen Adaption der wässrigen Phase von einer Modelllösung hin zu der oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung erfolgte die Auswahl eines geeigneten großtechnisch, einsetzbaren Lösemittels (1,2-Dichlorbenzen) und eines effizienten Reextraktionsmittels (0,5 M Thioharnstoff in 0,1 M HCl). Die hohe Palladium(II)-Selektivität dieses Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktionssystems konnte verifiziert und seine Wiederverwendbarkeit und Praxistauglichkeit unter Beweis gestellt werden. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass sich beim Kontakt mit oxidierenden Medien aus dem Dithioether 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen geringe Mengen des Thioethersulfoxids 1-(2-Methoxyethylsulfinyl)-2-(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen bilden. Dieses wird im sauren Milieu protoniert und beschleunigt die Extraktion wie ein Phasentransferkatalysator, ohne jedoch die Palladium(II)-Selektivität herabzusetzen. Die Kristallstruktur des Palladiumdichlorid-Komplexes des Tioethersulfoxids zeigt, dass der unprotonierte Ligand Palladium(II), analog zum Dithioether, über die chelatisierenden Schwefelatome koordiniert. Verschiedene Mischungen von Oligo(dithioether)-Liganden und der monomere Ligand 1,2-Bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzen dienten als Extraktionsmittel für Fest-Flüssig-Extraktionsversuche mit SIRs (solvent impregnated resins) und wurden zu diesem Zweck auf hydrophilem Kieselgel und organophilem Amberlite® XAD 2 adsorbiert. Die Oligo(dithioether)-Liganden basieren auf 1,2-Dithiobenzen oder 1,2-Dithiomaleonitril-Einheiten, welche über Tris(oxyethylen)ethylen- oder Trimethylen-Brücken miteinander verknüpft sind. Mit Hilfe von Batch-Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich strukturelle Unterschiede - wie die Art der chelatisierenden Einheit, die Art der verbrückenden Ketten und das Trägermaterial - auf die Extraktionsausbeuten, die Extraktionskinetik und die Beladungskapazität auswirken. Die kieselgelhaltigen SIRs stellen das Extraktionsgleichgewicht viel schneller ein als die Amberlite® XAD 2-haltigen. Jedoch bleiben die Extraktionsmittel auf Amberlite® XAD 2, im Gegensatz zu Kieselgel, dauerhaft haften. Im salzsauren Milieu sind die 1,2-Dithiobenzen-derivate besser als Extraktionsmittel geeignet als die 1,2-Dithiomaleonitrilderivate. In Säulenversuchen mit der oxidierenden, salzsauren Laugungslösung und wiederverwendbaren, mit 1,2-Dithiobenzenderivaten imprägnierten, Amberlite® XAD 2-haltigen SIRs zeigte sich, dass für die Realisierung hoher Beladungskapazitäten sehr geringe Pumpraten benötigt werden. Trotzdem konnte die gute Palladium(II)-Selektivität dieser Festphasenmaterialien demonstriert werden. Allerdings wurden in den Eluaten im Gegensatz zu den Eluaten, die aus Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion resultierten neben dem Palladium auch geringe Mengen an Platin, Aluminium, Eisen und Blei gefunden. / The development of new processes for the recovery of palladium from recycling materials like spent automotive catalysts is of economic and ecologic interest. In this thesis new solvent and solid phase extractants have been designed, which are suitable for the recovery of palladium(II) from an oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor that does not only additionally contain platinum and rhodium but also a number of base metals. In contrast to many extractants described in the literature these new extractants – unsaturated monomeric dithioethers as well as oligomeric mixtures of ligands with vicinal dithioether units – are highly selective for palladium(II). Due to their geometric and electronic preorganisation they form stable square-planar chelate complexes with palladium(II). For the development of the solvent extractant a series of unsaturated dithioethers, which are based on a rigid 1,2-dithioethene unit that is imbedded in an electron-withdrawing backbone, with polar end-groups has been synthesised. In addition to the determination of the crystal structures of the ligands and their dichloridopalladium complexes, the electro- and photochemical properties, the complex