Global warming challenges designers to pay attention to environmental effects of manufacturing when designing new products. This examination project was a personal challenge to uphold ethical responsibility as a designer and consider emotional aspects of design while aiming to create a pleasurable lighting for the home environment. The underpinning idea for the project was to promote the use of recycled materials and an environmentally friendly light source aiming to create a sustainable everyday commonplace product that it is possible to manufacture. High power LED-technology was chosen because of its energy efficiency, flexibility and a particularly long life-cycle. Recycled plastic and fibre cardboard were chosen to be applied as the shades of the lamps. Both these recycled materials can be broken down and recycled again after use. Emotional design aspect was the leading theory in the design process. The intention was to consider different levels of emotional aspects when defining the main characteristics of the lamp to create pleasurable lighting: Among usability and aesthetics the concentration was on the semiotics of the product and its usage context. It was designed with the aim of evoking pleasurable feelings in users who desire to lead an active and urban life-style but who are simultaneously worried about global warming. Both of the lighting designs are for a dining context. They are supposed to create a pleasurable atmosphere around a dining table while separating the party around the table from the rest of the space. Other lights can be dimmed or switched off when it is time to gather around the table to accentuate the illumination and feeling of togetherness. Inspiration for the project came from sustainability, contemporary thoughts and trends embodied into maps. The products turned out to be silent statements of today’s global world; Antarctica refers to glacial retreat while Town symbolises the importance of people’s own origin in this globalised world.

"The Light of Learning-siting and designing a regionally appropriate elementary school." Every place on earth is uniquely composed of various phenomena, such as climate, topography, qualities of light, latitude, ambient moisture levels, etc. We are each profoundly affected by the unique way these general qualities combine in our particular region, and Norberg-Schultz argues that this connection begins at a very young age. It allows us to know our place in the world, to orient ourselves, and to find our "home." Here on the West Coast, one of the most powerful characteristics of place is the quality of our regional light: which fluctuates from a warm August Yellow, to a low winter white. In summer our skies are broad, blue and bounded only by the mountains and sea. During the rainy season, ambient moisture turns the air solid, as white light ebbs and flows through the cedar boughs and around our buildings. Through the design of an elementary school sited on the north bank of the Fraser River Estuary, I attempt to explore how one makes "place"-in this case a place of learning-which is both responsive to site and appropriate to the unique characteristics of region. During my design process the qualities of Regional Light remain the principal generative tool, with the central circulation spine acting as an organizing light scoop/stack ventilation, and each classroom pod bringing natural light in on at least two sides to create a non-glare learning environment. Other key considerations are the programmatic need for dual school/public access to the site, the reintroduction of natural habitat from the adjacent river-front park, and a respect for the layers of history which have shaped the site before its current zoning as an elementary school.

Fringe-pattern projection (FPP) techniques are commonly used for surface-shape measurement in a wide range of applications including object and scene modeling, part inspection, and reverse engineering. Periodic intensity fringe patterns with a specific amplitude are projected by the projector onto an object and a camera captures images of the fringe patterns, which appear distorted by the object surface from the perspective of the camera. The images are then used to compute the height or depth of the object at each pixel. One of the problems with FPP is that camera sensor saturation may occur if there is a large change in ambient lighting or a large range in surface reflectivity when measuring object surfaces. Camera sensor saturation occurs when the reflected intensity exceeds the maximum quantization level of the camera. A low SNR occurs when there is a low intensity modulation of the fringe pattern compared to the amount of noise in the image. Camera sensor saturation and low SNR can result in significant measurement error. Careful selection of the camera aperture or exposure time can reduce the error due to camera