A presente dissertação se propõe a analisar a interação entre o sistema internacional de direitos humanos e o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual e as implicações desta relação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que concerne especificamente aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. No ano em que o Acordo TRIPS completará vinte anos, é oportuna a reflexão a respeito da efetividade de suas regras, especialmente quanto à capacidade de interagir com os demais sistemas jurídicos internacionais, especialmente o sistema internacional de direitos humanos. A leitura da seção de princípios e regras gerais (especialmente do artigo 6°, referente à exaustão de direitos) e da seção relativa aos direitos de autor do Acordo TRIPS (especialmente do artigo 13, que estabelece a Regra dos Três Passos) parece indicar para a previsão de limites à exploração destes direitos em vistas dos objetivos de promoção do desenvolvimento e de equilíbrio de interesses entre, de um lado, autores e titulares e, de outro lado, utilizadores das obras artísticas e literárias protegidas. Contudo, tem se verificado que o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual tem caminhado na via contrária. Com a proliferação, particularmente na última década, de acordos bilaterais e de livre comércio, temos assistido à propagação indiscriminada das denominadas regras TRIPS-plus, caracterizadas pela previsão de padrões mais rígidos para a proteção da propriedade intelectual em comparação àqueles previstos pelas regras do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que tem dificultado a aplicação de regras mais flexíveis e que possibilitam mais facilmente a adoção de políticas públicas focadas no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos Estados-membros da OMC. Em paralelo, visando a coibir eventuais abusos praticados pelos Estados em suas políticas de direitos de autor, o sistema internacional de direitos humanos que, por meio dos Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Civis e Políticos e de Direitos Econômicos e Sociais, busca estabelecer o equilíbrio dos interesses dos autores e usuários, em vista do aparente conflito entre os direitos fundamentais de primeira e segunda dimensões, caso dos direitos de autor e dos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação, respectivamente. Neste sentido, destacam-se, além das ações promovidas pela UNESCO para a ampla disponibilização de material de educacional para instituições de ensino e bibliotecas, a iniciativa capitaneada por Brasil e Argentina junto à OMPI, a conhecida Agenda para o Desenvolvimento, que tem revolucionado o modo como administrar as regras previstas nos tratados da OMPI, especialmente a Convenção da União de Berna. Por meio da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento foram propostas novas maneiras de se pensar e reconstruir o direito internacional da propriedade intelectual, levando em consideração o fortalecimento do domínio público, a disponibilização de material educacional em larga escala e acesso à informação por parte dos grupos hipossuficientes, começando pelos deficientes visuais. Alinhado às discussões nos foros multilaterais, o Brasil está passando por uma fase de reforma da Lei de Direitos Autorais, a qual tem na revisão das limitações aos direitos de autor, consubstanciadas no artigo 46, um dos principais pontos de atenção e insatisfação social, em vista das restrições atualmente impostas para a reprodução integral de obras artísticas e literárias. Ainda, o sistema nacional de direitos de autor tem sido desafiado pelas novas tecnologias e formas de promover o acesso à educação no sistema público de ensino. Assim, a proposta de propagação do material de ensino por meio de recursos educacionais abertos, em que o autor ou titular autoriza, no momento da aquisição do material pelo Estado, a reprodução, atualização e distribuição futura do material didático, sem que seja necessária nova autorização a cada tiragem ou alteração do conteúdo pelo corpo de professores. Em estrutura, o trabalho se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor na Ordem Internacional) analisa o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual, com foco nas regras internacionais relativas aos direitos de autor. O Segundo Capítulo (Interface entre Direitos de Autor e Direitos Humanos) aborda a presença dos fundamentos dos direitos humanos na estrutura dos direitos de autor e sua influência nas atuais demandas desta matéria. O terceiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor sob a Perspectiva Constitucional) analisa o sistema brasileiro de direitos de autor e as garantias fundamentais que envolvem este aparente conflito. Por fim, o quarto capítulo (Limites na Prática) apresenta o posicionamento da jurisprudência nacional e internacional sobre a matéria. / The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the interaction between international human rights law and the international intellectual property system, as well as the implications of this relationship to Brazilian copyright system. In the year when TRIPS Agreement is turning twenty years old, it is proper to reflect about the effectiveness of its rules, especially the ability to interact with other international legal systems, mainly the international human rights system. In the sections about general principles and rules (v. article 6, regarding exhaustion of rights) and copyrights (v. article 13, regarding Three Step-Test), TRIPS seems to indicate the limits for the exploitation of IP rights, bearing in mind promoting the development and balancing of the interests involved, mainly those related to authors and users of copyrights. However, it has been found that the international intellectual property system has moved in the opposite direction. International trade system have witnessed the proliferation of bilateral and free trade agreements, which contain indiscriminate TRIPS-plus rules, more restrictive than the rules established for the multilateral system, which obstacles the implementation of more flexible rules focused on economic and social development, allowed by WTO system. In order to curb abuses practiced by its Member States, the international human rights system, through the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic and Social Rights, seeks to establish a balance between authors and users interests, considering the apparent conflict between fundamental rights of first and second dimensions, case of copyrights and access to knowledge and education, respectively. In this sense, must be mentioned the actions promoted by UNESCO to make available educational materials for institutions and libraries, and the initiative headed by Brazil and Argentina, the well-know WIPO Development Agenda, which has proposed a revolution in the manner how States should interpret the rules established in the treaties administered by WIPO, mainly the Berne Convention. New ways of thinking and rebuilding the international intellectual property law are being taken into account, like strengthening the intellectual goods in public domain, increasing the availability of educational material on a larger scale and conceding access to information to vulnerable groups, starting with visually impaired person. Considering this scenario, Brazil is reforming its Copyright Law. The role of limitations to copyrights, embodied in the article 46, is one of most important issues in the mentioned reform, and society is expecting for structural changes, especially because of the general dissatisfaction with the restrictions imposed by law for the reproduction of intellectual works. Still, the national system of copyright has been challenged by new technologies and new ways to provide access to education in the public school system. Thus, proposals like Open Educational Resources, which allows the State, upon previous authorization from the author, to reproduct, update and distribute of educational materials in a large scale. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter (Copyrights in the International Order) analyzes the international intellectual property system, focusing on international copyright law. The second chapter (Interface between Copyrights and Human Rights) discuss the human rights framework and the influence of this system on IP Law. The third chapter (Copyright according the Constitutional Perspective) studies the Brazilian Copyright System considering the fundamental guarantees involved. Finally, the fourth chapter (Limits in Practice) analyzes national and international court cases about the matter.