stabilities and the behaviour in solution have been investigated. Solvent extraction experiments showed the superiority of some of our ligands over conventionally used extractants in terms of their very fast reaction rates. Considering criteria that are essential for industrial utilisation like: robustness towards oxidation, achieving of high extraction yields (even at a high hydrochloric acid content of the leach liquor), fast extraction kinetics and a high selectivity for palladium(II), 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene was selected as the extractant of choice. Building on this a solvent extraction system close to industrial practice was devised. After stepwise adaption of the aqueous phase from a model solution to the oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor, the selection of a diluent suitable for commercial operations (1,2-dichlorobenzene) and of an efficient stripping agent (0.5 M thiourea in 0.1 M HCl) has been accomplished. The high selectivity of that solvent extraction system for palladium(II) could be verified and its reusability and suitability for practical application have been proven. Further it was shown that small amounts of the thioether sulfoxide 1-[(2-methoxyethyl)sulfanyl]-2-[(2-methoxyethyl)sulfinyl]benzene form when the dithioether ligand 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene gets in contact with oxidising media. Under acidic conditions this thioether sulfoxide gets protonated and accelerates the extraction like a phase transfer catalyst; without decreasing the selectivity for palladium(II). The molecular structure of the corresponding dichloridopalladium complex reveals that the nonprotonated ligand coordinates palladium(II) in a similar manner to the dithioether via the chelating sulfur atoms. Mixtures of oligo(dithioether) ligands and the monomeric 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethylthio)benzene have been adsorbed on silica gel and amberlite® XAD 2. These SIRs (solvent impregnated resins) have been used for solid phase extraction experiments. The oligo(dithioether) ligands are based on 1,2- dithiobenzene or 1,2-dithiomaleonitrile units, which are connected via tris(oxyethylene)ethylene or trimethylene chains. With the help of batch experiments it could be shown how structural differences, like the chelating unit, the kind of linking chain and the type of supporting material, impact the extraction yield, kinetics and loading capacity. The SIRs containing silica gel establish the extraction equilibrium much faster than those containing amberlite® XAD 2. On the other hand, the extractants permanently remain on amberlite® XAD 2, in contrast to silica gel. In a hydrochloric medium 1,2-dithiobenzene derivatives are better extractants than 1,2-dithiomaleonitrile derivatives. In column experiments with the oxidising hydrochloric leach liquor and reusable SIRs based on 1,2-dithiobenzene derivatives impregnated into amberlite® XAD 2, it appeared that for the implementation of high loading capacities very low flow rates are required. The selectivity for palladium(II) of these solid phase extractants could be demonstrated, although the eluates, in contrast to the eluates gained from the solvent extraction experiments, contained not only palladium but also small amounts of platinum, aluminium, iron and lead.

We report on a novel and simple approach to surface ligand design of CdSe-based nanocrystals (NCs) with biocompatible, heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. This method provides high transfer yields of the NCs into aqueous media with preservation of the narrow and symmetric emission bands of the initial organic-capped NCs regardless of their interior crystal structure and surface chemistry. The PEG-functionalized NCs show small sizes, high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 75%, as well as impressive optical and colloidal stability. This universal approach is applied to different fluorescent nanomaterials (CdSe/CdS, CdSe/CdSCdxZn1–xS, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS), extending the great potential of organic-capped NCs for biological applications.