sensor saturation or low SNR. However, this is difficult to perform automatically, which may be necessary when measuring objects in uncontrolled environments where the lighting may change and objects have different surface reflectivity. This research presents three methods to avoid camera sensor saturation when measuring surfaces subject to changes in ambient lighting and objects with a large range in reflectivity. All these methods use the same novel approach of lowering the maximum input gray level (MIGL) to the projector for saturation avoidance. This approach avoids saturation by lowering the reflected intensity so that formerly saturated intensities can be captured by the camera. The first method of saturation avoidance seeks a trade-off between robustness to intensity saturation and low SNR. Measurements of a flat white plate at different MIGL resulted in a trade-off MIGL that yielded the highest accuracy for a single adjustment of MIGL that is uniform within and across the projected images. The second method used several sets of images, taken at constant steps of MIGL, and combined the images pixel-by-pixel into a single set of composite images, by selecting the highest unsaturated intensities at each pixel. White plate measurements using this method had comparable accuracy to the first method but required more images to form the composite image. Measurement of a checkerboard showed a higher accuracy than the first method since the second method maintains a higher SNR when the object has a large range of reflectivity. The last method also used composite images where the step size was determined dynamically, based on the estimated percentage of pixels that would become unsaturated at the next step. In measurements of a flat white plate and a checkerboard the dynamic step size was found to add flexibility to the measurement system compared to the constant steps using the second method. Using dynamic steps, the measurement system was able to measure objects with either a low or high range of reflectivity with high accuracy and without manually adjusting the step size. This permits fully automated measurement of unknown objects with variable reflectivity in unstructured environments with changing lighting conditions. The methods can be used for measurement in uncontrolled environments, for specular surfaces, and those with a large range of reflectivity or luminance. This would allow a wider range of measurement applications using FPP techniques.

一個新興事業創建的初期，除了對外有營運上的挑戰，在內部還要面對資源分配、人員聘用以及財務上周轉等的基本營運問題，由於其缺少同產業上可仿效或是追隨的目標對象，使得創建時期潛藏的不確定因子往往比具有某種程度規模的組織來的更多。本研究以本研究者和其團隊在2006年年底所創立之公司為研究對象，從綠色光電產業市場中的初級資料和次級資料，以質性研究方法，探討下面三面向之問題 (機會、團隊與資源)：L公司在綠色光電的產業中之未來營運機會為何？在L公司發展過程中，團隊的核心能力為何？L公司如何在外界的環境中善用現有資源？如何找到他們？ 結合的方式為何？ 本研究是藉由夏恩博士於2005年所著「科技創業聖經」，原名為「尋找肥沃田地 – 為新事業辨視絕佳的機會」(Finding Fertile Ground – Identifying Extraordinary Opportunities for New Ventures) 書中的十個章節與L公司發展過程做一檢視，在機會的面向：選擇正確的產業、找出有價值的機會、管理科技演變、鎖定市場的真正需求、及了解顧客採用行為；團隊的面向: 管理智慧財產權與選擇正確的組織結構；資源的面向：利用既有公司的弱點、將報酬導向創新與管理風險和不確定性，以這十個面向為經，並利用Jeffry A.Timmons和 Stephen Spinelli在2003年所著的New Venture Creation – Entrepreneurship for 21st Century創業三構面 (機會、團隊與資源)為緯，將研究與實務做一比較，找出L公司下一步的方向與策略。 本研究發現，L公司在經由上述的檢討與行動修正後，能找到適當的利基點，正確掌握公司的核心能力，並隨著動態環境的改變適時作出調整，降低營運的風險。 / A new intention venture who builds up in the early stage faces the challengues not only the outsides operation, but how to solve the resources allocation, employee recruitment and finance issues…etc. Because this kind of new intention ventures are lack of the benchmark in the same industry, which make much more uncertain factors than in large scale companies. This research adopts researcher herself company, L Company, which is founded in the end of 2006 as the case study. We want to explore the following 3 dimention questions (Opportunities, Team and Resources) in green lighting industry with initial data and second level data, and use inductive research method. The three questions are: 1. What’s the future opportunity for L Company in the green lighting industry? 2. What’s the core competency from L company’s team in its developing process? 3. How to utilize the current resources in outsides environment for L Company? And how to find them and what are the methods to leverage them? This research approach applies Scott A. Shane’s theory framework – Finding Fertile Ground - Identifying Extraordinary Opportunities for New Ventures to review L company ‘s operation, and adopt Jeffry A.Timmons and Stephen Spinelli’s theory - New Venture Creation – Entrepreneurship for 21st Century to make the comparison of research and physical operation, and find out the next step for L company’s direction and strategy. Within this study, we find L Company can find its own niche market, control well her competition capibility through above items’ review and action adjustment and can reduce its operation risk with change in dynamic environment.

