O estudo do domínio público no direito autoral não se resume a analisar os prazos de proteção conferido às obras intelectuais. De tratamento escasso pela doutrina, o tema é bem mais complexo do que aparenta em um primeiro momento, abrangendo diversas áreas do direito e tendo implicações diretas na vida da sociedade. Uma vez que o direito autoral é composto de dois feixes distintos de direitos o patrimonial e o moral compreender o domínio público é, em primeiro lugar, determinar que efeitos decorrem do ingresso de determinada obra em domínio público quanto a cada um de tais grupos de direitos. Além disso, o impacto do domínio público se faz sentir em outras áreas jurídicas, como direito contratual, direito de propriedade, direito do consumidor, direito de família, direito das sucessões. Sem contar com a relação inevitável a aspectos econômicos e sociais relacionados ao uso de obras em domínio público.Esta tese procura determinar a estrutura jurídica do domínio público no direito autoral brasileiro a partir das leis atualmente em vigor, bem como traçar a função do instituto, a fim de dar ao domínio público a importância devida e estimular o desenvolvimento sócio-cultural do país. / The study of public domain in the copyright law is not limited to the analysis of the terms of copyright protection. Being scarcely studied by the doctrine, the issue is more complex than it appears at first, covering different areas of law and having direct implications in society. Since copyright is composed of two distinct bundles of rights - the economic and the moral - to understand the public domain is, first, to determine what effects result from the entry of certain work in public domain on each of these groups of rights. Moreover, the impact of public domain is felt in other legal areas such as contract law, property law, consumer law, family law, law of succession. Apart from the inevitable relation to economic and social aspects related to the use of public domain works. This thesis seeks to determine the legal structure of the public domain in copyright according to Brazilian laws currently in force, as well as tracing the role of the institute in order to give due importance to the public domain and stimulate the social and cultural development of the country.

A Constituição é produto do Poder Constituinte. Após a elaboração e edição da Constituição, o Poder Constituinte continua a existir em estado de latência. Contudo, a Constituição, como norma jurídica que é, necessita ser adaptada à realidade social cambiante, caso contrário não será apta a reger a vida da sociedade e do Estado e terá de ser substituída pela ação revolucionária do Poder Constituinte. Assim, o Poder Constituinte incumbe um órgão ou um complexo de órgãos da reforma da Constituição, o qual, contudo, com ele não se confunde. Como o Poder de Reforma Constitucional é um poder instituído, sujeita-se às regras impostas pelo Poder Constituinte, que o cria, e, entre estas regras, encontram-se as limitações à reforma da Constituição. Certa doutrina rejeita as limitações à reforma da Constituição, pela impossibilidade de uma geração vincular as gerações futuras; outra parte defende a superação das limitações por um processo de dupla revisão; finalmente, uma terceira corrente defende as limitações alicerçando-as em três argumentos principais: o precompromentimento constitucional, o dualismo democrático e a defesa da democracia e dos direitos humanos. A Constituição Federal de 1988 prevê quatro espécies de limitações à reforma da Constituição: material, formal, circunstancial e temporal. Os maiores questionamentos, contudo, apresentam-se em relação às limitações materiais, que formam o núcleo intangível da Constituição. Para a garantia de existência de limitações, a reforma da Constituição sujeita-se ao controle de constitucionalidade por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal. / The Constitution is a product of Constituent Power. After elaborating the Constitution, the Constituent power remains asleep. Nevertheless, the Constitution, as a law, necessits to be adjusted to the social reality or will not be able to rule the live of the State and the society and will be replaced by the Constituent Power revoluctionary action. Therefore, the Constituent Power imputes to an Assembly the function of amending the Constitution; however, both of them are not the same phenomenon. The power of amending the Constitution is created by the Constituent Power and consequently is submited to the limitations established. Some authors refuse the limitations of amending process, because the generation can not bind the future generations; others support the possibility to overcome the limitations by a double amending process; finaly, there is a tendency to defend the limitations presenting three mainly arguments: constitutional precommitment, dualist democracy and the defense of the democracy and the human rights. The Brazilian Constitution ordains four sorts of limitations: substantial, formal, circunstantial and temporal. The deepest disagreement refer to the substantial limitations that obstruct the reform of the Constitution nucleus. To guarantee the existence of the limitations, the amending process submits to the control by the Supreme Court.

