Overall patterns of language use variation across oral proficiency levels of 1,243 Japanese EFL learners and 20 native speakers of English using the linguistic features set from Biber (1988) were investigated in this study. The approach combined learner corpora, language processing techniques, visual inspection of descriptive statistics, and multivariate statistical analysis to identify characteristics of learner language use. The largest spoken learner corpus in Japan, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Japanese Learner English (NICT JLE) Corpus was used for the analysis. It consists of over one million running words of L2 spoken English with oral proficiency level information. The level of the material in the corpus is approximately equal to a Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) range of 356 to 921. It also includes data gathered from 20 native speakers who performed identical speaking tasks as the learners. The 58 linguistic features (e.g., grammatical features) were taken from the original list of 67 linguistic features in Biber (1988) to explore the variation of learner language. The following research questions were addressed. First, what linguistic features characterize different oral proficiency levels? Second, to what degree do the language features appearing in the spoken production of high proficiency learners match those of native speakers who perform the same task? Third, is the oral production of Japanese EFL learners rich enough to display the full range of features used by Biber? Grammatical features alone would not be enough to comprehensively distinguish oral proficiency levels, but the results of the study show that various types of grammatical features can be used to describe differences in the levels. First, frequency change patterns (i.e., a rising, a falling, a combination of rising, falling, and a plateauing) across the oral proficiency levels were shown through linguistic features from a wide range of categories: (a) part-of-speech (noun, pronoun it, first person pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, indefinite pronoun, possibility modal, adverb, causative adverb), (b) stance markers (emphatic, hedge, amplifier), (c) reduced forms (contraction, stranded preposition), (d) specialized verb class (private verb), complementation (infinitive), (e) coordination (phrasal coordination), (f) passive (agentless passive), and (g) possibly tense and aspect markers (past tense, perfect aspect). In addition, there is a noticeable gap between native and non-native speakers of English. There are six items that native speakers of English use more frequently than the most advanced learners (perfect aspect, place adverb, pronoun it, stranded preposition, synthetic negation, emphatic) and five items that native speakers use less frequently (past tense, first person pronoun, infinitive, possibility modal, analytic negation). Other linguistic features are used with similar frequency across the levels. What is clear is that the speaking tasks and the time allowed for provided ample opportunity for most of Biber’s features to be used across the levels. The results of this study show that various linguistic features can be used to distinguish different oral proficiency levels, and to distinguish the oral language use of native and non-native speakers of English. / Teaching & Learning

This dissertation presents a description and analysis of local variation of Quechua in the Huaylas Valley from speakers’ and linguistic perspectives. This research focuses on the comparative study of Quechua spoken in the Huaylas Valley, located in the north-central Peruvian Andes, which exhibits interesting variation in the phonological, morphological and lexical levels. For the analysis I have used methodologies of descriptive, comparative and historical linguistics, and methods of sociolinguistics. Thus, the study of Quechua language variation in this region in relation to pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary is contrasted and complemented with speakers’ perception about their variety and other variants. Quechua-speaking areas are surveyed by grouping provinces, and are delineated on maps according to distribution of phonological and morphological isoglosses, and vocabulary as well as Quechua speakers’ perception. The two main dialectal areas are: (1) South Huaylas or Hallqa spoken in the provinces of Huaraz, Recuay, and south of Carhuaz, which is characterized, basically, by the retention of the phoneme /h/ at the word initial position. (2) North Huaylas or Quechua spoken in the provinces of Huaylas, Yungay, and north-central part of Carhuaz, which is characterized by the deletion of *h > ø at the word initial position. The division line is located around the Marcara river by the White Mountain side, and Huasca Uran ravine by the Black Mountain side, in the Marcara district, Carhuaz. Within each major variety there are other minor varieties, which are distinguished on the basis of morphophonemic variation of suffixes: ablative, first person inclusive, and the conjectural enclitic. / text

In the L2 learning process, prosody is among the most determinant linguistic features for a fully pragmatic competence. Additionally, this ability is often crucial for the disambiguation of certain structures and thus also crucial for perceptive acceptability. Italian prosodic configurations dramatically vary through the diatopic dimension. Nevertheless, certain prosodic structures and patterns can still be perceived as effective and acceptable. With these perspectives, we explored the oral acceptability in L2 of advanced Swedish learners of Italian through perceptive judgments by natives. Despite the lack of acoustic analysis and the limitation in the size of the sample of our study, the results showed a strong indication for a regional variation of the perception by the Italian natives, not only considering the production of learners but also considering the natives themselves. Finally, we discuss some of the didactic implications which may be considered particularly useful for native teachers in L2 contexts.