Effective daylighting can substantially reduce the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of commercial buildings. Daylight is also healthy for building occupants, and contributes to occupant satisfaction. When productivity improvements are considered, effective daylighting is also highly attractive financially. However, successful daylighting of sub-tropical buildings is a very difficult task, due to high direct irradiances and excessive solar shading. A device was created that combined effective solar shading and efficient daylight redirection. The micro-light guiding shade panel achieves all objectives of an optimal daylighting device placed on the façade of a sub-tropical, high rise office building. Its design is based on the principles of non-imaging optics. This provides highly efficient designs offering control over delivered illumination, within the constraints of the second law of thermodynamics. Micro-light guiding shade panels were constructed and installed on a test building. The tested devices delivered daylight deep into the building under all conditions. Some glare was experienced with a poorly chosen translucent material. Glare was eliminated by replacing this material. Construction of the panels could be improved by application of mass-manufacturing techniques including metal pressing. For the micro-light guiding shade panel to be utilised to its full potential, building designers must understand its impact on building performance early in the design process. Thus, the device must be modelled with lighting simulation software currently in use by building design firms. The device was successfully modelled by the RADIANCE lighting simulator. RADIANCE predictions compared well with measurements, providing bias generally less than 10%. Simulations greatly aided further development of the micro-light guiding shade panel. Several new RADIANCE algorithms were developed to improve daylight simulation in general.

<p>Global warming challenges designers to pay attention to environmental effects of manufacturing when designing new products. This examination project was a personal challenge to uphold ethical responsibility as a designer and consider emotional aspects of design while aiming to create a pleasurable lighting for the home environment.</p><p>The underpinning idea for the project was to promote the use of recycled materials and an environmentally friendly light source aiming to create a sustainable everyday commonplace product that it is possible to manufacture. High power LED-technology was chosen because of its energy efficiency, flexibility and a particularly long life-cycle. Recycled plastic and fibre cardboard were chosen to be applied as the shades of the lamps. Both these recycled materials can be broken down and recycled again after use.</p><p>Emotional design aspect was the leading theory in the design process. The intention was to consider different levels of emotional aspects when defining the main characteristics of the lamp to create pleasurable lighting: Among usability and aesthetics the concentration was on the semiotics of the product and its usage context. It was designed with the aim of evoking pleasurable feelings in users who desire to lead an active and urban life-style but who are simultaneously worried about global warming.</p><p>Both of the lighting designs are for a dining context. They are supposed to create a pleasurable atmosphere around a dining table while separating the party around the table from the rest of the space. Other lights can be dimmed or switched off when it is time to gather around the table to accentuate the illumination and feeling of togetherness.</p><p>Inspiration for the project came from sustainability, contemporary thoughts and trends embodied into maps. The products turned out to be silent statements of today’s global world; Antarctica refers to glacial retreat while Town symbolises the importance of people’s own origin in this globalised world.</p>

A percepção viabiliza a obtenção de diversas informações visuais do ambiente que, entre outras funções, auxilia o indivíduo a se orientar no espaço. No período noturno, a iluminação urbana assume importante papel para o funcionamento das cidades, podendo contribuir para a qualifi cação dos ambientes. Este trabalho aborda a percepção sobre a qualidade do sistema de iluminação de uma praça municipal em Porto Alegre - Praça Dr. Adair Figueiredo - visando compreender as variáveis envolvidas, as possíveis relações entre elas e suas relações com o perfi l do respondente. A avaliação da percepção da qualidade do sistema de iluminação da praça foi realizada por possíveis usuários e pela autora do trabalho. Foi aplicado questionário on line com uma amostra de 283 pessoas, composto por questões de escala de valores para medir as variáveis relacionadas à qualidade do sistema de iluminação e perguntas fechadas para obtenção de dados de perfi l e opinião. