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Kemcyklisk förbränning (CLC) involverar en icke komplex separation av den bildade koldioxiden (CO2) efter förbränningen eftersom syret (O2) överförs till bränslet via en syrebärare som cirkulerar mellan luft- och bränslereaktorn. Eftersom O2 separeras effektivt från kvävgasen (N2) i luftreaktorn, erhålls en produkt gas som till majoriteten består av CO2 och vatten (H2O). Detta resulterar således i mindre komplexa och energi-krävande rökgasreningssystem. Vid förbränning av biomassa inom kemcyklisk förbränning kan negativa CO2 utsläpp erhållas om den producerade CO2 gasen infångas och slutförvaras exempelvis i geologiska formationer. Den infångade CO2 gasen måste för att uppfylla stringenta reningskrav för att undvika diverse konsekvenser relaterade till transportkedjan och slutförvaringen. Förutom CO2 och H2O, kommer den genererade rökgasen från CLC innehålla mindre mängder av biprodukter som kväveoxider (NOx), svaveloxider (SOx) och övriga kontaminanter som behöver att reduceras ned till ppm nivåer för att möta reningskravet på CO2 gasen. På grund av en ofullständig förbränning i CLC erfordras en efterförbränningskammare med en extern tillsats av O2 för att uppnå en fullständig förbränning. Det kan därför förväntas att överskotts-O2 kommer att finnas i den utgående gasen efter post oxidationskammaren, som också behöver att renas ned till ppm koncentrationer. De föreslagna rökgasreningssystemen efter CLC involverar de mest konventionella rökgasreningssystem använda inom industrin idag. Till dessa tillhör bland annat elektrofilter (ESP), våt rökgasavsvavling (WFGD), selektiv katalytisk reduktion (SCR) och selektiv icke-katalytisk reduktion (SNCR) för kväveoxireducering. Två kylnings och CO2 förvätskningstekniker diskuteras i detta arbete: den förkylda Linde Hampson systemet och det kryogena destillationssystemet. Ett rökgasreningssystem har föreslagits för varje förvätskningsteknik. Bland de två föreslagna reningssystemen, enbart scenario 2 uppfyllde Northern Lights kravspecifikationen på CO2, med en reningsgrad på 99.998%. Denna studie anses vara unik då ingen litteratur rörande rökgasrening inom kemcyklisk förbränning var publicerad under skrivtiden av denna masteravhandling. / Chemical looping combustion (CLC) involves an inherent separation of carbon dioxide (CO2), since oxygen (O2) is transferred to the fuel via an oxygen carrier, circulating between the air and fuel reactor. With O2 being removed from nitrogen (N2) in the air reactor, a separate stream containing mostly CO2 and water (H2O) is produced in the fuel reactor, eliminating the need of expensive and energy-demanding gas separation technologies. The use of biomass as fuel in CLC may result in negative CO2 emissions if CO2 is captured and stored. The CO2 product gas must comply to certain purity levels depending on ways of CO2 transportation and where it will be stored. Besides H2O and CO2, the generated flue gas stream in CLC will also contain trace amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and other contaminants, thus requiring a deep removal to ppm levels to comply with the stringent CO2 purity criteria for storage in saline aquifers in this work. Due to an incomplete combustion of fuel gases in CLC, an oxy-polishing step is required for a full conversion to gas products CO2 and H2O. Therefore, pure O2 is required for the oxy-polishing step. Some residual O2 will also be expected in the flue gas stream and needs to be reduced to ppm levels. The downstream treatment in CLC involves the best available gas processing technologies practiced commercially today, such as electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). Two CO2 processing systems are discussed in this work; the precooled Linde Hampson unit and the Distillation Separation unit. For each CO2 processing unit (CPU), a flue gas treatment is proposed. Amongst the two proposed scenarios, scenario 2, could with highest certainty, produce a liquid CO2 stream with a purity of 99.998%, complying to the CO2 criteria set by the Northern Lights Project in Norway. At the time of writing this thesis, no other literature has been published assessing flue gas treatment and CPU alternatives in in bio-CLC.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka tränares syn på lärande och bedömning i ämnet specialidrott och kurserna idrottsspecialisering 1, 2 & 3. Följande är de preciserade frågeställningarna: 1. Hur beskriver tränarna sin syn på lärande i den praktiska delen av ämnet specialidrott med inriktning fotboll? 2. Hur arbetar tränarna med bedömning i den praktiska delen av ämnet specialidrott med inriktning fotboll? 3. Hur tolkar tränarna ämnesplanen i den praktiska delen av ämnet specialidrott med inriktning på fotboll? Metod Vi genomförde en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade sex tränare från NIU-gymnasier i Stockholm. Intervjuerna som genomfördes var halvstrukturerade och utgick från enintervjuguide. Kravet för att delta i undersökningen var att alla tränare var verksamma på ett NIU-gymnasium under 2016/2017. Det teoretiska ramverket för uppsatsen utgår från John Deweys teorier om lärande och Göran Lindes läroplansteori. Resultat Resultatet visar på att tolkningen av ämnesplanen är olika mellan tränarna. Tränarna bedömer sina elever olika och de använder olika bedömningsprocesser. De flesta tränarna ansåg att lärandet handlar om att eleverna ska införskaffa sig färdigheter och utveckla dem. Tränarna är eniga om att eleverna ska nå nationell elitnivå efter att de har slutfört sin gymnasieutbildning. Slutsats De autentiska situationerna som tränarna sätter in sina elever i varierar mellan de olika