This thesis was conducted as cotutelle-de-thèse between the Université de Montréal and the Universität Würzburg (Germany). Cette thèse a été réalisée en cotutelle de thèse entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Universität Würzburg (Allemagne). / Cette thèse étudie la conception de différentes ligands pour les complexes de Ru(II) et leur activité comme photosensibilisateur (PS) dans l'évolution photocatalytique de l'hydrogène. Le système catalytique contient généralement un catalyseur, un donneur d'électron sacrificiel (SED) et un PS, qui doit présenter une forte absorption et luminescence et un comportement redox réversible. Les substituants pyridine attracteurs d'électrons sur le récepteur d'ions métalliques terpyridine entraînent une augmentation de la durée de vie de l'état excité et du rendement quantique (Φ = 74*10-5; τ = 3.8 ns) et permettent au complexe III-C1 de présenter une activité en tant que PS. Bien que la fréquence (TOFmax) et le nombre de cycle catalytique (TON) soient relativement faibles (TOFmax = 57 mmolH2 molPS-1 min 1; TON(44 h) = 134 mmolH2 molPS-1), le système catalytique a une longue durée de vie, ne perdant que 20% de son activité au cours de 12 jours. De manière intéressante, la conception hétérolytique dans III-C1 s'avère être bénéfique pour la performance en tant que PS, malgré des propriétés photophysiques et électrochimiques comparables à celles du complexe homoleptique IV-C2 (TOFmax = 35 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(24 h) = 14 mmolH2 molPS-1). L'extinction réductive de la PS excitée par le SED est identifiée comme l'étape limitant la vitesse dans les deux cas. Par conséquent, les ligands sont modifiés pour être plus accepteurs d'électrons, soit par N-méthylation des substituants pyridine périphériques, soit par introduction d'un cycle pyrimidine dans le récepteur d'ion métallique, ce qui conduit à une augmentation des durées de vie des états excités (τ = 9–40 ns) et des rendements quantiques de luminescence (Φ = 40–400*10-5). Cependant, le caractère plus accepteur d'électrons des ligands entraîne également des potentiels de réduction décalés anodiquement, ce qui conduit à un manque de force motrice pour le transfert d'électrons du PS réduit au catalyseur. Ainsi, cette étape de transfert d'électrons s'avère être un facteur limitant de la performance globale du PS. Alors que des TOFmax plus élevés dans les expériences d'évolution de l'hydrogène sont observés pour les PS contenant le motif pyrimidine (TOFmax = 300–715 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1), la longévité de ces systèmes est réduite avec des temps de demi-vie de 2–6 h. L'expansion des ligands contenant le motif pyrimidine en complexes dinucléaires conduit à une absorptivité plus forte (ε = 100–135*103 L mol-1 cm-1), une luminescence accrue (τ = 90–125 ns, Φ = 210–350*10-5) et peut également entraîner un TOFmax plus élevé si la force motrice est suffisante pour le transfert d'électrons vers le catalyseur (1500 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1). En comparant des complexes avec des forces motrices similaires, une luminescence plus forte se traduit par un TOFmax plus élevé. Outre les considérations thermodynamiques, les effets cinétiques et l'efficacité du transfert d'électrons sont supposés avoir un impact sur l'activité observée dans l'évolution de l'hydrogène. En résumé, ce travail montre que la conception ciblée de ligands peut faire du groupe précédemment négligé des complexes de Ru(II) avec des ligands tridentés des candidats attrayants pour une utilisation comme PS dans l'évolution photocatalytique de l'hydrogène. / This thesis investigates different ligand designs for Ru(II) complexes and the activity of the complexes as photosensitizer (PS) in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The catalytic system typically contains a catalyst, a sacrificial electron donor (SED) and a PS, which needs to exhibit strong absorption and luminescence, as well as reversible redox behavior. Electron-withdrawing pyridine substituents on the terpyridine metal ion receptor result in an increase of excited-state lifetime and quantum yield (Φ = 74*10-5; τ = 3.8 ns) and lead to complex III-C1 exhibiting activity as PS. While the turn-over frequency (TOFmax) and turn-over number (TON) are relatively low (TOFmax = 57 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(44 h) = 134 mmolH2 molPS-1), the catalytic system is long-lived, losing only 20% of its activity over the course of 12 days. Interestingly, the heteroleptic design in III-C1 proves to be beneficial for the performance as PS, despite III-C1 having comparable photophysical and electrochemical properties as the homoleptic complex IV-C2 (TOFmax = 35 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(24 h) = 14 mmolH2 molPS-1). Reductive quenching of the excited PS by the SED is identified as rate-limiting step in both cases. Hence, the ligands are designed to be more electron-accepting either via N-methylation of the