O presente estudo tem por objeto o processo de tradução e suas dificuldades a partir da análise da obra La Chasse-Galerie, do escritor franco-canadense Marie-Louis-Honoré Beaugrand (1848-1906). Nosso objetivo é mostrar as diferentes marcas culturais e linguísticas presentes na citada obra e os caminhos percorridos para encontrar uma tradução capaz de transpor, a partir da língua alvo, os mesmos significados e os mesmos sentimentos expressados na língua de partida, sem que a obra parecesse estrangeira aos olhos do leitor. Para atingir esse objetivo, tomamos por base os conceitos teóricos de Eco (2007) sobre a tradução que afirma que quando se traduz nunca se diz a mesma coisa, mas quase e Berman (2002), porque o seu posicionamento é o de que, uma tradução só é boa ou bem sucedida quando o tradutor deixa nela as marcas do estrangeiro, isto é, deixa entrar a cultura do estrangeiro (do texto de partida) para dentro da sua cultura (texto de chegada). / The object of study of the present research is the translation processes and their difficulties. Based on La Chasse-Galerie, the piece of the French-Canadian writer Marie-Louis-Honoré Beaugrand (1848-1906), we aim at demonstrating the various cultural and linguistic aspects present in the mentioned work as well as the methods we used to reach a translation capable of transmitting to the target language the same meanings and feelings expressed in the original language of the tale without making the piece strange to the readers eyes. To meet this goal, we used the translation theory by Eco (2007), according to which something translated never says the same thing, but nearly, and by Berman (2002), because he believes an effective translation is the one which allows the reader to recognize traces of the source text, that is, traces of the original culture.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever, em sincronia, os padrões de variação de preenchimento do sujeito por pronomes pessoais, encontrados na variedade popular do Português falado na cidade de São Paulo, especificamente, das favelas da zona Norte (Jardins Carombé e Paulistano). O corpus de análise é constituído por 15 inquéritos de 30 minutos cada, gravados na segunda metade da década de 1980, estratificados por sexo, escolaridade e idade do informante. Buscou-se, sobretudo, explicar a variável realização/ não-realização do pronome subjetivo, levando-se em conta os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Variacionista de William Labov e da Linguística Funcional de Michael Halliday, no intuito de identificarmos os fatores linguísticos e sociais que estão condicionando a variável dependente. Os resultados obtidos, através do estudo em tempo aparente, não nos possibilitam afirmar que está ocorrendo mudança linguística em progresso, ou seja, que a língua esteja caminhando em direção às línguas não-pro-drop. O Status Informacional demonstrou ser o fator mais significativo, prevalecendo sobre os demais fatores e que condiciona a realização/ não- realização dos pronomes subjetivos. / This research aims to describe, in synchrony, the variation patterns of filling of the subject by personal pronouns found in the popular variety of Portuguese spoken in São Paulo, specifically, the slums of the North (Jardins Carombé and Paulistano). The corpus of analysis consists of 15 surveys of 30 minutes each, recorded in the second half of the 1980s, stratified by sex, age and education of the informant. It´s above all explain the variable occurrence of the subjective pronoun, taking into account the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Sociolinguistics Variationist by William Labov and Functional Linguistics by Michael Halliday, in order to identify linguistic and social factors conditioning that are the dependent variable. The results obtained, through the apparent time study, do not allow us to assert that linguistic change in progress is occurring, ie, that language is moving in a direction to the \"non-pro-drop\" languages. The Information Unit proved to be the most significant factor, prevailing over other factors, that is conditioning the occurrence of subjective pronouns.