tränarna, vilket beror på hur tränarna väljer att tolka och realisera ämnesplanen (Dewey 1999). ). Linde (2012) beskriver ämnet specialidrott som ett ämne med svag avgränsning vilket leder till att ämnesplanen blir svårtolkad. Tränarna i studien får bilda sig sin egen tolkning av ämnesplanen, vilket leder till att tränarna i studien bedömer sina elever olika och lär ut olika saker från ämnesplanen. Med hänsyn till resultatet finns det ett behov av en gemensam syn på vad som ska bedömas samt hur det ska appliceras praktiskt i undervisningen / Aim of the study The aim of this study is to investigate and to broaden the knowledge of assessment in physical education studies and the courses in sports specialization 1, 2 & 3, centered on the coaches’ descriptions of the practical part of the subject. This study aims to answer the following question formulations: 1. How do the coaches describe learning in the practical part of physical education studies, emphasizing on football? 2. How do the coaches work with assessment in the practical part of physical education studies, emphasizing on football? 3. How do the coaches interpret the curriculum in the practical part of the subject of physical education focused on football? Method We carried out a qualitative study where six coaches participated from national sports high-schools in Stockholm. The study is based on semi-structured interviews, which based from an interview guide. The requirement to participate in the study was that all coaches were active at an national sports high school in 2016/2017. The premise of the paper is John Deweys theories of learning and Göran Lindes curriculum theory. Result The result shows that the interpretation of the curriculum differs among the coaches. Furthermore, the result shows that the coaches assess the students differently. Most of the coaches in the interview considered that learning was to be about acquiring skills and to develop these skills. According to the result, the coaches agrees to that the aim of the students is to reach national elite level in football when the graduate from high-school Conclusion The authentic situations that the coaches put their students in, vary among the coaches, which depends on how the coaches choose to interpret and realize the curriculum. The subject physical educationand the specialisation courses in sports have weak boundaries which leads to the difficult and open interpretation of the curriculum. The coaches may form their own interpretation of the curriculum, which means that the trainers in the study assess their students differently and teach different according to what is stipulated in the curriculum. In view of the outcome, there is a need for a common view of what to assess and how it should be applied practically in teaching.

RÖDLUVAN OCH VARGEN en novell och artistbook. Jag bifogar manuskriptet men även dokumentation. Boken är handbunden. Om- slaget består utav min akvarellmålning, pressad på läder. Boken är varvad med fotografier och illustrationer, tryckt på semitransperant papper. Texten är tryckt på indiskt, handpressat akvarellpapper och jag har även valt att måla direkt i boken på vissa ställen där det föll mig in...  Likt ett drömtillstånd speglar de olika arketyperna i berättelsen varandra. Rödluvan, Mormor, Vargen, Jägaren och den frånvarande modern är olika aspekter inom ett och samma själv. Rollerna är sammanblandade och flytande. Vem är offer? Vem är förövare? Jag har skrivit berättelsen med den intentionen och arbetat fram en bok på samma sätt som jag skulpterar eller komponerar musik på. Berättelsen är inte linjär utan mångdimensionell, likt en skulptur. Jag kan vända och vrida på den och få syn på olika betydelser, for- mer eller formuleringar. Jag använde skrivandet som en metod att tömma ut mig på, tömma ut allt mörkt och förbjudet som lurar i skuggorna av mitt jag. Allt sådant jag vill glömma, gömma, tränga bort eller skäms för. Berättelsen om Rödluvan och Vargen är ock- så ett försök till att tänja på gränserna för hur en bok bör vara strukturerad, och röra mig någonstans bortom olika uppdelningar vi människor annars gärna gör naturligt. Rödluvans verklighet påminner mer om en psykos, eller ett drömtillstånd. Jägaren får repre- sentera det jordade, det som ligger nära något som kanske är läsarens verklighet, ett slags nu. Kanske är det Jägaren själv som skrivit hela berättelsen? Det finns en komplexitet och en paradox med att göra djupgående, psykologiska processer, ju närmare man kommer sanningen om sig själv, sina drifter, sin önskan, sin vilja, sina dolda agendor och känslor, desto svårare blir det att urskilja - död från liv, sant från falskt, rätt från fel, förövare från offer, äckligt från vackert, känsla från tanke, den egna kroppen från omgivningen, jaget från jaget osv osv. Jag ville illustrera detta på många vis kaotiska tillstånd och varande. En grumlig mellanvärld, där jaget smälter samman med sin omgivning, med sina fantasier, med då-tid och en oro inför framtiden. Jag ville porträttera något kladdigt mellan människor, något gränslöst och hur det känns att leva i detta tillstånd. Jag har lärt mig att jag bär på känslor och metoder att hantera dessa på som på många vis gör mig sjuk. Vi ser överenskommelser, myter, normer och språk men är dessa snarare murar, eller barri- ärer mellan vad som sägs och vad som verkligen pågår? Där något kärlekslöst och giftigt kan glida in, under en mantel av godhet och medkänsla, ett självebdrägeri där jag i grunden är min största fiende. På vilket annat mer verklighetstroget vis kunde jag illustrera detta skrämmande fenomen på om inte igenom en saga.  / Imelda