A desapropriação, instituto de direito público, ao longo dos tempos, vem sofrendo profundas modificações, as quais são abordadas no presente trabalho, analisadas a partir da evolução histórica da matéria no direito alienígena e no brasileiro. Após discorrermos sobre o conceito de desapropriação, seus elementos e características, bem como tecermos comentários sobre as diversas espécies de desapropriação, passamos ao estudo de três normas recentes que tiveram relevante impacto sobre os contornos do instituto: a Lei de responsabilidade fiscal (Lei Complementar 101/00), que exige um planejamento financeiro administrativo antes de que seja dado início ao processo expropriatório; o Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001) que criou duas novas modalidades de desapropriação; e, por fim, o Código Civil de 2002 que, com claro escopo social, regulamenta uma outra forma de desapropriação, a chamada desapropriação judicial. Além disso, esta mesma legislação afeta diretamente a prática da ação de desapropriação indireta, especialmente no que se refere ao prazo prescricional. Desta maneira, concluímos nosso trabalho com a caracterização da desapropriação como um instituto que adquiriu sua feição atual por meio de um processo contínuo de modificações originadas não somente por questões jurídicas, mas também por aspectos políticos e sociais, que fazem com que a desapropriação se encontre em constante desenvolvimento e demande profundos estudos por parte da doutrina. / The expropriation (or compulsory purchase), a public Law institution, throughout time, has been passing through extreme modifications, that are discussed in this essay, analyzed from the subjects historic evolution in foreign and Brazilian law. After the study of the expropriation concept, its elements and characteristics, as well as the commentary of the expropriations diverse species, we pass to the study of three recent laws that had relevant impact over the outline of the institution: Fiscal Responsibility Law (LC 101/00), that demands a financial and administrative planning before the expropriation process beginning; City Statute (L. 10.257/2001), that created two new expropriation models; and, finally, 2002 Civil Code, that with indubitably social purpose, regulate another expropriation form, called judiciary expropriation. Besides that, this same legislation affects directly the taking, or injurious affection, action practice, especially in which concerns to the prescription deadline. In this matter, we conclude our essay with the expropriations characterization as an institution that acquired its current feature by the means of a continuous process originated not only by juridical questions, but also by political and social aspects, that caused a constant developing expropriation, demanding deep doctrinaire studies.