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo uma análise dos pronomes reflexivos no português popular falado na cidade de São Paulo. Partimos da hipótese principal de que estes pronomes, de uso variável no português popular, encontram-se em pleno processo de mudança, em direção ao seu desaparecimento. Procuraremos, sobretudo, observar as maneiras pelas quais esta provável mudança se processa, e identificar os fatores lingüísticos, cognitivos e sociais que favorecem ou desfavorecem seu desenvolvimento, tomando por base os pressupostos teórico- metodológicos da Sociolingüística Variacionista Laboviana, da Lingüística Funcional e da Lingüística Cognitiva. / This research presents an analysis of reflexive pronouns in Popular Portuguese spoken in the city of São Paulo. Our main hypothesis is that these pronouns, which show variable use in Popular Portuguese, are in a process of change towards its extinction. Our goal is to observe the ways in which this probable change takes place, and identify the linguistic, cognitive, and social factors that favor or disfavor its development, using the theoretic and methodological tools of Labovian Variationist Sociolinguistics, Functional Linguistics, and Cognitive Linguistics.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo observar algumas continuidades e descontinuidades da Linguística Histórica Brasileira do século XX, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao tratamento dos problemas da variação e da mudança linguística e à formulação do conceito de português brasileiro. A periodização adotada na pesquisa compreende dois momentos: (1) a década de 1950, momento em que tradição filológica deu grande destaque às pesquisas de natureza histórico-diacrônicas e (2) a década de 1980, período em que, de acordo com a literatura, ocorre um reavivamento da Linguística Histórica brasileira, após um enfraquecimento gerado pelo privilégio dado aos estudos de natureza sincrônica. Selecionamos como principais objetos de investigação as obras de Serafim da Silva Neto (1950) e Fernando Tarallo (1986 e 1991), os quais podem ser considerados líderes intelectuais e organizacionais da Linguística Histórica no Brasil, levando em consideração o período abordado por nossa pesquisa. A análise foi conduzida com base nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Historiografia Linguística, ancorando-se em conceitos como Programas de Investigação, Capas do Conhecimento Linguístico, Objeto Observacional e Objeto Teórico. Além disso, como uma perspectiva geral sobre a Historiografia das Ciências, valemo-nos das ideias de Fleck (2010), mais especificamente dos conceitos de estilo de pensamento e tráfego intercoletivo de pensamento. Como resultados gerais, verificamos que, ao longo do período observado, a Linguística Histórica brasileira mantém uma unidade temática, a saber: a construção da história do português brasileiro. Contudo, em cada um dos autores observados, o referido problema é construído de forma diferente, dadas as especificidades do objeto observacional e do objeto teórico privilegiado, fazendo com que os problemas da variação e da mudança recebam diferentes interpretações, guiadas por Programas de Investigação distintos. / This dissertation aims to deal with some continuities and discontinuities of the Brazilian Historical Linguistics in the twentieth century, particularly regarding to the treatment of problems of variation and linguistic change and to the formulation of the concept of Brazilian Portuguese. The periodization adopted in the survey comprises two parts: (1) the 1950s years, when philological tradition gave great emphasis on diachronic research (2) the 1980s years, during which, according to the literature, there was a revival of the Brazilian Historical Linguistics, after a weakening generated by the privilege given to the synchronic studies. The main objects selected for the research were the works of Serafim da Silva Neto (1950) and Fernando Tarallo (1986 and 1991), scholars that can be considered both intellectual and organizational leaders of Historical Linguistics in Brazil, taking into consideration the period covered by our research. The analysis was conducted based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Historiography Linguistics, anchored in concepts such as Research Programs, Capas do Conhecimento Linguístico, Observational Object and Theoretical Object. Moreover, as a general model of the historiography of science, we make use of Fleck\'s ideas (2010), specifically the concepts of estilo de pensamento and tráfego intercoletivo de pensamento. As general results, we found that over the observed period, the Brazilian Historical Linguistics maintains a thematic unit, namely the construction of the history of Brazilian Portuguese. However, in each of the noted authors, that problem is built differently, given the specificities of observational object and privileged theoretical object, leading the problems of variation and change to receive different interpretations, guided by different research programs.