Objetivo: Analisar relações entre testes referidos e observacionais. Métodos: Estudo transversal, idosos institucionalizados, de 60 anos ou mais, independentes e estado cognitivo íntegro. Aplicou-se questionário sócio-demográfico, questões referidas (subir escadas e abaixar/ajoelhar-se) e dois instrumentos observacionais (caminhar rápido e de habilidade para levantar/ sentar). Resultados: Convidados 92 idosos, oito recusaram e um desistiu durante o teste. Amostra com 83 idosos, predomínio do sexo feminino (58%), media e mediana de idade 78 anos, e desvio padrão de 8,4 anos. As limitações referidas são bastante próximas (71% e 65%) e nas observadas, detectamos um valor menor para caminhar rápido (54%). Convergência entre os instrumentos referidos e medida observada, habilidade para levantar de uma cadeira, foram encontradas. Identificou-se o mecanismo fisiológico ligado à predominância da força muscular dos membros inferiores. Diferenças entre os instrumentos referidos e a medida observada caminhar rápido foram observadas porque caminhar rápido exige também equilíbrio, além de força, que é de diferente intensidade daquela para subir escadas ou abaixar. Discutiu-se a possibilidade de complementariedade entre as abordagens referidas e observacionais. Conclusão: Na comparação de testes observacionais e referidos, a concordância favorece a interpretação, desde que se consiga identificar explicação fisiológica. A constatação de resultados divergentes requer uma análise mais complexa, pois incluiu a possibilidade de complementariedade entre testes / Objective: To analyse the relationships between the results of tests referred and observational. Methods: Study sectional, institutionalized elderly, of 60 years or older, who are independent and cognitive status intact. Applied to be a socio-demographic questionnaire, referred questions (to climb stairs and lower/kneeling up) and two observational instruments (to fast walk and ability to lift/sit down). Results: 92 elderly were invited, eight declined and one withdrew during the test. The sample was 83 elderly, and the predominance was female (58%). The ages ranged from 61 to 98 years with mean and median of 78 years. The referred limitations are very close (71% and 65%). Already in observed, there is a smaller value to fast walk (54%). Associations between referred instruments and observed measurement ability to lift and sit down were found. Identifying the physiological mechanism linked to the prevalence of muscular strength of the lower limbs. Differences between the referred instruments and the observed measurement to fast walk was observed, this because the fast walk also requires balance, and strength, which is different from that intensity to climb ladders or down. Conclusion: In comparison to observational tests and said, the agreement favors the interpretation provided they can identify physiological explanation. The finding of divergent results requires a more complex

Syftet med studien var att synliggöra förskollärares upplevelser av barns lärande och utveckling med fokus på utomhuspedagogik, både på och utanför förskolegården. De frågeställningar som låg till grund för studien var, vad upplever förskollärare att barn utvecklar och lär sig i utomhuspedagogik? Hur arbetar förskollärare med utomhuspedagogik i den dagliga verksamheten? Vilka möjligheter och begränsningar uppfattar förskollärare att det finns med utomhuspedagogik? För att besvara syftet och frågeställningar gjordes en kvalitativ undersökning där sex verksamma förskollärare intervjuades. I resultatet synliggjordes att reflektion och återkoppling efter utomhusaktiviteter var en betydande aspekt för barns lärande och utveckling i utomhuspedagogiken. Det framkom också vilka begränsningar och möjligheter det fanns för barns lärande utomhus. Begränsningar som synliggjordes var vädret, säkerhetsaspekter, personaltäthet, avstånd, åldern på barngruppen samt yttre moment som kunde distrahera barnen. Möjligheter som framkom var den motoriska och sociala utvecklingen, tillgången av naturmaterial, sinnliga erfarenheter samt möjlighet att arbeta ämnesövergripande och tematiskt. I resultatet framkom det även att förskollärarna arbetade på olika sätt och hade varierande syfte med utomhuspedagogiken. Ett par förskollärare arbetade tematiskt med utemiljön, andra ville erbjuda barnen variationer av material och några gick på utflykter för att barnen skulle få uppleva närmiljön utanför förskolegården.