peripheral pyridine substituents or introduction of a pyrimidine ring in the metal ion receptor, leading to increased excited-state lifetimes (τ = 9–40 ns) and luminescence quantum yields (Φ = 40–400*10-5). However, the more electron-accepting character of the ligands also results in anodically shifted reduction potentials, leading to a lack of driving force for the electron transfer from the reduced PS to the catalyst. Hence, this electron transfer step is found to be a limiting factor to the overall performance of the PS. While higher TOFmax in hydrogen evolution experiments are observed for pyrimidine-containing PS (TOFmax = 300–715 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1), the longevity for these systems is reduced with half-life times of 2–6 h. Expansion of the pyrimidine-containing ligands to dinuclear complexes yields a stronger absorptivity (ε = 100–135*103 L mol-1 cm-1), increased luminescence (τ = 90–125 ns, Φ = 210–350*10-5) and can also result in higher TOFmax given sufficient driving force for electron transfer to the catalyst (TOFmax = 1500 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1). When comparing complexes with similar driving forces, stronger luminescence is reflected in a higher TOFmax. Besides thermodynamic considerations, kinetic effects and electron transfer efficiency are assumed to impact the observed activity in hydrogen evolution. In summary, this work shows that targeted ligand design can make the previously disregarded group of Ru(II) complexes with tridentate ligands attractive candidates for use as PS in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. / In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Liganden für Ru(II)-Komplexe und die Aktivität der Komplexe als Photosensibilisatoren (PS) in der photokatalytischen Wasserstoffentwicklung untersucht. Das katalytische System besteht typischerweise aus einem Katalysator, einem Opferelektronendonator (SED) und einem PS, welcher eine starke Absorption und Lumineszenz sowie ein reversibles Redoxverhalten aufweisen sollte. Elektronenziehende Pyridin-Substituenten am Terpyridin-Metallionenrezeptor resultieren in einer Erhöhung der Lebensdauer des angeregten Zustands sowie der Quantenausbeute (Φ = 74*10-5; τ = 3.8 ns), was dazu führt, dass Komplex III-C1 als PS aktiv ist. Während die Wechselzahl (TOFmax) und der Umsatz (TON) relativ niedrig sind (TOFmax = 57 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(44 h) = 134 mmolH2 molPS 1), ist das katalytische System langlebig und verliert im Laufe von 12 Tagen nur 20% seiner Aktivität. Das heteroleptische Design in III-C1 erweist sich als vorteilhaft für die Leistung als PS, obwohl III-C1 vergleichbare photophysikalische und elektrochemische Eigenschaften besitzt wie der homoleptische Komplex IV-C2 (TOFmax = 35 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1; TON(24 h) = 14 mmolH2 molPS-1). In beiden Fällen erweist sich das reduktive Lumineszenzlöschen des angeregten PS durch den SED als geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt. Daher werden die Liganden entweder durch N-Methylierung der peripheren Pyridin-Substituenten oder durch Einführung eines Pyrimidinrings in den Metallionenrezeptor elektronenziehender gestaltet, was zu erhöhten Lebensdauern des angeregten Zustands (τ = 9–40 ns) und Lumineszenzquantenausbeuten (Φ = 40–400*10-5) führt. Der stärker elektronenziehende Charakter der Liganden führt allerdings auch zu anodisch verschobenen Reduktionspotentialen, wodurch die treibende Kraft für den Elektronentransfer vom reduzierten PS zum Katalysator reduziert wird. Daher erweist sich dieser Elektronentransferschritt als ein limitierender Faktor für die Gesamtleistung des PS. Während höhere TOFmax in Wasserstoffproduktionsexperimenten für Pyrimidin-haltige PS beobachtet werden (TOFmax = 300–715 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1), ist die Langlebigkeit für diese Systeme mit Halbwertszeiten von 2–6 h deutlich reduziert. Die Erweiterung der Pyrimidin-haltigen Liganden zu zweikernigen Komplexen führt zu einem stärkeren Absorptionsvermögen (ε = 100–135*103 L mol-1 cm-1), erhöhter Lumineszenz (τ = 90–125 ns, Φ = 210–350*10-5) und kann bei ausreichender treibender Kraft für den Elektronentransfer zum Katalysator auch zu einer höheren TOFmax führen (TOFmax = 1500 mmolH2 molPS-1 min-1). Beim Vergleich von Komplexen mit ähnlichen treibenden Kräften spiegelt sich die stärkere Lumineszenz in einem höheren TOFmax wider. Es wird angenommen, dass neben thermodynamischen Faktoren auch kinetische Effekte und die Effizienz des Elektronentransfers die beobachtete Aktivität bei der Wasserstoffentwicklung beeinflussen. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass gezieltes Ligandendesign die bisher vernachlässigte Gruppe der Ru(II)-Komplexe mit tridentaten Liganden zu attraktiven Kandidaten für den Einsatz als PS in der photokatalytischen Wasserstoffentwicklung machen kann.