On s’intéresse dans cette thèse à la relation entre le degré de conscience qu’ont les locuteurs de la variation dans le cas de certaines variables sociolinguistiques à Beyrouth [et les appréciations rattachées à chacune de leurs réalisations lorsqu’elles sont saillantes], et la distribution sociale de chacune de leurs variantes. Dans un premier temps, sont présentées les représentations rattachées aux stéréotypes et traits saillants perçus par les locuteurs. Les deuxième et troisième parties du travail présentent l’emploi et la répartition sociolinguistique de dix de ces stéréotypes et traits saillants, ainsi que de quatre autres variables. L’étude de la variation et des représentations rattachées à certaines variantes se base sur un corpus de quarante-sept entretiens et conversations menés auprès de locuteurs aux profils variés. Il ressort de cette étude qu’une koïnisation est en cours à Beyrouth, en conséquence du contact dialectal entre les variétés parlées par les migrants et les variétés originellement parlées dans la ville. Cette koïnisation se fait par la perte de leurs traits saillants à la fois par les migrants, et par les résidents originels de la ville. En contrepartie, la variation observée dans le cas d’autres variables sociolinguistiques, dont l’emploi est corrélé à des facteurs sociaux comme le sexe, l’âge, l’appartenance communautaire (ou religieuse) et le niveau d’éducation, montre que les tendances différenciatrices entre les locuteurs sur la base de ces quatre critères sont, pour le moins, dynamiques, et que certaines d’entre elles vont croissant. / This thesis explores the relationship between the salience of, and social values attributed to, some sociolinguistic variables in Beirut, and the social distribution of each of their variants. It first presents the social values attributed by speakers to the stereotypes and to other salient features they perceive. In its second and third parts, it concentrates on the social distribution of two stereotypes, eight salient features, and four other variables. The study is mainly based on forty-seven interviews and conversations, and the speakers that were met had various profiles. One of the findings of the study is that the koineization process resulting from the contact between the dialects spoken by migrants and those spoken by ‘genuine’ Beirutis leads to the loss of distinctive features in both groups. On the other hand, it appears from the distribution and evolution of a set of ‘non local’ variables, that some of the linguistic differences related to such social factors as gender, age, religious and communal affiliation, and educational level seem to be, for the least, very dynamic, if not growing with time.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Biasutti Valadares.pdf: 1617949 bytes, checksum: 4c8cfdf73f96c6642ca1d492e953bb42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work deals with the use of foreign words in Brazilian Portuguese from the perspective of the Linguistic Variation and Change theory. The research problem is the occurrence of processes of language change, by varying, comparing to the use of foreign words. The scope is to analyze the processes of the language change implementation when using foreign words, observing the occurrence in the use of words that are not similar in Portuguese, and show how the use of such words unleashes the enlargement of the lexicon of Portuguese in Brazil, also leading to semantic expansion. It is based on the theoreticians of the Language Variation and Change area, such as William Labov, Marvin Herzog and Uriel Weinreich , and from lexicology, such as Ieda Maria Alves, Maria Tereza Camargo Carvalho Biderman and Nelly Carvalho. In its methodology, by collecting foreign terms presented in the magazines Época, Isto É e Veja, is discussed the data by grouping foreign words, with lower and higher occurrence, quoted in the dictionary, origin and grammatical class, semantic expansion and implementation stage of variation and change. Furthermore, this work argues on the linguistic changes and foreign words with high occurrence. Concludes that foreign words make up the lexicon of the Brazilian Portuguese in the final stage occurrence of the implementation of linguistic changes, others in early stage and also low occurrences that tend to disappear with time due to the restriction and adoption