After the end of War World II, Latin-American literature has used the theme of Nazism to create and recreate a wide variety of stories. In some cases, these stories are conceived as a critique to specific aspects of real life, which reminds the reader of the often blurred duality between reality and fiction. This critique is based on the relationship of the characters in the stories, as well as by the socio-political and philosophical views they represent, as can be seen in Juan G. Vásquez’s Los informantes or Jorge E. Pardo’s El pianista que llegó de Hamburgo, both novels written by Colombian authors. Furthermore, it can also be seen in Argentinian literature, as examined here in two specific narratives, Jorge Luis Borges’s short-story, “Deutsches Requiem,” and Osvaldo Bayer’s novel Rainer y Minou. Each of these incorporates the theme of Nazism or topics related to it, and therefore, in this project I set out to analyze how these narratives represent Nazism from a fictional point of view, while also examining how the political and social aspects of each particular case shape the narratives as they relate to the incursion of Nazism in their plot. This, for example, is the case of the blacklists in Los informantes or the irony from escaping a European country in the midst of a war to end up living in a Latin-American country that faces an even worse situation, as is narrated in El pianista que llegó de Hamburgo. The mentality of a Nazi German soldier and his reasons to transform the world is also presented in “Deutsches Requiem,” to conclude this analysis with the representation of guilt and shame that is passed to the children of Nazi soldiers condemned for executing Jews in Rainer y Minou.

Les interactions non-covalentes en solution jouent un rôle essentiel dans de nombreux processus chimiques, biologiques, pharmacologiques. Il est donc d'intérêt de pouvoir quantifier ces interactions. Parmi les méthodes de quantification disponibles, l'électrophorèse capillaire semble particulièrement bien adaptée (miniaturisation, absence de phase stationnaire). Au cours de ces travaux, plusieurs systèmes modèles ont été caractérisés au moyen de trois méthodes électrophorétiques (injection directe, électrophorèse d'affinité et analyse frontale): la distribution d'un soluté dans une phase liposomale, l'interaction entre un polysaccharide (héparine) et une protéine (antithrombine III), les seuils d'agrégation de tensioactifs, l'inclusion de petites molécules dans la beta-cyclodextrine. Pour chacun de ces modèles, une attention particulière a été portée aux spécificités des méthodes électrophorétiques utilisées et à l'intérêt de certaines modélisations.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study the Swedish art field during the 1980s, from the perspective of the artistic production of Lars Nilsson. During this decade he became one of the most well known young artists associated with postmodernism.</p><p>The thesis is divided into three parts, where the first part examines different influences and aspects of the art of Lars Nilsson, as well as the contexts he was a part of. This is performed through a chronological as well as a categorizing presentation, based upon different exhibitions where Nilsson participated during the 1980s.</p><p>In the second part the subject is the Swedish art field, and how Lars Nilsson came to be part of a a new established category of a young generation of artists, mostly born in the 1950s, who were associated with youth, postmodernism and contemporaneousness. This part also puts attention to the importance of Lars Nittve, then art critic and curator, in introducing postmodernism, as well as establishing this new categorization of artists in Sweden.</p><p>The last part of the thesis studies four different group exhibitions, and how they all exemplify how "a younger generation of artists" were to be connected with notions of postmodernism and contemporaneousness through curatorial practice. Lars Nilsson participated at the thirst three of these exhibitions. This is followed with a last group exhibition, where the idea of younger artists as <em>the</em> most contemporary were to be questioned. The thesis ends with a summary and a discussion.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to study the Swedish art field during the 1980s, from the perspective of the artistic production of Lars Nilsson. During this decade he became one of the most well known young artists associated with postmodernism. The thesis is divided into three parts, where the first part examines different influences and aspects of the art of Lars Nilsson, as well as the contexts he was a part of. This is performed through a chronological as well as a categorizing presentation, based upon different exhibitions where Nilsson participated during the 1980s. In the second part the subject is the Swedish art field, and how Lars Nilsson came to be part of a a new established category of a young generation of artists, mostly born in the 1950s, who were associated with youth, postmodernism and contemporaneousness. This part also puts attention to the importance of Lars Nittve, then art critic and curator, in introducing postmodernism, as well as establishing this new categorization of artists in Sweden. The last part of the thesis studies four different group exhibitions, and how they all exemplify how "a younger generation of artists" were to be connected with notions of postmodernism and contemporaneousness through curatorial practice. Lars Nilsson participated at the thirst three of these exhibitions. This is followed with a last group exhibition, where the idea of younger artists as the most contemporary were to be questioned. The thesis ends with a summary and a discussion.