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Tuberculosis affects millions of people worldwide every year. The current treatment for TB is divided into a regimen of both first- and second-line drugs, where first-line treatments are more tolerated and require shorter treatment lengths. With rising levels of resistance, alternative treatment regimes are urgently needed to fight this disease. Ethionamide, a second-line drug is administered as a prodrug which is activated in vivo by the enzyme EthA, which is in turn regulated by EthR. The disruption of the action of EthR could lead to novel therapeutics which could enhance the efficacy of ethionamide, and raise it to a first-line treatment. The work reported in this thesis examines the elaboration of three chemical scaffolds using fragment-based approaches to develop novel inhibitors capable of disrupting the EthR-DNA interaction. The first scaffold, 5-(furan-2-yl)isoxazole was investigated by fragment-merging approaches and produced compounds with the best of these having a KD of 7.4 uM. The second scaffold, an aryl sulfone was elaborated using fragment-merging strategies. This led to several modifications of the fragment, leading to several variants with KDs around 20 uM. With both of these series the affinity could not be improved below 10 uM and due to the synthetic complexity a further scaffold was prioritised. The third scaffold was explored was a 4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine using fragmentgrowing from the NH of the piperazine to probe deeper into the EthR binding pocket. In addition to this, SAR around the 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group was assessed to explore the interactions with EthR. These modifications led to compounds with nanomolar IC50s. A range of compounds were then screened by REMAssay to determine the boosting effect on ethionamide, and this identified compounds with up to 30 times boosting in the ethionamide MIC. The final chapter examines a concept where compounds were designed to exploit the dimeric nature of EthR by linking two chemical warheads with a flexible linker. These compounds are examined using mass spectrometry to investigate the stoichiometry of the interaction to provide insight into the binding of these extended compounds and exploring an alternative strategy to inhibit EthR. The work in this thesis demonstrated the successful use of fragment-based approaches for development of novel EthR inhibitors which showed significant ethionamide boosting effects.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-17T11:44:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Francis Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 4527522 bytes, checksum: 6a5a6589610ff851e68801c3ec05e3c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T11:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Francis Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 4527522 bytes, checksum: 6a5a6589610ff851e68801c3ec05e3c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In this work, semi and thiosemicarbazones selected from the LaDMol-QM library, were used to study their interactions with a metalloproteinase from the snake Bothrops pauloensis (BpMP-I) by molecular modelling and enzymatic inhibition assays with the toxin. The crystalographic structure of BaPI (PDB code: 2W12) was used as a mold to build the 3D model of BpMP-I by homology modeling. The theorical model of BpMP-I showed good quality parameters and was used in a subsequent molecular modeling study. The thiossemicarbazones showed better molecular docking results and in vitro enzymatic inhibitions assays than semicarbazones. Studies by semi-empirical methods indicate a positive enthalpy of interaction, suggesting that the enzyme inhibition by these compounds must be a entropy-driven process. The results were used together to select the LDQM-IN-23 compound and propose rationally designed modifications to improve the interactions with the toxin. The study of the catalytic site of BpMP-I showed that there is an adjacent pocket with amino groups of the peptide bonds available for interaction. All results were used together to design structural changes, aiming the enhancing of the interaction with toxin. Therefore, was proposed the insertion of the carboxyl group with different spacers, containing 2 (LDQM-IN- 23b) and 3 methylene groups (LDQM-IN-23c). The docking results and semi-empiric optimization showed that there was a considerable improvement in the interaction for the modified compounds. The modified compounds were synthesized and tested for biological and enzymatic inhibition activity. It was observed that the IC50 values have improved: the original molecule, LDQM-IN-23 has an IC50 of 3,011 ?M and the modified molecules have IC50 of 79.12 (LDQM-IN-23b) and 1.77 ?M (LDQM-IN-23c). These molecules were tested for inhibition of hemorrhagic activity induced by Bothropoidin, a P-III class metalloproteinase, and by the B. pauloensis whole snake venom. The three molecules can inhibit the hemorrhagic activity induced by isolated toxin and whole venom, and