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando-se métodos estatísticos como médias e variâncias das variáveis contínuas, análise de correlações de Pearson, teste de qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher, MANOVA, Post Hoc de Tukey. Foi realizada observação assistemática pela autora, registrada e analisada através de mapeamento visual e descrição textual, considerando-se as categorias de análise do referencial teórico. Os resultados apontam que todas as variáveis envolvidas na qualidade de iluminação estão correlacionadas positivamente, com médias amostrais apresentando 80,31% de satisfação geral com a qualidade do sistema de iluminação da praça, e também que é desejável a continuidade em investimentos no sistema de iluminação. A análise multivariada revela que o componente denominado “referências espaciais” é mais valorizado pelas faixas etárias acima de 41 anos do que a faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos e pelas pessoas acima de 51 anos em relação à faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos. / Perception makes it possible to obtain a diversity of visual information about the environment, which, among other functions, helps the individual to orient himself in space. In the night period, urban lighting plays an important role for the functioning of cities, and can contribute to the qualifi cation of the environments. This work approaches the perception about the quality of the lighting system of a city square in Porto Alegre - Dr. Adair Figueiredo Square- aiming to understand the variables involved, the possible relations between them and their relations with the profi le of the respondent. The square’s f lighting system quality evaluation’s was carried out by possible users and by the author of the work. An online questionnaire was applied with a sample of 283 people, composed of scale value’s questions to measure the variables related to the quality of the lighting system and closed questions to obtain data of profi le and opinion. The results were analyzed using statistical methods such as means and variances of continuous variables, Pearson correlation analysis, chi-square test, Fisher exact test, MANOVA, Tukey Post Hoc. An asystematic author’s observation was recorded and analyzed through visual mapping and textual description, considering the categories of analysis of the theoretical reference. The results indicate that all variables involved in lighting quality are positively correlated, and has sample average presenting 80.31% overall satisfaction with square’s lighting system quality, and also that it is desirable to continue investments in the lighting system. The multivariate analysis reveals that the factor “spatial references” is more valued by the age groups over 41 years than the age group of 31 to 40 years and by the people over 51 years of age in relation to the age group of 21 to 30 years.

Ce travail de thèse porte la synthèse et la caractérisation d’un luminophore rouge inorganique sans terres rares de formulation Na2SiF6 : Mn4+. Un protocole de synthèse originale des matrices fluorures A2MF6 : Mn4+ (A = Na, K ; M = Si, Ti) par un procédé sol-gel a ainsi été mis au point. Cette synthèse brevetée et industrialisable permet d’obtenir des composés avec un rendement quantique absolu supérieur à 50% sous excitation LED bleue. Plusieurs analyses structurales, microstructurales, et à sondes locales ont permis de caractériser précisément les composés synthétisés. Le deuxième volet important de ce travail a été la construction d’une enceinte de vieillissement permettant de suivre l’évolution des propriétés de luminescence des luminophores en fonction du temps sous l’effet combiné d’un stress hydrique, thermique et photonique. Les mesures, entièrement automatisées, nous ont permis d’établir des lois cinétiques de dégradation du flux lumineux à partir desquels des facteurs de maintenance (L90, L70, L50, etc…) ont pu être déterminés. De plus, un mécanisme de dégradation de cette famille de luminophores a été proposé. Finalement, un prototype d’éclairage à base de LEDs bleues intégrant une couche de conversion constituée des luminophores Na2SiF6 : Mn4+ et YAG : Ce3+, Gd3+ a conduit à des caractéristiques très prometteuses. / This PhD work deals with the synthesis and characterization of a rare earth-free inorganic red phosphor of Na2SiF6: Mn4+ formulation. An original synthesis protocol of fluoride matrices A2MF6: Mn4+ (A = Na, K, M = Si, Ti) by a sol-gel process has been developed. This patented and industrializable synthesis allows to obtain compounds with an absolute quantum yield greater than 50% under blue LED excitation. Several structural, microstructural and local probe analyzes have made it possible to precisely characterize the synthesized compounds. The second important part of this work was the design of an aging chamber to follow the evolution of phosphor luminescence properties as a function of time under the combined effect of hydrous, thermal and photonic stress. Measurements, fully automated, allowed us to establish kinetic laws of luminous flux degradation from which maintenance factors (L90, L70, L50, etc. ...) could be determined. Moreover, a degradation mechanism of this family of phosphors has been proposed. Finally, a blue LED lighting prototype incorporating a conversion layer consisting of Na2SiF6: Mn4+ and YAG: Ce3+, Gd3+ phosphors led to very promising characteristics.