by the linguistic community / O trabalho trata do uso de estrangeirismos no Português Brasileiro sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística. Apresenta como problema de pesquisa a ocorrência de processos de mudança linguística, via variação, em relação ao uso de palavras estrangeiras; tem como objetivos analisar processos de implementação de mudança linguística por meio do uso de palavras estrangeiras, contemplando a ocorrência do uso das palavras que não apresentam similar em língua portuguesa, e expor como o uso desencadeia a ampliação do léxico do português no Brasil, por vezes, levando também à ampliação semântica. Baseia-se em teóricos da área de Variação e Mudança Linguística, como William Labov, Marvin Herzog e Uriel Weinreich, e da área de Lexicologia, como Ieda Maria Alves, Maria Tereza Camargo Biderman e Nelly Carvalho. Em sua metodologia, por meio de levantamento de termos estrangeiros presentes nas revistas Época, Isto É e Veja, discute os dados por agrupamento de palavras estrangeiras, com menor e com maior ocorrência, dicionarização, origem e classe gramatical, ampliação semântica e estágio de implementação de variação e mudança linguística; além disso, argumenta sobre a mudança linguística quanto às palavras estrangeiras com alta ocorrência. Conclui que as palavras estrangeiras compõem o léxico do Português do Brasil, em casos nos quais há ocorrências em fase final de implementação de mudança linguística, outros em fase inicial e, ainda, ocorrências baixas que tendem a desaparecer com o tempo devido à restrição de uso e adoção pela comunidade linguística

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-10-25T00:20:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Elo?na - vers?o final (1).pdf: 5976685 bytes, checksum: 9810048ebcaddc73a63af4fb54c78a11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T00:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O Elo?na - vers?o final (1).pdf: 5976685 bytes, checksum: 9810048ebcaddc73a63af4fb54c78a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In this work, we analyse the approach to linguistic variation in classroom by Portuguese Language teachers from 6th to 9th grades of Elementary School in P? de Serra city, Bahia. The main objective is to analyze how these teachers deal with the phenomenon of variation, what they understand about this process and how this knowledge is transmitted to the students. To this end, our research is based on theoretical and methodological postulates of Variationist Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 2008 [1972]; MOLLICA, 2003; among others) and Educational Sociolinguistics (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005; GORSKI & COELHO, 2009; COELHO etalii, 2015). The results permit to see that there was a small change in some of the aspects analyzed, for example, those relating to linguistic discrimination and the concept of "error" adopted in Portuguese Language classes. However, there is still a great need to rethink pedagogical practice of teaching and learning Portuguese language concerning the work with the linguistic variation in classroom, in order to understand its meaning in the educational process. / Este trabalho analisa a abordagem da varia??o lingu?stica em sala de aula por professores de L?ngua Portuguesa do 6? ao 9? anos do Ensino Fundamental da cidade de P? de Serra ? BA. O principal objetivo do trabalho ? analisar como os professores em quest?o lidam com o fen?meno da varia??o, o que entendem sobre esse processo e como esse conhecimento ? transmitido aos alunos. Para tanto, a pesquisa fundamenta-se em postulados te?ricos e metodol?gicos da Sociolingu?stica Variacionista (LABOV, 2008 [1972]; MOLLICA, 2003; entre outros) e da Sociolingu?stica Educacional (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004, 2005; GORSKI e COELHO, 2009; COELHO et alii, 2015). Os resultados encontrados permitem constatar que houve uma pequena mudan?a em alguns dos aspectos analisados, por exemplo, naqueles referentes ao preconceito lingu?stico e ? concep??o de ?erro? adotada nas aulas de L?ngua Portuguesa. No entanto ainda h? uma grande necessidade de se repensar a pr?tica pedag?gica de ensino-aprendizagem de L?ngua Portuguesa concernente ao trabalho com a varia??o lingu?stica em sala de aula, no sentido de compreender o seu significado no processo educacional.