LDQM-IN- 23c showed higher efficiency compared with the other two, and in a rate of 1:10 (w/w venom/inhibitor) the inhibition of the hemorrhagic activity was 100%. A molecular docking study of this lead compound with Snake Venom Metalloproteases (SVMPs) from different snake species and genera showed that this molecule can effectivelly interact with these SVMPs. / Neste trabalho, foram utilizadas semi e tiossemicarbazonas, selecionadas na quimioteca do LaDMol-QM (Dequim-UFRRJ), para o estudo das intera??es destas com o s?tio ativo de uma metaloprotease da pe?onha da serpente Bothrops pauloensis por modelagem molecular e ensaios de inibi??o da atividade enzim?tica e biol?gica sobre a toxina. A estrutura cristalogr?fica de uma metaloprotease (BaPI) complexada com um inibidor (um peptideomim?tico) (c?digo PDB 2W12) foi utilizada como molde para a constru??o do modelo 3D da metaloprotease da pe?onha de B. pauloensis (BpMP-I). O modelo 3D te?rico da BpMP-I, in?dito para esta toxina, apresentou bons par?metros de qualidade, sendo considerado adequado para estudos de planejamento de ligantes baseado na estrutura. As tiossemicarbazonas obtiveram melhores resultados, quando comparados com os resultados das semicarbazonas, tanto para os ensaios de docagem molecular quanto para estudos de inibi??o da atividade enzim?tica in vitro. Estudos por m?todos semiemp?ricos indicam uma entalpia de intera??o positiva, sugerindo que a inibi??o enzim?tica por estes compostos deve ser um processo controlado entropicamente. Os resultados foram utilizados para selecionar o derivado LDQM-IN-23 e propor modifica??es estruturais planejadas racionalmente, visando melhorar a intera??o deste com a toxina. O estudo do s?tio catal?tico da metaloprotease mostrou que esta possui uma cavidade adjacente com grupos amino das liga??es pept?dicas dispon?veis para intera??o. Foi proposta, ent?o, a inser??o de um grupo carboxilato com diferentes espa?adores, 2 (LDQM-IN-23b) e 3 grupos metileno (LDQM-IN-23c). Os resultados de docagem e otimiza??o semi-emp?rica mostraram que houve uma melhora consider?vel na intera??o dos ligantes modificados, os quais foram sintetizados e testados para as atividades de inibi??o enzim?tica e biol?gica. Na inibi??o enzim?tica, houve melhora da CI50 com o aumento do espa?ador. O composto LDQM-IN-23 tem CI50 de 3011,00 ?M e os compostos modificados possuem a CI50 de 79,12 (LDQM-IN-23b) e 1,77 ?M (LDQM-IN- 23c). Estes compostos foram testados para a inibi??o da atividade hemorr?gica in vivo induzida pela Botropoidina, uma metaloprotease da classe P-III, e pela pe?onha bruta de B. pauloensis. Os tr?s compostos conseguiram inibir a atividade hemorr?gica induzida pela toxina isolada e pela pe?onha, sendo que o composto LDQM-IN-23c mostrou maior efici?ncia, quando comparado com os outros dois, e para a propor??o de 1:10 (m/m pe?onha/inibidor) a inibi??o da atividade foi de 100%. Foi realizado um estudo de docagem deste composto l?der com outras metaloproteases de pe?onha de serpentes (SVMPs ? Snake Venom Metalloproteinases), de esp?cies e g?neros diferentes, mostrando que este ligante consegue interagir com outras SVMPs e ? um candidato para inibir a atividade hemorr?gica de SVMPs presentes na pe?onha, n?o s? de B. pauloensis, mas de outras serpentes

The topic of this thesis is the design and synthesis of biaryl-based self adaptableligands for asymmetric metal catalysis. The results discussed in papers I-III are covered, together with some unpublished results concerning substrate-adaptable catalysts. A general survey of self-adaptable catalysts is presented first. The second chapter of this thesis starts with a survey of inversion barriers in biphenyl-based ligands and catalysts. Thereafter, the determination of barriers to conformational adaptation in dibenzoazepines and dibenzophosphepines is described. Palladium complexes with a diphosphine ligand or a diamine ligand, as well as the free diamine ligand, were studied. Entropies and enthalpies of activation were determined with variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. The mechanism of conformational change in the metal complexes was elucidated. The third chapter describes the synthesis of semiflexible and rigid phosphinite ligands, as well as their application in rhodium-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation. Modest enantioselectivities (up to 63% ee) were obtained. The semiflexible ligand was found to behave like the most active rigid diastereomer. The fourth chapter describes the behaviour of amine and phosphoramidite ligands in model complexes relevant to the palladium-catalysed asymmetricallylic alkylation of benchmark substrates. Diphosphoramidite and aminephosphoramiditeligands were designed and synthesised. Pd(olefin) complexesof diamine and diphosphoramidite ligands were studied, and their symmetry determined. It was found that both types of ligands are able to adapt their conformation to the substrate. / QC20100630

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