In the development of society towards renewable energy sources, the target in Sweden is 100% energy supply from renewable energy sources by the year 2040. This requires increased energy production from renewable, but also energy optimization of existing buildings. The housing and service sector which includes households and the public services account for about 40 % of Sweden’s total energy use. It is estimated that preschools and schools have an area of 35 million m² which have an energy savings potentials of 0,7-1 TWh in the electricity consumption and 0,9 TWh in energy use for heating. With regard to energy optimization, it is not only interesting to investigate a buildings total energy use on an annual or monthly basis, but also on shorter time intervals such hourly energy use, because of the uneven energy production of some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. The purpose of this work is to study the energy usage for some of Västerås preschools and schools, and on the basis of it propose some energy optimization actions. To achieve this a literature study has been carried out to get knowledge about how energy usage is at preschools and schools, as well as to gain insight into what actions are appropriate to perform and how they savings look like. Other than that four objects has been studied, two preschools and two schools, one of each kind were chosen amongst those with the highest energy usage among Västerås city’s preschools and schools and one of each kind amongst those with the lowest usage. The annual energy usage have been calculated and been compared to the actual usage, and the monthly and hourly energy usage for district heating have been studied as well as the electricity usage along the day for different periods. The studied periods and energy usage shows that the energy usage, both for the monthly and hourly,  for the district heating moves with regards to the outdoor temperature with some exceptions. As for the electricity usage it shows that the energy usage is even with some exceptions and there is a difference between different outdoor temperature intervals. Some conclusions could be drawn among others that the objects with higher energy usage where older buildings and the objects with lower energy usage where newer ones. There are some energy optimizations actions for the objects which would lower the energy consumption, both for district heating and electricity usage.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Paulo Gois / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação, 2015. / Os avanços recentes para a criação de desenhos animados têm incorporado características que fazem alusão a profundidade e orientação tanto de efeitos de iluminação e sombreamento, como também a simulação de transformações geométricas 3D. Esses recursos melhoram a percepção visual de modelos cartoons e permitem a utilização de efeitos distintos e únicos. Um avanço que ganhou atenção nos últimos anos é o Modelo 2.5D, que simula transformações 3D a partir de um conjunto de imagens vetoriais 2D. Com isso, é criada não somente a percepção de orientação 3D, mas também a automatização do processo de criação de quadros intermediários (in-betweening) em uma animação. Entretanto, as técnicas atuais de modelagem 2.5D não permitem o uso de efeitos interativos de iluminação e preenchimento. Neste trabalho, é apresentado uma resolução ao problema de aplicar efeitos de iluminação em modelos 2.5D. A técnica proposta procura explorar, de forma inédita, a flexibilidade da GPU para inferir relevo e simular transformações 3D nos efeitos de preenchimento e iluminação de modelos 2D em tempo real. Demonstramos a aplicação de diversos efeitos, entre eles Phong shading, Cartoon shading, environment mapping, simulação de pelo (fur shading), mapeamento de texturas estáticas e dinâmicas e hatching shading. / Recent advances for designing and animating cartoons have incorporated depth and orientation cues such as shading and lighting effects, as well as the simulation of 3D geometrical transformations. These features improve the visual perception of cartoon models while increase the artists flexibility to achieve distinctive design styles. A recent advance that has gained attention in the last years is the 2.5D modeling, which simulates 3D transformations from a set of 2D vector arts. Therefore it creates not only the perception of animated 3D orientation, but also automatizes the inbetweening process. However, current 2.5D modeling techniques do not allow the use of interactive shading effects. In this work we approach the problem of delivering interactive 3D shading effects to 2.5D modeling. Our technique relies on the graphics pipeline to infer relief and to simulate the 3D transformations of the shading effect inside the 2D models in real-time. We demonstrate the application on Phong, Gooch and cel shadings, as well as environment mapping, fur simulation, animated texture mapping and (object-space and screen-space) texture hatchings.