Apesar dos modelos usados em engenharia serem, em sua maioria, reconhecidamente aproximados, acredita-se que a matemática usada na física e nos próprios modelos é infinitamente precisa e que tais teorias físicas poderiam prever completamente qualquer evento relacionado às variáveis equacionadas. No limite, seria possível prever o estado do universo em qualquer instante, crença esta chamada de determinismo. Claro está que essa pretensão é apenas de princípio, sendo impossível na prática. No entanto, pesquisas sobre os fundamentos da matemática e outras teorias matemáticas desenvolvidas no século XX sugerem que a matemática (e, consequentemente, a física) teria certos limites inerentes. A análise feita nesta tese fundamenta seus argumentos na Teoria das Funções Recursivas e Computabilidade Efetiva e na Teoria do Caos Determinístico. O objetivo principal é tratar de apurar a existência de limites inerentes e como tais limites se aplicariam aos sistemas elétricos de potência (mais especificamente nos tópicos fluxo de carga, transitórios eletromecânicos, transitórios eletromagnéticos e eletrônica de potência) e à engenharia de controle. / Although the models used in engineering are, in most cases, admittedly approximated, it is believed that the Mathematics used in Physics and in these models, is infinitely precise and that such physical theories could fully predict any event related to variables in equations. In the limit, it would be possible to predict the state of the universe at any moment, this belief is called determinism. It is clear that this claim is only in principle, impossible in practice. However, research on the foundations of Mathematics and other mathematical theories developed in the 20th century suggest that the Mathematics (and hence Physics) would have certain inherent limitations. The analysis made in this thesis has the arguments based on the Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability and the Theory of Deterministic Chaos. The main objective is to find out the existence of inherent limits and how these limits could be applied to electric power systems (more specifically to the topics load flow, electromechanical transient and electromagnetic transient and power electronics) and control engineering.

No description available.

This thesis uses analytic philosophical inquiry and autobiographical narrative inquiry to identify a conception of critical thinking (CT) that is “most adaptable” for teaching History 12, and then discusses the strengths and limitations. The CT literature includes several conflicting conceptions of CT, and I use two specific types of analytic philosophical inquiry, (conceptual analysis and conceptual structure assessment), to identify which conception is “most adaptable” for teaching History 12. After considering the degree to which each conception meets the criteria developed for the “most adaptable” conception of CT, I conclude that the Critical Thinking Consortium’s (TC²) conception is the most adaptable. Of all the conceptions developed thus far, the TC² approach is unique because it is designed solely as a pedagogical model for embedding CT throughout the curriculum of each subject and grade level. In the second section of the thesis, I use autobiographical narrative inquiry to reflect on the strengths and limitations of the TC² model after using the model to teach History 12 for a year. One of the foundational principles of the TC² conception is the notion that embedding CT throughout the curriculum is a powerful way of improving understanding. I determine that this contention is accurate because students improved their knowledge of the curriculum, the epistemology of history, and the adoption of CT in their everyday lives. Furthermore, use of the TC² conception helped improve my planning and assessment practices, and initiated a positive change of my role in the classroom.

A full Strouhal number thermo-acoustic model is purposed for the feedback control of self excited noise driven combustors. The inclusion of time delays in the volumetric heat release perturbation models create unique behavioral characteristics which are not properly reproduced within current low Strouhal number thermo acoustic models. New analysis tools using probability density functions are introduced which enable exact expressions for the statistics of a time delayed system. Additionally, preexisting tools from applied mathematics and control theory for spectral analysis of time delay systems are introduced to the combustion community. These new analysis tools can be used to extend sensitivity function analysis used in control theory to explain limits to control effectiveness in self-excited combustors. The control effectiveness of self-excited combustors with actuator constraints are found to be most sensitive to the location of non-minimum phase zeros. Modeling the non-minimum phase zeros correctly require accurate volumetric heat release perturbation models. Designs that removes non-minimum phase zeros are more likely to have poles in the right hand complex plane. As a result, unstable combustors are inherently more responsive to feedback control.

No description available.

Oxygen gain is the difference in fuel cell performance operating on oxygen-depleted and oxygen-rich cathode fuel streams. Oxygen gain experiments provide insight into the degree of oxygen mass-transport resistance within a fuel cell. By taking these measurements under different operating conditions, or over time, one can determine how oxygen mass transport varies with operating modes and/or aging. This paper provides techniques to differentiate between mass-transport resistance within the catalyst layer and within the gas-diffusion medium for a polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Two extreme cases are treated in which all mass transfer limitations are located only (i) within the catalyst layer or (ii) outside the catalyst layer in the gas diffusion medium. These two limiting cases are treated using a relatively simple model of the cathode potential and common oxygen gain experimental techniques. This analysis demonstrates decisively different oxygen gain behavior for the two limiting cases. For catalyst layer mass transfer resistance alone, oxygen gain values are limited to a finite range of values. However, for gas diffusion layer mass transfer resistance alone, the oxygen gain is not confined to a finite range of values. This analysis is then extended to evaluate ionic effects within the catalyst layer. / text