Integrating into a political democratic regime has not been a simple task for post-communisitc states such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. The signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995 marked the end of the catastrophic war that took place in the region, and was the start for the democratic developments that would now fully integrate Bosnia and Herzegovina into a consolidated democratic regime. However, the history after the signing of the agreement has not been as idealistic. Corruption, ethnic limitations and restrictions, disagreement between the various governmental bodies, and the lack of accountability between the political authorities are just some of the factors which have hindered Bosnia and Herzegovina from reaching any major democratic progress for the past years. This essay will examine if Bosnia and Herzegovina can be regarded as a political democratic regime in accordance to Robert Dahl’s eight institutional guarantees. It will also investigate the democratic development that has taken place before and after the elections in 2014.

Bakgrund: Hälsa är ett brett begrepp med komplex innebörd. Begreppet innefattar många delar, däribland sexuell hälsa. Den sexuella hälsan är mångsidig och kan påverkas av sjukdomstillstånd, läkemedel och sociala faktorer. Patienter upplever sexuell hälsa som en del av deras identitet, och anser att det är viktigt att kunna samtala om ämnet med sin sjuksköterska. Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar att främja god sexuell hälsa hos patienter, delvis för att det ingår i personcentrerad vård. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att samtala med patienter om sexuell hälsa. Metod: Litteraturöversikten utfördes med en kvalitativ design som analyserades induktivt utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: 11 vetenskapliga artiklar ligger till grund för resultatet. Tre huvudteman identifierades efter att resultaten sammanställdes. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde “egen osäkerhet”, “patientens identitet” och “organisatorisk påverkan” som framträdande faktorer som påverkade samtalet mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor gällande den sexuella hälsan. Huvudtemana mynnade sedan ut i totalt sex subteman som beskrev begränsad kunskap och erfarenhet, patientens ålder och bakgrund samt arbetsmiljön, prioritering och ansvarsfördelning i verksamheten. Slutsatser: Kontinuerlig utbildning och tydliga riktlinjer är essentiella för att sjuksköterskor ska samtala med patienter om sexuell hälsa. Behovet av vidareforskning har uppmärksammats i litteraturöversikten. / Background: Health is a broad concept with several components, one being sexual health. Sexual health is versatile and can be affected by illnesses, medicines and social factors. Sexual health is a part of patients’ identity and it is important that nurses discuss it with them. The nurses have a responsibility to promote good sexual health, partly because it is included in person centered care. Aim: To describe nurses experiences of conversing with patients about sexual health. Method: The literature review was conducted with a qualitative design that was inductively analyzed based on Friberg’s five-step model. Result: 11 scientific articles form the basis for the result. Three main themes were identified. The nurses experienced “one’s own insecurity”, “the patient’s identity” and “organisational influence” as prominent factors that influenced the conversation between patient and nurse regarding sexual health. The main themes fell into a total of six sub-themes. These described limited knowledge and experience, patient’s age and background, as well as work environment, prioritization and division of responsibilities in the organization. Conclusions: Continuous education and clear guidelines are essential for the nurses to conversate about sexual health with patients. The need for further research was identified in the literature review.

No description available.