In this thesis we address the problem of designing codes for specific applications. To do so we make use of the relationship between clusters and codes. Designing a block code over any finite dimensional space may be thought of as forming the corresponding number of clusters over the particular dimensional space. In literature we have a number of algorithms available for clustering. We have examined the performance of a number of such algorithms, such as Linde-Buzo-Gray, Simulated Annealing, Simulated Annealing with Linde-Buzo-Gray, Deterministic Annealing, etc, for design of codes. But all these algorithms make use of the Eucledian squared error distance measure for clustering. This distance measure does not match with the distance measure of interest in the error correcting scenario, namely, Hamming distance. Consequently we have developed an algorithm that can be used for clustering with Hamming distance as the distance measure. Also, it has been observed that stochastic algorithms, such as Simulated Annealing fail to produce optimum codes due to very slow convergence near the end. As a remedy, we have proposed a modification based on the code structure, for such algorithms for code design which makes it possible to converge to the optimum codes.

Zeolites have been used in agriculture since the 1960s, due to the effectiveness of these crystalline microporous solids as soil amendments for plant growth, their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and slow-release fertilizer properties. Most work on slow-release fertilizers has focused on natural Clinoptilolite, Phillipsite and Chabazite. The aim of this study was to synthesize zeolites, study their effectiveness as soil amendments and their ability to act as controlled release fertilizers to decrease nitrate leaching. Nitrate pollution of groundwater is a major agro-environmental concern. The zeolites Phillipsite and Linde-type F were synthesized from aluminosilicate gels; ion exchanged to introduce ammonium and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, both before and after ion exchange. Ammoniumexchanged Phillipsites (natural and synthetic), ammonium-exchanged synthetic Linde-type F (the zeolite having highest affinity towards ammonium) and ammonium exchanged Phillipsites (high crystalline and high aluminium) were compared with conventional NPK fertilizer.Three glasshouse experiments were performed to study the effects of zeolite-amended soils on maize growth. Ion exchanged synthetic and natural Phillipsites were first used as soil amendments (w/w 2, 4, 8% zeolite to soil). Synthetic Phillipsite, at 2% loading, resulted in the most significant improvement in both plant growth and phased ammonium release. The synthetic ammonium-exchanged zeolites Phillipsite and Linde-type F (at w/w 1, 2, 4%) were then compared; synthetic Phillipsite, at 2% loading, again resulted in the most significant plant growth response with an increase (≥15%) in shoot dry weight and a decrease (≥30%) in nitrate leaching. Experiments using unexchanged synthetic Phillipsite (at w/w 2%), but with added NPK fertilizer, showed increased plant growth and decreased nitrate leaching, compared with parallel experiments containing unexchanged synthetic Linde-type F (at w/w 2%) and a conventional fertilizer amended soil. This revealed the beneficial effect of Phillipsite for soil amendment, even without ion exchange to the ammonium form. To study the physico-chemical properties affecting the release of ammonium from the Phillipsite framework; high crystalline/low aluminium and low crystalline/high aluminium forms were synthesized and ion exchanged. Both forms were introduced as soil amendments (at w/w 1 and 2%) and experiments showed that the lower zeolite crystallinity decreased cation exchange and therefore decreased nitrate leaching. Experimental results from the glasshouse experiments and cation exchange capacity (CEC) experiments suggest that synthetic Phillipsite, at lower loadings (1 and 2% w/w zeolite to soil) have most potential as soil amendments for both plant growth and controlled-release applications. This conclusion is supported by soil leachate and shoots dry weight analysis. Furthermore, Phillipsite, synthesized in a low crystalline and low ammonium form, may be an even better soil amendment for controlled release of ammonium, which will thereby further decrease nitrate pollution.