This thesis uses analytic philosophical inquiry and autobiographical narrative inquiry to identify a conception of critical thinking (CT) that is “most adaptable” for teaching History 12, and then discusses the strengths and limitations. The CT literature includes several conflicting conceptions of CT, and I use two specific types of analytic philosophical inquiry, (conceptual analysis and conceptual structure assessment), to identify which conception is “most adaptable” for teaching History 12. After considering the degree to which each conception meets the criteria developed for the “most adaptable” conception of CT, I conclude that the Critical Thinking Consortium’s (TC²) conception is the most adaptable. Of all the conceptions developed thus far, the TC² approach is unique because it is designed solely as a pedagogical model for embedding CT throughout the curriculum of each subject and grade level. In the second section of the thesis, I use autobiographical narrative inquiry to reflect on the strengths and limitations of the TC² model after using the model to teach History 12 for a year. One of the foundational principles of the TC² conception is the notion that embedding CT throughout the curriculum is a powerful way of improving understanding. I determine that this contention is accurate because students improved their knowledge of the curriculum, the epistemology of history, and the adoption of CT in their everyday lives. Furthermore, use of the TC² conception helped improve my planning and assessment practices, and initiated a positive change of my role in the classroom.

Teisminė gynyba – instrumentas asmens pažeistoms ar ginčijamoms teisėms ir teisėtiems interesams ginti. Ši teisė yra aktuali ir problematiška dėl ginčo ir teisminio proceso ypatumo – priešingų šalių interesų buvimo, be to, savo interesą turi ir valstybė (visuomenė), kadangi teismų sistema reikalauja didelių finansinių, žmogiškųjų, laiko išteklių. Šio mokslinio tyrimo aktualumą lemia ne vien substancinio pobūdžio priežastys. 2011 m. birželio 21 d. priimtas įstatymas, kuriuo pakeista nemažai Lietuvos civilinio proceso kodekso nuostatų (dažnai vadinama civilinio proceso reforma), įskaitant procesą apeliacinės instancijos teisme reguliuojančių teisės normų, be to, principinių, apibūdinančių šį institutą, apeliacijos teisės reikšmę civiliniame procese. Pastarąjį dešimtį ar net pastaraisiais metais kai kuriose valstybėse pasikeitė apeliacijos esmė, tačiau kitose, priešingai, išlaikoma apeliacijos suvokimo ir teisinio reguliavimo tradicija. Visa tai nulėmė poreikį įvertinti savąją apeliacijos esmę bei nustatyti kokios priežastys lemia apeliacijos reformas. Autorė šiame darbe siekė išspręsti apeliacijos esmės problemą ir darė prielaidą, kad problema per se nelaikytina problema, jos išsprendimas turi duoti teigiamą rezultatą ir būti paspirtis tolimesniems tyrimams. Išanalizavusi teisę į teisminę gynybą ir apeliaciją, autorė ieškojo teisės į teisminę gynybą ir apeliacijos santykio išraiškos, analizavo ir persvarstė kai kuriuos civilinio proceso moksle įprastais tapusius argumentus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / On the 21st of June 2012 a law has been adopted by which Lithuanian Code of civil procedure was amended significantly (the amendment so–called “the reform of civil procedure”), including regulation of procedures in instance of appeal. This motivates to analyze and make revaluation of essence of appeal in Lithuania. The analysis is also needed because in past decade and even past few years many of European countries have totally reformed their appeal systems. However, legal regulation amendments are not the only matter which causes the relevancy of appeal and its relation to the right to judicial defence. There are some substantial reasons, e. g. dispute and civil procedure in their nature have contrary interests of parties, moreover, the state and society has interests which do not comply with interests of parties. This is caused by consumption of financial, time and human resources. There are various papers and theses on the right to judicial defence and appeal, but, to take note, the object of them differs from the essence of appeal and its relation to the right to judicial defence or, moreover, is fragmental – focused only on the restrictions related to limits of appeal by the value of dispute (which is already abolished) or other fragmental subjects. The result of this work demonstrates that the essence of appeal in Lithuania is to be described as the instrument to control the legality and reasonability of the courts of first instance decisions. Appeal in Lithuania is to... [to full text]