In today’s data-driven society, also called the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Text and Data Mining (TDM) has become an essential tool in managing the booming Big Data in its different sizes and forms. It is also an inherent part of AI research using machine learning, where these techniques highly depend on datasets derived from TDM to self-learn and to make autonomous decisions. Through the lens of copyright and related rights, TDM may be used to train AI for the purpose of AI-driven creativity, where AI has already helped in actualizing paintings, compose music and to produce movie trailers. However, since TDM typically involves extraction and/or copying of works and other subject matter protectable by copyright and related rights – in order to create datasets relevant to each AI project – it is at risk of infringing the exclusive right of reproduction and sui generis database right under the EU acquis. Indeed, TDM used for the purpose of AI-driven creativity may not necessarily amount to an infringement, if the restricted act is covered by prima facie an available exception or limitation. Several pre-existing exceptions and limitations under the EU acquis, i.e. temporary act of reproduction, scientific research, normal use of a database, extraction of insubstantial part from a database and the mandatory exception for computer programs, have been examined as possible candidates to screen unlicensed TDM activities from copyright and related rights infringement. However, this thesis observes that due to their narrow scope and the legal fragmentation caused by the voluntary implementation of some of the exceptions, these are not fully adapted to cover unlicensed TDM and thus creating legal uncertainties for AI developers. In this regard, in order to transfers the fundamental principle of copyright and related rights into the digital age and to compete with legal systems that offer a more friendly environment for TDM (e.g. US, Japan and UK), the European legislator adopted the Digital Single Market Directive 2019/790 (DSM Directive) comprising two obligatory TDM exceptions in articles 3 and 4. However, despite the reduction of several legal uncertainties and the diverging national implementations of the pre-existing exceptions and limitations, the adopted regime has significant shortcoming that may hinder the AI development in Europe. Ultimately, this thesis concludes that despite following an approach that better fits the digital environment, the DSM Directive fails to address the new era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to which AI belongs.

This dissertation explores the emerging musical relationship between myself as a music therapy intern and a geriatric client diagnosed with schizophrenia residing in a psychiatric institution at which I worked during the first six months of my clinical training. Two specific areas of focus are addressed, namely the characteristics of the developing musical relationship and the strategies employed by the music therapy intern to enable its optimal development. Three excerpts, either audio or video recordings, were selected from the clinical material for analysis. The excerpts (numbered Excerpt A, B and C) were selected based on their demonstration of the emerging musical relationship between the client and myself. Corresponding written session notes also formed part of the clinical material that had to be analysed. The clinical material was coded and categorised, resulting in emerging themes being identified for interpretation in relation to the specific areas of focus of the clinical enquiry. The findings reveal that the musical relationship developed from isolation and a high degree of non-responsiveness between the client and myself in Excerpt A towards moments of musical intersubjective relating in Excerpt C. Strategies employed by me include, inter alia, providing stability, predictability, simplicity and consistency in my musical input and progressing towards incorporating improvisations within a familiar musical structure, thus an increased flexible approach. These findings are important in light of the limited literature available regarding music therapy work conducted by interns, especially during the early stages of their clinical work. / Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / MMus (Music Therapy) / Unrestricted

Thesis(M.Com. (Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The reality is that the South African GDP is not within the range of what is projected the previous years. As the proposed expenditure for 2017/18 totals R1.56 trillion according to the 2017 budget speech, the treasury also need to reduce spending by a total of R26 billion over the next two years. Economic growth continues to be below expected levels in South Africa and unemployment is very high. The relationship between inflation, economic growth and government expenditure is important in both developing and developed countries. Like in any other economy in the world, the South African government’s most important role is to promote economic growth, and also to sustain high economic growth with low inflation (Brand South Africa, 2015). The study is completely based on secondary data. The methodology is quantitative which includes econometrical tools. For this purpose, this study applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron unit root tests, Choice of the lag length, Johansen-Juselius Co-integration analysis, VEC Granger Causality/Block exogeneity Wald test, Vector Error Correlation Model, Diagnostic tests, Stability tests, Impulse response and Choleski/Variance decomposition methodology. From the findings, the results derived by applying Johansen-Juselius Co-integration indicate that there is a longterm relationship between the rate of inflation, economic growth and government expenditure, and also that both government expenditure and inflation impact negatively on economic growth. The results indicate that government expenditure encourages inflation impacting negatively on investment and the country’s GDP. Granger causality runs jointly from all three variables inflation, government expenditure and investment to the dependent variable (economic growth)